山东省高考英语二轮复习 专题整合突破一 名词、冠词和主谓一致.doc

2013年高考第二轮复习英语山东版一、名词、冠词和主谓一致真题试做1(2012山东高考，24)my first _ of him was that he was a kind and thoughtful young man.aexpressionbattentioncsatisfaction dimpression2(2011山东高考，21) take your time its just _ short distance from here to _ restaurant.a不填；the ba；thecthe；a d不填；a3(2011山东高考，34)theres a _ in our office that when its somebodys birthday，they bring in a cake for us all to share.atradition bbalancecconcern drelationship4(2010山东高考，22)if we sit near _ front of the bus，well have _ better view.a不填；the b不填；acthe; a dthe；the5(2010山东高考，33)those who suffer from headache will find they get _ from this medicine.arelief bsafetycdefense dshelter6(2009山东高考，25)the number of foreign students attending chinese universities _ rising steadily since 1990.ais barechas been dhave been考向分析1名词不仅是中学英语的基本词汇，也是历年高考的“常客”。高考对名词的考查往往集中在名词词义辨析、抽象名词具体化、名词作定语及名词的固定搭配等方面。2冠词的题目几乎每年都有一道，而且往往设两个空，以增加覆盖面和难度。高考对冠词的考查主要包括定冠词与不定冠词的区别、名词前省略冠词的场合、特指与泛指的区分以及习语中冠词的用法等，特别是有些题目暗含特指的意义，需要根据语境仔细体会。3主谓一致主要考查一些基本句型的用法。注意掌握主谓一致的三个原则，尤其是主语部分比较复杂时，要明确哪部分是真正的主语。热点例析考点一：名词词义辨析同义词、近义词甚至是形近词有着不同的含义和适用场合，要特别注意在特定语境中准确运用词汇和语法知识的能力。平时要努力扩大词汇量，做题时要深入理解语境，整体把握，结合句意作出最佳选择。【典例分析】 (2012江苏高考，21)can i help you with it?i appreciate your _，but i can manage it myself.aadvicebquestioncoffer didea答案为c项。advice意为“建议”；question意为“问题”；offer意为“提供，提议”；idea意为“想法，主意”。根据语境看出“我可以帮忙吗？”是对方主动的提议，所以选c项。考点二：抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词，前面可加不定冠词，用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作，常意为“一次的事情；一个的人；一种的东西”。如：difficulty 困难a difficulty 一件难事 surprise 惊讶a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事pleasure 愉快a pleasure 一件乐事failure 失败a failure 一位失败者；一件失败的事success 成功a success 一位成功者；一件成功的事【典例分析】 (2012山东高考，29)being able to afford _ drink would be _ comfort in those tough times.athe；the ba；aca；不填 d不填；a答案为b项。句意：在那艰苦的岁月里能够买得起一杯饮料将会是一种安慰。drink在此句中表泛指，指“一杯或一种饮料”；comfort作“安慰，舒适”讲时，为不可数名词，但在此用a comfort表示“一件令人安慰的事物”，comfort为可数名词。故选b项。考点三：名词作定语名词作定语一般用单数形式，如a mountain village，stone houses；但man和woman作定语时要随着所修饰的名词的数的变化而变化。如：a woman doctor，two women doctors。【典例分析】 there are more _ teachers than _ teachers in our school.aman；woman bwoman；mencman；women dmen；women答案为d项。名词作定语时一般用单数形式，但man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时，也应用复数形式的men和women。考点四：名词的所有格1以“s”结尾的复数名词所有格只加“”。如：the teachers readingroom/ten minutes walk2复数为特殊变化的复数名词后加“s”。如：womens day/the childrens palace3名词并列时，所有格的形式不同，其含义不同。如：tom and bobs desk 汤姆和鲍勃的桌子(共有)toms and bobs desks汤姆的桌子和鲍勃的桌子(不共有)4双重所有格。(1)当of短语所修饰的名词前有表示数量的词，如a/two/some/any/no等时，表示所有关系的of后加名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：a friend of my brothers/his 我弟弟的/他的一个朋友several students of mr.smiths/mine史密斯先生的/我的几个学生(2)当of短语所修饰的名词前有一个指示代词表示一定感情色彩时，of后也用名词所有格或名词性物主代词。如：that little son of xiao lis/yours is really lovely.小李的/你的那个小儿子真可爱。this invention of the professors/his is of great importance.教授的/他的这项发明很重要。【典例分析】 the _ shoes were covered with mud，so i asked them to take them off before they got into _ car.agirls；toms bgirls；tomscgirls；toms dgirls；toms答案为c项。根据题干后半部分的them可知第一个空应用复数的所有格girls；第二个空用toms表示“汤姆的”。考点五：冠词的基本用法特指泛指表示类别表示“一个(些)”可数名词单数the booka booka book可数名词复数the booksbookssome/any books不可数名词the sugarsugarsome/any sugar【典例分析】 (2012全国高考，7)he missed _ gold in the high jump，but will get _ second chance in the long jump.athe；the b不填；acthe；a da；不填答案为c项。第一个空应选定冠词特指跳高的金牌；第二个空表示“又一次机会”，不表示特指，应用不定冠词a。故选c项。考点六：冠词的省略1东、西方都有的节日名称前不用冠词，如：new years day，christmas，national day，army day等；但中国的节日一般用定冠词，如：the spring festival，the midautumn festival等。2月份、日期前一般不用冠词，如：in october，on march 8等。3三餐名词前不用冠词，如：have breakfast/lunch/dinner等。但有定语修饰时需加冠词，如：have a big breakfast，have a wonderful lunch等。4表示体育运动的名词前不用冠词，如：play football/cards/chess等；但乐器名词前需加定冠词，如：play the violin/the piano等。5表示职位、头衔的名词作补足语、同位语时不用冠词。如：he was elected chairman.mr. wang，headmaster of our school，went to japan last week.6一些习惯短语不用冠词。如：at night，at first，by bus，go to bed，at table等。【典例分析】 (2012重庆高考，24)sam has been appointed _ manager of the engineering department to take _ place of george.a/；/ bthe；/cthe；the d/；the答案为d项。英语中表示头衔、职位的名词用作补足语或同位语时前面不加冠词，该题manager在句中作主语补足语，所以第一个空不用冠词；take the place of为固定短语，意为“代替”。句意：萨姆已被委任为工程部的经理来代替乔治。考点七：习语中的冠词1有些习语中习惯用不定冠词。如：on an average，as a whole，in a hurry，make an effort，make an apology，pay a visit to等。2有些习语中习惯用定冠词。如：by the hour，in the distance，by the way，catch/pull/take sb.by the hand，pat/hit sb.on the head/in the face等。3有些习语中习惯不用冠词。如：in use，in trouble，at noon，day and night，shoulder to shoulder，at war，on duty，in fact，in order，under repair，have trouble/difficulty in doing sth.等。4有些习语中有无冠词意义完全不同。如：【典例分析】 (2012课标全国高考，22)sarah looked at _ finished painting with _ satisfaction.a不填；a ba；thecthe；不填 dthe；a答案为c项。第一个空应用定冠词，特指“完成的那幅画”；第二个空不用冠词，with satisfaction为固定短语，意为“满意地”。考点八：主谓一致主谓一致有语法一致、意义一致和就近一致三个基本原则。1单数名词、不可数名词、不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，谓语要用单数。复数名词作主语时，谓语要用复数。如：much milk is offered to him.reading aloud is very important in learning english.to nod ones head means agreement.what they said is true.2and和both.and.连接并列主语时，谓语用复数。or，either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.，not.but.连接并列主语时，谓语和靠近的主语一致。如：tom and peter are both from america.both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this hotel.either you or i am going to answer the question.not only he but also his parents have been to new york.3当主语后跟with，along with，together with，including，but，except加另一名词或代词时，谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。如：tom together with his parents is going to new york.many teachers，including mr.wang，have been to beijing.4不定代词和疑问代词作主语时，一般视作单数。all，most，half等作主语时，若指不可数的东西，谓语动词用单数；若指可数的东西，谓语动词则用复数。如：either of the shirts fits me very well.someone strange is asking to see you.who is on duty today?most of the people are against the plan.most of the earths surface is covered with water.5集体名词people，cattle，police等一般作复数。family，class，team，army，government，public等作为整体看待时为单数，看作组成的成员时为复数。单复数同形的sheep，deer，means等作主语时，要根据意义确定谓语的单、复数。如：people here are all fond of football.mens clothing is sold in this shop.his family has just moved to beijing.hearing the news，the whole family were very happy.every means has been tried.all means have been tried.6“many a 单数名词”和“more than one 单数名词”作主语时，谓语用单数。如：many a student has seen the film.more than one person knows the secret.7and连接的主语分别被each，every，no等所修饰时，谓语用单数。如：each man and each woman has a chance to be raised in our company.8“分数或百分数 of 名词”和“the rest of /the majority of 名词”等构成的短语作主语时，谓语动词的单复数要与名词的单复数保持一致。如：three fourths of the surface of the earth is covered with water.sixty percent of the students in our school are girls.9时间、重量、距离、金钱等复数名词作主语时，谓语通常用单数。如：ten years is quite a long time.10“the 形容词”作主语，表示一类人时谓语用复数。如：the rich live a happy life，while the poor live a hard life.【典例分析】 (2012湖南高考，35)all the scientific evidence _ that increasing use of chemicals in farming _ damaging our health.ashow；are bshows；arecshow；is dshows；is答案为d项。第一个空的主语为不可数名词evidence，谓语动词要用单数shows；第二个空的主语为use，谓语动词也要用单数形式。句意：所有的科学证据都表明农业中化学品日益增长的使用正损害我们的身体健康。故d项正确。误区警示1名词“熟词生义”易错点(2012福建高考，25)why do you choose to work in an international travel agency?well，you know，english is my _.so it is my best choice.astrength btalentcability dskill【错混透析】astrength意为“力气，力量”，还可引申为“长处，强项”，符合句意。句意：你为什么选择在一家国际旅行社工作？哦，你知道，英语是我的强项。因此这是我的最佳选择。talent 意为“天赋”；ability意为“能力”；skill意为“技能”。如果不能根据具体的语境灵活理解词义，很难作出正确选择。【解题指导】 在高考试题中，有一种“熟词生义”题型，即题目中所填的词是考生所熟悉的，但所考查的含义却是不常见的。这就要求考生在掌握单词基本意义的基础上，善于结合不同的语境去体会、感悟单词的新义。2表泛指与特指时冠词使用的易错点(2012四川高考，18)we are said to be living in_information age，_time of new discoveries and great changes.aan；the b不填；thec不填；a dthe；a【错混透析】d第一个空应用the对information age进行特指，指的是信息时代；第二个空应用a表示泛指，a time of.意为“一个的时代”。句意：据说我们生活在信息时代，一个拥有新的发现和巨大变化的时代。该题第一个空易误选不定冠词，第二个空易误选零冠词。【解题指导】 结合语境，当表示“一”这个数量，或表示“每一个”时，要用不定冠词；当特指某人或物、指谈话双方都知道的人或物以及指上文提到过的人或物时，要用定冠词，特别要注意有些题目中暗含特指意义，做题时要仔细揣摩。3独一无二的事物前冠词的易错点we can never expect _ bluer sky unless we create _ less polluted world.aa；a ba；thecthe；a dthe；the 【错混透析】 asky和world是独一无二的，所以该题易误选d项。但该题中其前面都有形容词修饰，表示会出现一个什么样的sky和world，这时前面应加不定冠词。【解题指导】 world，earth，sun，moon，sky等世界上独一无二的事物前通常用定冠词，但前面若被形容词修饰，则需加不定冠词，表示会出现一个什么样的world，earth，sun，moon或sky等。4抽象名词具体化时的冠词应用失误it will make _ big difference whether the opening ceremony becomes _ success or not.a/；/ ba；aca；the da；/【错混透析】 bmake a difference为固定短语，所以第一个空应用不定冠词；第二个空也应用不定冠词，a success表示“一件成功的事情”。【解题指导】 当success，failure，pleasure，help，surprise，honour等抽象名词用作其本义时，通常不能与不定冠词连用。但是，当这些抽象名词表示具体的概念，即用来表示可数的人或事物时，可以与不定冠词连用。5主谓一致的易错点(2012陕西高考，12)the basketball coach，as well as his team，_ interviewed shortly after the match for their outstanding performance.awere bwascis dare【错混透析】bas well as 连接两个并列的名词作主语时，应根据其前面的名词来确定谓语动词的形式，且根据句意“比赛结束不久，教练和他的队员们由于出色的表现而接受了采访”可知动作发生在过去，故选b项。如果误认为his team是主语，则很可能误选a项。【解题指导】 遇到考查主谓一致的题目，关键是分清哪部分是真正的主语，然后根据主谓一致的三个原则作出判断。1(2012济南一中上期末，33) only by seizing every possible _ to practice can you possibly hope to improve your spoken english.asolutionbopportunitycexperience dtouch2george was responsible for the accident because he didnt give a _ to other drivers.anotice bsignalcsymbol dmark3the new school building offers easy _ to wheelchair users.asolution bmethodcaccess dway4the lawyer advised him to drop the _，since he stands little chance to win.acase beventcincident daffair5id like him to know that i dont want to be with him，but he never gets the _.amessage bnewscinformation dword6the _ of jay chows concert made most of the audience present get wild.aenvironment binfluencecimpression datmosphere7(2012四川自贡二诊，12) some companies are thinking of ways to save natural _ by making better use of the water used in the bathroom.aenergy bsourcescpower dresources8(2012安徽蚌埠二中月考，21) his performance turned out to be _，but he kept on trying because he knew success often comes after _.aa failure；a failurebfailure；a failurecfailure；failureda failure；failure9the party was _ success.we sang and danced until it came to _ end at midnight.aa；an ba；thecthe；an d/；an10(2012济南一中上期末，21) excuse me，what can i do for you?yes.id like to place _ advertisement for _ used car in your paper.athe；a ban；/can；a d/；the11with his wise thoughts about _ nature and the world，confucius is a great thinker in _ history of china.a不填；thebthe；thec不填；不填dthe；不填12mrs hanson，a housewife bent on getting _ higher education，has been going to college，a few courses at _ time for 7 years.aa；a b不填；thecthe；a d不填；不填13everything comes with _ price；there is no such _ thing as free lunch in the world.aa；a bthe；/cthe；/ da；/14every possible means _ been tried；however，nothing can help _ the poor child from the danger.ahave；prevent bhas；preventchas；protect dhave；protect15he told me that he had mailed part of the samples and that the rest _ in a few days.awas following bhave followedchas followed dwere following参考答案一、名词、冠词和主谓一致命题调研明晰考向真题试做1d考查名词。expression意为“表达，表情”；attention意为“注意力，关心”；satisfaction意为“满意，满足”；impression意为“印象，感想”。句意：他给我的第一印象是他是一个善良体贴的年轻人。故d项正确。2b考查冠词。句意：慢慢来，从这儿到旅馆只是一小段距离。distance 表示一段距离用a，如固定搭配from a distance of.；第二个空the restaurant 是两人都知道的事物，是特指。3a考查名词辨析。tradition“传统，惯例”；balance“天平，平衡”；concern“关心，挂念”；relationship “关系”。句意：在我们办公室里有一个传统，有人过生日，他们就会拿蛋糕与众人分享。根据句意a项正确。4c考查冠词。句意：如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，我们就会有更好的视野。表示“某空间内部的前面”时，front前要加定冠词the。have a good view意为“有好的视野，看得清楚”，是习惯搭配；此处暗含与坐在车内的其他部位相比较的含义，所以用比较级。故c项正确。5a考查名词词义辨析。relief“减轻，解除，安慰”；safety“安全”；defense“防卫，防守”；shelter“避难所，庇护”。句意：那些头疼病患者将会发现服用这种药物会让头疼的症状减轻。由句意可知，a项正确。6c考查主谓一致和时态。该句主语是the number，故谓语动词用单数，又因时间状语是since 1990，所以应用完成时态。创新模拟预测演练1b考查名词辨析。solution意为“解决办法”；opportunity意为“机会”；experience意为“经验，经历”；touch意为“接触”。根据句意判断应选b项，表示“抓住每一次可能的机会”。2b考查名词辨析。notice意为“注意，公告，通知”；signal意为“信