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工业机器人专用减速器的设计【7张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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关键词：: 工业机器人专用减速器设计

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摘要

工业机器人专用减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高等特点。本设计全面考虑到运转平稳、多齿啮合、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求，从而实现承载能力高、传递效率高、可靠性高和动力学性能优良等指标，并且要便于制造、装配和检修，设计了具有合理结构的工业机器人专用减速器即摆线针轮行星减速器。

本论文所涉及的科研项目主要通过对摆线针轮行星减速器的主要零件的概念进行详细阐述，给出了摆线针轮减速器的用途，使用说明以及注意事项。列出了摆线针轮行星减速机的构造即输出部分，输入部分。通过对针摆行星传动减速器传动工作原理和特点进行分析，对针轮输出机构及针摆行星传动这种传动方式进行分析，以获得其理论设计和方法。从摆线针轮行星传动的共同点出发以及针摆轮行星减速器相对于少齿差行星减速器的优点提出针摆行星传动形式的设计计算方法。

本论文主要从以下方面出发对摆线针轮行星传动进行了研究:参照传统针摆行星传动基本设计计算方法以及对摆线针轮行星传动主要零部件的基本参数设计计算，并对摆线轮、柱销，针轮进行受力分析最终计算出转臂轴承和各支撑轴承所能承受的载荷大小，完成包括摆线轮、柱销等主要零件强度校核计算和轴承的寿命计算，给出主要零件机械加工的工艺过程，然后利用CAD画出了主要零件的草图和最后的装配图。

关键词：摆线传动；摆线轮；受力分析

Abstract

The cycloid—gear reducer is one of the most important transmission components of the pumping unit by its smaller volume，lighter weight and effective transmission. In order to realize four targets which include high transmission efficiency, high reliability and the excellent dynamics performance and guarantee credible lubricate ability, receive high efficiency of transmission, and make it easy for manufacture, assembly and inspection, we thought over all the requests in the round and design the rational structure cycloid—gear reducer.

By analyzing characteristics and working principle of cycloid drive, and the output pin wheel cycloid drive’s working principle, we obtion the design theory and method of this new kind of reduce. This paper mainly complete works include that provide the design method and complete the prototype design and dynamics analysis of virtual prototype.

This paper researches the following aspects of the output pin wheel cycloid drive. First, the basic parameters and dimensions of main parts of the output pin wheel cycloid drive are designed referring to design and calculation methods of the traditional cycloid drive, and mechanical analysis of the transmission system and the load condition and life of rotary arm bearings and steady bearings of each shafts are calculated, and at the same time the calculations including the strength of cycloid wheel, pins and other major parts are completes. Then, using CAD to draw sketches of the main components and final assembly drawing.

Keywords：Planet—cycloid Reducer; Cycloid ;force analysis

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 课题研究的背景和依据1

1.2 本课题的研究意义1

1.3 课题国内外研究现状及发展趋势1

2 摆线针轮行星传动的简介4

2.1摆线针轮的概念4

2.2 摆线针轮减速机的用途，使用说明和注意事项4

2.2.1 用途4

2.2.2 使用条件4

2.2.3 润滑4

2.2.4 安装5

2.3 摆线针轮行星减速器的构造5

2.4 齿廓曲线的形成及其啮合原理6

2.5 摆线针轮行星传动的特点及应用8

3工业机器人的总体设计9

3.1工业机器人的组成9

3.1.1 工业机器人的系统组成9

3.1.2 工业机器人的基本机能组成9

3.2 机器人的结构分析9

3.2.1 机器人的总体结构的概念9

3.2.2机器人的传动结构10

3.3机器人的设计分析及总体方案的确定11

3.3.1 设计的任务要求11

3.3.2总体方案的确定12

3.3.3 工业机器人的主要技术参数12

4 摆线针轮行星齿轮传动的传动比计算和传动特点12

4.1摆线针轮行星齿轮传动的传动比计算13

4.2啮合的齿廓形成原理14

5 摆线针轮行星齿轮传动设计15

5.1针轮行星轮系的材料15

5.2 第一套摆线针轮加速器的设计15

5.2.1 选择结构形式，齿数及材料15

5.2.2 强度计算针齿中心圆半径15

5.2.3计算摆线轮和针轮的几何尺寸16

5.2.4 转臂轴承的选择计算17

5.2.5 针齿销弯曲强度计算18

5.2.6 W输出机构销轴弯曲强度计算19

5.3 第二套摆线针轮减速器的设计20

5.3.1 选择结构形式，齿数及材料20

5.3.2 接触强度计算针齿中心圆半径20

5.3.3 计算摆线轮和针轮的几何尺寸20

5.3.4 转臂轴承的选择计算21

5.3.5 针齿销弯曲强度计算22

5.3.6 W输出机构销轴弯曲强度计算22

6行星齿轮传动输出轴的轴承选择24

7 主要零件的机械加工工艺规程25

7.1 摆线轮的加工工艺路线25

7.2 针齿壳的加工工艺路线26

7.3 输出轴加工工艺26

7.4 偏心套加工工艺27

8结论与展望29

8.1 结论................................................................................................................................29

8.2 展望................................................................................................................................29

致谢.30

参考文献31

1 绪论

1.1 课题研究的背景和依据

减速器是连接动力机部分和工作机部分的应用最为广泛的通用传动机械，行星齿轮减速器对齿轮的齿廓曲线的主要要求是保证瞬时传动比是常数。目前，满足这一要求的常用于齿轮传动的齿廓曲线主要是渐开线和摆线。

1926年L.Braren发明了摆线针轮减速器，在少齿差行星传动结构上，将变幅外摆线的内侧等距曲线首先用于行星轮廓曲线并且把圆弧作为中心轮齿廓曲线以及渐开线少齿差行星传动模式，保留Z-X-F类N型行星齿轮传动。此发明专利被日本住友公司于1938年买断，当时日本人执行的是“引进—消化—创新”技术路线。

摆线针轮传动与普通渐开线齿轮或蜗轮传动相比的主要优点有：高传动比和高效率，一级减速时传动比范围是11～87，两级减速时的传动比范围是20～128；同轴输出机构重量轻和体积小；传动平稳且噪音低；因为针摆传动同时啮合的齿数要比渐开线齿轮传动同时啮合的齿数多，所以承载能力较大，啮合效率较高。

1.2 本课题的研究意义

减速器是各种机械设备中最常见的部件,它的作用是将电动机转速减少或增加到机械设备所需要的转速, 摆线针轮行星减速器由于具有减速比大、体积小、重量轻、效率高等优点，在许多情况下可代替二级、三级的普通齿轮减速器和涡轮减速器，所以使用越来越普及，为世界各国所重视。

摆线针轮行星减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高的特点。本设计在全面考虑多齿啮合、运转平稳、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求，现高承载能力、高传递效率、高可靠性和优良动力学性能等指标，而且要便于制造、装配和检修，设计了该具有合理结构的摆线针轮行星减速器。

1.3 课题国内外研究现状及发展趋势

针摆齿轮传动与普通渐开线齿轮或蜗轮传动相比的优点有：传动比高和高效率高；同轴输出结构体积小和重量轻；传动平稳和噪声低。因为摆线针轮传动同时啮合的齿对数要比渐开线齿轮传动同时啮合的齿对数多，所以承载能力更大，啮合效率更高；由于摆线轮以及针轮轮齿均可精磨、淬硬，比渐开线少齿差传动内齿轮的被加工性好，齿面硬度要更高，因而使用寿命更长；摆线轮的加工技术已经成熟，专业加工设备齐全，因此摆线轮已纳入通用件，在国内已做到通用化大批量生产，生产成本下降，因此摆线针轮专用减速器当前得到广泛应用。摆线针轮减速技术到现在，虽在品种、规格等许多方面做了改进，但在本质、原理上没有创新。现如今摆线针轮减速机，其原理和结构依然是1926年德国的原型。

图1.1 摆线针轮减速器的应用

　　目前，摆线针轮减速器的研究在国内外都得到了积极发展，从1990年开始，住友机械株式会社在“80系列”的基础上推出最新“90样本”的摆线针轮减速器，它的机型由15种扩大到21种，传动比由8种扩大到16种。我国对日本提高摆线针轮减速器性能的主要措施已进行较深入的分析，并且在赶超世界水平的同时也有了自己的创新成果，如与工程实际相符的摆线轮与输出机构受力分析以及对摆线轮齿形的优化设计等。

摆线针轮减速器所能传递的最大功率为132KW，输入轴的最高转速为1800r/min。美国研发直升飞机传动装置所做的摆线针轮传动装置试验样机，采用的是四片摆线轮，可以达到输入轴动平衡的新结构，输入转速达到2000r/min，传动功率达到205KW。

这些年来国内对摆线针轮传动的研究一直在不断发展，并且也取得了一些成果。主要如下：

(1) 中国农业大学何胜勇对行星摆线针轮减速机虚拟样机的建造与有限元分析进行了研究；

(2）哈尔滨工业大学于影，于波，陈建新对摆线针轮行星减速器进行优化设计；

(3）天津工程师范学院的戚厚军建立的2K．v型摆线针轮行星减速器的动力学模型．是以2K-V6型摆线针轮行星减速器为研究对象，在不改变减速器的外形尺寸及结构的情况下，分析了摆线轮修形和短幅系数对摆线轮齿啮合刚度的影响规律，和传动系统中的各种零件的刚度及针径系数对机器整机振动性能的影响；

(4）大连交通大学何卫东教授主持的国家自然科学基金资助的项目《高承载能力高传动效率高可靠性新型针摆行星传动的研究》的科研成果《双曲柄四环板针摆行星传动》于2005年4月通过鉴定；

(5）浙江大学吕方教授开发了一种新型的传动机械——长幅外摆线针轮行星传动减速机；

(6) 大连铁道学院张动生采用非线性有限元分析软件MSCMARC建立了摆线轮与各受力齿接触模型；首次对针齿和摆线轮齿面接触进行静态有限元分析，得出了摆线轮和针齿间的接触状态；

(7) 四川大学张流俊在首次应用有限元法取代传统的经验法进行摆线针轮减速器的结构设计，并提供了一个通用的摆线针轮减速机结构设计计算软件包。

(8）大连铁道学院关天民和万朝燕对新型摆线针轮传动进行理论及受力分析；

(9) 大连铁道学院关天民教授提出了一种较为准确的针摆轮行星传动销孔式输出机构的受力分析理论，利用此理论可以得到整个工作过程中输出机构和柱销的受力情况；

(10）鞍山钢铁学院高兴蚊、黄秋波对具有双面支撑输出机构以及多齿差齿形摆线针轮行星传动的齿廓曲线形状和啮合特性进行了理论分析。摆线针轮减速器的发展趋势是达到更高的运动精度，更高的传递功率和更广的传动范围。

自20世纪90年代以来来，在工业专用机器人回转装置选择中。摆线轮传动作为一种比较理想的传动形式应用其中。如日本住友重机械工业株式会社研发成功的机器人用R．v列，FA系列及FT系列产品均采用了摆线针轮传动结构形式，由于采用了最新的设计理论。从而产品外型美观大方、结构合理、传递功率得到提高。

近年来出现了数种在摆线针轮行星传动基础上的新型传动型式，使其能够更好适应高

精度的运动传递和控制，用于机器人关节驱动、精密机床等高精度摆线轮传动技术的研究，其中常用的有以下几种：

(1). TWINSPFN减速器近来由斯洛伐克的一家公司推出，这种轴承式减速器不仅能承受非常大的径向力而且还能承受轴向力，并且使用寿命和传动效率也有所提高。

(2) .RV减速器。RV减速器是近年来由日本帝人公司推出的一种摆线传动，是由第一级普通渐开线直齿轮减速器部分和第二级针摆轮减速器部分组合成的两级行星传动机构。

(3) .三片摆线轮减速器，是由日本著名的住友重机械工业株式会社推出的产品，在此传动中采用了三片相互呈角布置的摆线轮结构，增加了摆线轮的数量提高了传动效率。

(4). Dojen减速器由美国Mectrol公司生产，传动机构采用了机芯式设计，每个针齿都采用悬臂方式，在针齿另一端加工有锥度，和机壳上的锥孔相配合，能自动定心，不仅能保证顺利装配又能消除全部间隙。

(5). 摆线球齿减速器，是一种将外摆线、内摆线轮结合起来的双摆线减速器，既将针轮改为钢球齿轮，又将两摆线轮改为摆线沟槽，因而是摆线针轮减速器的一种变形。

FA高精度减速器是当今世界上最新的传动装置，它具有体积小．传动比范围大．寿命长、稽度保持稳定、效率高等一系列的优点．由于它与机器人中常用的谐波传动相比有较高的疲劳强度、大的刚度和长的寿命。两且回差耪度高，因此FA减速机在工业专用机器人传动中正在得到越来越广泛的的应用：它还广泛用于测量装置，微型大传动比减速装置、办公设备、摆线传动装置，智能住宅传动装置等机械系统中．由于在这些精密传动中，通常传递的载荷不大，但要求传动精度高，传递运动准确，因而对其传动链的设计要求较高。

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内容简介：: 编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：工业机器人专用减速器的设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923229学生姓名：贲素东指导教师：许菊若（职称：副教授）（职称：）2013年5月25日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：工业机器人专用减速器的设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923229 学生姓名：贲素东指导教师：许菊若（职称：副教授）（职称：）2012年11月25日课题来源导师布置的任务科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）（1）课题科学意义减速器是各种机械设备中最常见的部件,它的作用是将电动机转速减少或增加到机械设备所需要的转速, 摆线针轮行星减速器由于具有减速比大、体积小、重量轻、效率高等优点，在许多情况下可代替二级、三级的普通齿轮减速器和涡轮减速器，所以使用越来越普及，为世界各国所重视。摆线针轮行星减速器作为重要的机械传动部件具有体积小、重量轻、传动效率高的特点。本设计在全面考虑多齿啮合、运转平稳、轮齿均载等运动学和动力学的要求，实现高承载能力、高传递效率、高可靠性和优良动力学性能等指标，而且要便于制造、装配和检修，设计了该具有合理结构的摆线针轮行星减速器。（2）摆线针轮减速器的研究状况及其发展前景摆线针轮传动较之普通渐开线齿轮或蜗轮传动的优点是：高传动比和高效率；同轴输出，结构体积小和重量轻；传动平稳和噪声低。由于摆线针轮传动同时啮合的齿数要比渐开线外齿轮传动同时啮合的齿数多，因而承载能力较大，啮合效率要高；还由于摆线轮和针轮的轮齿均可淬硬、精磨，较渐开线少齿差传动中内齿轮的被加工性能要好，齿面硬度更高，因而使用寿命要长；加上摆线轮的加工技术已经过关，专业加工设备齐全，摆线轮已纳入专业通用件，在国内已做到通用化批量生产，生产成本下降，因此摆线针轮传动的减速器当前广为应用。摆线针轮减速技术至今，虽在品种、规格等方面做了不少改进，但再没有作本质、原理上的创新。现今摆线针轮减速器，其原理和结构还是1926年德国的原型。研究内容了解工业机器人的总体设计的相关内容；熟悉摆线针轮行星减速器的各个部分；熟练摆线针轮行星减速器的传动比的计算；掌握摆线轮行星曲线齿廓形成原理；掌握对摆线轮、针轮及其他只要零件尺寸的计算及校核拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析（1）技术路线：电动机的选择及其基本参数计算；摆线轮材料的选择；摆线轮、针轮、销轴尺寸的计算；根据所得尺寸对零件进行校核。（2）研究方法研究方法：理论计算、校核、计算机绘图；研究计划及预期成果研究计划：2012年11月12日-2012年12月2日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关2012年12月3日-2013年1月20日：专业实训。 2013年1月21日-2013年3月1日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告2013年3月1日-2013年3月8日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文资料2013年3月11日-2013年3月15日：分析资料，分析比较各种设计方案。2013年3月25日-2013年3月29日：总体设计。2013年4月8日-2013年4月12日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。2013年4月29日-2013年5月3日：整理说明书。2013年5月6日-2013年5月10日：完成设计说明书。预期成果：1.完成工业机器人专用减速器装置二套（第二，三臂各一套），绘制摆线针轮减速器装配图（两份）。2.完成部分零件图设计，绘制零件图4份。3.完成设计说明书一份。特色或创新之处传动比大，结构紧凑，传动效率高，传动稳定，使用寿命长，与渐开线少齿差行星传动相比无齿顶相碰和齿廓重叠现象。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题理论设计较为成熟，生产设备条件能够得到满足，材料的选择能够满足要求。制造成本高：摆线针轮行星减速器对材料的要求较高，因而增加了制造成本。加工工艺复杂：加工摆线针轮需要专门的加床，对装配工艺也有较严格的工艺要求。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日英文原文Mineral product monorail reduction gear synopsis、the main parts of the paper and the research on the noice reducerFirst:what is reducerReducer is a dynamic communication agencies, the use of gear speed converters, motor rotational speed reducer to the Rotary to be few, and have greater torque institutions. The reducer role 1) velocity at the same time increase the output torque, torque output ratio by motor output by slowdown, but the attention should be paid to exceed the rated torque reducer. 2) the speed at the same time reduce the inertia load, the inertia of deceleration than reduced to the square. We can look at the General Motors has a value of inertia. The type of reducer General helical gear reducer has reducer (including parallel shaft helical gear reducer, a worm reducer, bevel gear reducer, etc.), planetary gear reducer, Cycloid reducer, a worm reducer, a planetary friction CVT mechanical machines. Common reducer 1) worm reducer is the main characteristics of a reverse self-locking function, can be larger than a slowdown, input shaft and output shaft axis is not the same, nor in the same plane. But generally larger, transmission efficiency is not high, the accuracy is not high. 2) Harmonic Harmonic Drive reducer is controllable using flexible components to transfer elastic deformation and dynamic movement, not volume, high precision, but the disadvantage is that flexible wheel limited life, impatient shocks, rigidity and pieces of metal relatively poor. Not too high speed input. 3) planetary reducer its comparative advantage is compact structure, the return gap small, high precision, and have a long life span rated output torque can be done great. However, a price slightly expensive, the requirements of parts before assembly 1. Rolling cleaning with gasoline, kerosene other parts cleaning. All parts and Xiangbenna not allowed to have any impurities exist. Gear box and the inner wall (Worm), unprocessed surface has not been coated twice erosion-resistant oil paint, box has the outer surface coated primer and paint color (color requested by host). 2. Parts coated with a face wash after lubricants Second, the requirements of installation and adjustment 1. Rolling installation Rolling bearing inner ring should be installed at the shaft shoulder close to gap must not pass 0.05 mm thick Cypriot feet. 2. Bearing axial clearance of the clearance can not be adjusted bearings (such as deep groove ball bearings), axial clearance of 0.25 to 0.4 mm; the clearance adjustable bearing axial clearance numerical table. Click Tapered Roller Bearings axial clearance; angular contact ball bearing axial clearance 3. Gear (Worm) meshing tooth space available Cypriot side foot of lead or pressure. Will be lead wire on the alveolar, and then turning gear and squash lead wire, measuring two teeth side was crushed lead wire thickness and the size of which is adjacent teeth. 4. Tooth contact dot cylinder gear tooth contact Dot 2-10-4; bevel gear tooth contact Dot 2-11-4; Gearing contact Dot 2-12-4 Third, seal requirements 1. Box partition between the surface does not allow any pads filled, but can be coated or water glass sealant to ensure that the seal; 2. Assembly, the bolt tightening box, before using 0.05 mm Cypriot-foot inspection Covers Block with me and between the sealing surface; 3. Shaft seal should stretch to smear grease. The seal should be installed in strict accordance with the requirements Forth, lubrication requirements 1. Rationally determine the types of lubricants and greases and grades 2. Bearing lubrication fat, grease filled in the general Fatliquor space can be 1 / 2 to 2 / 3. 3. Lubricants should be regularly replaced, the new reducer used for the first time, the operation of oil-7 14 days, according to the situation can be after every 3 to 6 months for first oil. Fifth, the test requirements 1. Empty operation: at rated speed is, anti-running 1 to 2 hours; 2. Load test: at rated speed, rated load operation, the oil temperature balance to date. On the gear reducer, requested the pool temperature is not more than 35 oC, bearing temperature rise no more than 40 oC; the worm reducer, requested the pool temperature not more than 60 oC, bearing temperature of not more than 50 oC; 3. Entire testing process for the smooth operation, noise, not loosening the fixed link, sealed, not with the Sixth, packaging and transportation requirements 1. Protruding shaft and its annex should Oiler packaging; 2. Handling, lifting may not use screw rings and lug all of the above technical requirements are not necessarily listed, and sometimes also by other projects, mainly by the specific design requirements. Seventh. Technical requirements 1. Assembly, all parts cleaning with kerosene, gasoline Rolling cleansing, while the existence of any debris. Oil is not painted wall corrosion coatings twice; 2. Backlash with lead wire mesh test of not less than 0.16 mm, lead wire Backlash may not exceed the smallest of the four times; 3. Used Tu-color dot test. Tooth high point of contact by not less than 40% of contact spots on teeth not less than 50 per cent. Can be used when necessary, grinding or scraping after grinding to improve contacts; 4. Bearing axial clearance should be adjusted: 40 0.05 - 0.1 mm, 55 0.08 - 0.15 mm; 5. Test reducer subdivision surface, the contact surface and seal, oil spills are not allowed. Split-Tu allowed to paint or water glass seal and allow the use of any filler; 6. Engine lubricants to the contents N100 provisions height; Below I introduce our country reduction gear the development present situation First, the domestic reduction gear many by the gear drive, the worm drive primarily, but has the power and the load ratio generally is small, or velocity ratio great and mechanical efficiency excessively low question.Moreover, in the material quality and the technological level also has many weakness, the large-scale reduction gear question is specially more prominent, the service life is not long.The domestic use large-scale reduction gear (above 500kw), many from overseas (for example Denmark, Germany and so on) imports The 60s start few tooth reduction gears and so on difference transmission, cycloid pin gear transmission, overtone transmission which produces has the velocity ratio to be big, volume small, mechanical efficiency higher merit? .But its transmission theory limit, cannot transmit the oversized power, the power all must be smaller than generally 40kw. Because in the transmission theoretically, the technological level and the material quality aspect has not broken through, therefore, has not been able fundamentally to solve the transmission power in a big way, the velocity ratio big, the volume small, the weight light, mechanical efficiency higher these requests basically.The 90s initial period, the home appears three links (gear) the reduction gear, is one kind of outside stable motion gear drive reduction gear, it may realize the great velocity ratio, transmission load ability is also big. Its volume and the weight are all lighter than the dead axle speed reducer gear, the structure is simple, the efficiency is also high.Because this reduction gear three axle parallel structure, therefore caused the power/volume (or weight) the ratio is still small.Also its input axis and the output shaft on the identical spool thread, this do not have in the use many inconveniently. Not only Beijing Institute of Technology develops in successful stable motion speed reducer gear to have outside three link reduction gear merit, but also has the big power/weight (or volume) the ratio, as well as the input axis and the output shaft on identical spool thread merit, is at the domestic leading position.The home has the minority college and the factory and mining enterprise does the research work to in stable motion gear drive certain principles, has published some research paper, in has done some work using the cycloidal tooth crop rotation stable motion reduction gear. Second, the stable motion speed reducer gear principle of work synopsis, the stable motion speed reducer gear is refers to in a counter gear transmission, a gear in the stable motion generator actuation mean plane parallel motion, meshing through tooth profile between, actuates another tooth crop rotation dead axle to decelerate the rotation, the realization reduction gear function.The stable motion generator may use the parallelogram organization, either sine organization or cross slide organization.This achievement uses the parallelogram organization to take the stable motion generator. The stable motion generator may be the hypothesized use parallelogram organization, also may be the entity use parallelogram organization.Has the practical value stable motion gear mechanism for in counter gear organization, therefore may divide into the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement and the external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement two kind of situations.Outside the stable motion gear reduction organization, its internal tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuates the external gear and makes the deceleration rotation output.This organization also calls three links (gear) the reduction gear. As a result of the internal tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers establish outside the annular gear tooth ring, therefore its size is not compact, cannot solve the volume major problem.? In stable motion gear reduction, its external tooth crop rotation stable motion movement, actuation internal tooth crop rotation deceleration rotation output.As a result of the external tooth crop rotation stable motion, two crank centers can establish in the external gear tooth ring, reduced the organization overall size greatly. Because in stable motion gear mechanism transmission efficiency high, volume small, input output coaxial line, therefore by widespread application prospect. Third, this project technical characteristic and key technologies? 1. this project technical characteristics, in this new stable motion speed reducer gear and domestic and foreign had the speed reducer gear compares, has the following characteristic: (1) velocity ratio scope is big, gets up from I=10, may reach most greatly several thousand.If manufactures the great velocity ratio the reduction gear, then demonstrates this reduction gear the merit.(2) transmission power scope is big: And may connect a body manufacture with the electric motor. (3) structure simple, the volume small, the weight is light.Reduces about 1/3 compared to the existing speed reducer gear.(4) mechanical efficiency is high.95 (5) this reduction gear input axis and the output shaft are on the identical spool thread.This reduction gear see Table 1 with other reduction gear performance comparison. Because lacks the data, various reduction gears power/load ratio which in the table arranges in order is most superior.? Table 1? Each kind of reduction gear comparison model power (kw) reduction gear ratio quality (kg) QI-450? 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250? 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW (Germany)? 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 Note: NP-100 is in the stable motion speed reducer gear, the SEW reduction gear quality contains the electrical machinery.2. this project key technologies? May know by Figure 2, in “stable motion speed reducer gear is by annular gear Z2, external gear Z1 and the parallelogram organization combination becomes.Its transmission principle is: The electrical machinery input rotary motion, the external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, its center of circle path is a circle, makes the dead axle rotation with it meshing annular gear. Because external tooth crop rotation parallel migration, therefore name stable motion gear mechanism.The gear parallel migration needs to have the auxiliary body help realization, may use (612) to sell the axis, the roller takes the hypothesized auxiliary stable motion organization, also may use the eccentric shaft to take the entity auxiliary stable motion organization.In the stable motion speed reducer gear key technologies and the essential craft are the composition parallelogram component size computation and the request processing precision, the gear teeth main parameter choice. These factors will all affect the transmission ability and the transmission quality.Overall speaking, the group cost reduction gear various spare parts all request to have the high precision, they will be deciding the reduction gear overall transmis3. this project survey this project has obtained the Chinese practical new patent, the patent number: ZL95227767.0? .? This project trial produced the first prototype from 1995 (power 2.5kW, after velocity ratio I=32), with some factory and mine cooperation, has one after another designed following several kind of different powers, the different velocity ratio reduction gear.(1) electrically operated on rollers gate uses the reduction gear, power 550W, velocity ratio I=26, is united as one body with the electrical machinery.sion quality. (2) mixer uses the reduction gear, power 370W, velocity ratio I=17.(3) some military goods use two kind of reduction gears, one kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=23.5; Another kind of power 370W, velocity ratio I=103 two level of transmission reduction gear.(4) steel mill large package rotary abutment reduction gear, power 7.5kw, velocity ratio I=64.(5) steel mill table reduction gear, power 7.5kw, transmission I=11. In this patent foundation, has developed one kind of new ultra-large reduction gear, the power may reach 1000kw, at present is developing subminiature (outlook size for a millimeter level) miniature reduction gear. Graduation design task First, a design Monorail Driver Design reducer Second, the design of the original data 1 Monorail drive reducer Power Rating: 7.5 KW; 2 Monorail reducer drive the total transmission ratio: 15 around; 3 Monorail reducer drive car driven by the side of the output shaft from the race distance of not more than 200 mm; 4 Monorail reducer drive the total length of less than 420 mm, the width is not more than 450 mm and the total height of not more than 690 mm; Third, the equipment and the working environment This can be used to mine underground, open-air, dust, humidity, air quality, bad comparison bad work environment, and the operational requirements of a safe space. Fourth, the design requirements To meet the application requirements under the premise that the minimum cost of manufacturing. From the following aspects considered; (L) to streamline the shape of each parts, machinery simple structure; (2) merge the functions of spare parts, reducing the types or quantities of spare parts; (3) Application of the new structure, new technology, new materials, product reliability; (4) decomposition components, its assembly, the assembly of the most simple structure; (5) similar to parts of the division; (6) standards for similar products by product serial number sequence analysis; (7) The realization of the common parts of the product and standardization. (8) assembly equipment design a map (0), the Six Parts (3), the design specification of a (not less than 30,000 words), and the design of technical and economic analysis.GEAR AND SHAFT INTRODUCTIONIn the force analysis of spur gears, the forces are assumed to act in a single plane. We shall study gears in which the forces have three dimensions. The reason for this, in the case of helical gears, is that the teeth are not parallel to the axis of rotation. And in the case of bevel gears, the rotational axes are not parallel to each other. There are also other reasons, as we shall learn.Helical gears are used to transmit motion between parallel shafts. The helix angle is the same on each gear, but one gear must have a right-hand helix and the other a left-hand helix. The shape of the tooth is an involute helicoid. If a piece of paper cut in the shape of a parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder, the angular edge of the paper becomes a helix. If we unwind this paper, each point on the angular edge generates an involute curve. The surface obtained when every point on the edge generates an involute is called an involute helicoid.The initial contact of spur-gear teeth is a line extending all the way across the face of the tooth. The initial contact of helical gear teeth is a point, which changes into a line as the teeth come into more engagement. In spur gears the line of contact is parallel to the axis of the rotation; in helical gears, the line is diagonal across the face of the tooth. It is this gradual of the teeth and the smooth transfer of load from one tooth to another, which give helical gears the ability to transmit heavy loads at high speeds. Helical gears subject the shaft bearings to both radial and thrust loads. When the thrust loads become high or are objectionable for other reasons, it may be desirable to use double helical gears. A double helical gear (herringbone) is equivalent to two helical gears of opposite hand, mounted side by side on the same shaft. They develop opposite thrust reactions and thus cancel out the thrust load. When two or more single helical gears are mounted on the same shaft, the hand of the gears should be selected so as to produce the minimum thrust load.Crossed-helical, or spiral, gears are those in which the shaft centerlines are neither parallel nor intersecting. The teeth of crossed-helical fears have point contact with each other, which changes to line contact as the gears wear in. For this reason they will carry out very small loads and are mainly for instrumental applications, and are definitely not recommended for use in the transmission of power. There is on difference between a crossed helical gear and a helical gear until they are mounted in mesh with each other. They are manufactured in the same way. A pair of meshed crossed helical gears usually have the same hand; that is ,a right-hand driver goes with a right-hand driven. In the design of crossed-helical gears, the minimum sliding velocity is obtained when the helix angle are equal. However, when the helix angle are not equal, the gear with the larger helix angle should be used as the driver if both gears have the same hand.Worm gears are similar to crossed helical gears. The pinion or worm has a small number of teeth, usually one to four, and since they completely wrap around the pitch cylinder they are called threads. Its mating gear is called a worm gear, which is not a true helical gear. A worm and worm gear are used to provide a high angular-velocity reduction between nonintersecting shafts which are usually at right angle. The worm gear is not a helical gear because its face is made concave to fit the curvature of the worm in order to provide line contact instead of point contact. However, a disadvantage of worm gearing is the high sliding velocities across the teeth, the same as with crossed helical gears.Worm gearing are either single or double enveloping. A single-enveloping gearing is one in which the gear wraps around or partially encloses the worm. A gearing in which each element partially encloses the other is, of course, a double-enveloping worm gearing. The important difference between the two is that area contact exists between the teeth of double-enveloping gears while only line contact between those of single-enveloping gears. The worm and worm gear of a set have the same hand of helix as for crossed helical gears, but the helix angles are usually quite different. The helix angle on the worm is generally quite large, and that on the gear very small.Because of this, it is usual to specify the lead angle on the worm, which is the complement of the worm helix angle, and the helix angle on the gear; the two angles are equal for a 90-deg. Shaft angle.When gears are to be used to transmit motion between intersecting shaft, some of bevel gear is required. Although bevel gear are usually made for a shaft angle of 90 deg. They may be produced for almost any shaft angle. The teeth may be cast, milled, or generated. Only the generated teeth may be classed as accurate. In a typical bevel gear mounting, one of the gear is often mounted outboard of the bearing. This means that shaft deflection can be more pronounced and have a greater effect on the contact of teeth. Another difficulty, which occurs in predicting the stress in bevel-gear teeth, is the fact the teeth are tapered. Straight bevel gears are easy to design and simple to manufacture and give very good results in service if they are mounted accurately and positively. As in the case of squr gears, however, they become noisy at higher values of the pitch-line velocity. In these cases it is often good design practice to go to the spiral bevel gear, which is the bevel counterpart of the helical gear. As in the case of helical gears, spiral bevel gears give a much smoother tooth action than straight bevel gears, and hence are useful where high speed are encountered.It is frequently desirable, as in the case of automotive differential applications, to have gearing similar to bevel gears but with the shaft offset. Such gears are called hypoid gears because their pitch surfaces are hyperboloids of revolution. The tooth action between such gears is a combination of rolling and sliding along a straight line and has much in common with that of worm gears.A shaft is a rotating or stationary member, usually of circular cross section, having mounted upon it such elementsas gears, pulleys, flywheels, cranks, sprockets, and other power-transmission elements. Shaft may be subjected to bending, tension, compression, or torsional loads, acting singly or in combination with one another. When they are combined, one may expect to find both static and fatigue strength to be important design considerations, since a single shaft may be subjected to static stresses, completely reversed, and repeated stresses, all acting at the same time.The word “shaft” covers numerous variations, such as axles and spindles. Anaxle is a shaft, wither stationary or rotating, nor subjected to torsion load. A shirt rotating shaft is often called a spindle.When either the lateral or the torsional deflection of a shaft must be held to close limits, the shaft must be sized on the basis of deflection before analyzing the stresses. The reason for this is that, if the shaft is made stiff enough so that the deflection is not too large, it is probable that the resulting stresses will be safe. But by no means should the designer assume that they are safe; it is almost always necessary to calculate them so that he knows they are within acceptable limits. Whenever possible, the power-transmission elements, such as gears or pullets, should be located close to the supporting bearings, This reduces the bending moment, and hence the deflection and bending stress.Although the von Mises-Hencky-Goodman method is difficult to use in design of shaft, it probably comes closest to predicting actual failure. Thus it is a good way of checking a shaft that has already been designed or of discovering why a particular shaft has failed in service. Furthermore, there are a considerable number of shaft-design problems in which the dimension are pretty well limited by other considerations, such as rigidity, and it is only necessary for the designer to discover something about the fillet sizes, heat-treatment, and surface finish and whether or not shot peening is necessary in order to achieve the required life and reliability.Because of the similarity of their functions, clutches and brakes are treated together. In a simplified dynamic representation of a friction clutch, or brake, two inertias I1 and I2 traveling at the respective angular velocities W1 and W2, one of which may be zero in the case of brake, are to be brought to the same speed by engaging the clutch or brake. Slippage occurs because the two elements are running at different speeds and energy is dissipated during actuation, resulting in a temperature rise. In analyzing the performance of these devices we shall be interested in the actuating force, the torque transmitted, the energy loss and the temperature rise. The torque transmitted is related to the actuating force, the coefficient of friction, and the geometry of the clutch or brake. This is problem in static, which will have to be studied separately for eath geometric configuration. However, temperature rise is related to energy loss and can be studied without regard to the type of brake or clutch because the geometry of interest is the heat-dissipating surfaces. The various types of clutches and brakes may be classified as fllows:1. Rim type with internally expanding shoes2. Rim type with externally contracting shoes3. Band type4. Disk or axial type5. Cone type6. Miscellaneous typeThe analysis of all type of friction clutches and brakes use the same general procedure. The following step are necessary: 1. Assume or determine the distribution of pressure on the frictional surfaces.2. Find a relation between the maximum pressure and the pressure at any point3. Apply the condition of statical equilibrium to find (a) the actuating force, (b) the torque, and (c) the support reactions. Miscellaneous clutches include several types, such as the positive-contact clutches, overload-release clutches, overrunning clutches, magnetic fluid clutches, and others. A positive-contact clutch consists of a shift lever and two jaws. The greatest differences between the various types of positive clutches are concerned with the design of the jaws. To provide a longer period of time for shift action during engagement, the jaws may be ratchet-shaped, or gear-tooth-shaped. Sometimes a great many teeth or jaws are used, and they may be cut either circumferentially, so that they engage by cylindrical mating, or on the faces of the mating elements. Although positive clutches are not used to the extent of the frictional-contact type, they do have important applications where synchronous operation is required. Devices such as linear drives or motor-operated screw drivers must run to definite limit and then come to a stop. An overload-release type of clutch is required for these applications. These clutches are usually spring-loaded so as to release at a predetermined toque. The clicking sound which is heard when the overload point is reached is considered to be a desirable signal. An overrunning clutch or coupling permits the driven member of a machine to “freewheel” or “overrun” because the driver is stopped or because another source of power increase the speed of the driven. This type of clutch usually uses rollers or balls mounted between an outer sleeve and an inner member having flats machined around the periphery. Driving action is obtained by wedging the rollers between the sleeve and the flats. The clutch is therefore equivalent to a pawl and ratchet with an infinite number of teeth. Magnetic fluid clutch or brake is a relatively new development which has two parallel magnetic plates. Between these plates is a lubricated magnetic powder mixture. An electromagnetic coil is inserted somewhere in the magnetic circuit. By varying the excitation to this coil, the shearing strength of the magnetic fluid mixture may be accurately controlled. Thus any condition from a full slip to a frozen lockup may be obtained.1 BackgroundWith the various types of vehicles and work in peoples lives more and more popular, people vehicle noise, vibration, comfort and other requirements are also increasing, The 5PK belt segment of length 40mm is pressed against theplate, which has identical grooves to the pulley for the K-section belts. The compression of the belt segment and the grooved plate was achieved with a universal Zwick/Roell Z050 testing machine in the temperature chamber. The tests were conducted at four different temperatures, which enabled us to determine the influence of the temperature on the mechanical properties of the belt rubber. In Fig. 12 the compression force versus the deformation of the belt segment is presented. It can be assumed that the main deformation of the belt segment is due to the deformation of the soft friction- rubber layer. Temperatures up to 80C have practically no influence on the mechanical properties of the rubber layer, and hysteresis can be observed during the loading and unloading phases.the vehicle by the driver in the process of moving the bridge single-stage main gear box at run time In addition to the engine noise is larger than other noise sources, if not effectively controlled by officers will affect the drive or driving or riding comfort. For the single stage on the main gear axle for effective noise control, structural features of their products according to the type of final drive and the noise generated in the product realization process for process control. 2 Noise Type Single-stage main gear axle in the work process, the torque from the drive shaft bevel gear to pass through the active to passive gear, driven gear by the number of bolts fastening the differential case, the passive gear torque through the semi-Passed to both sides of the axle shaft gear to achieve the purpose of driving traffic.In the final drive that may arise during the work of the noise is divided into six types: flange connection with the shaft rotating at high speed the noise generated by resonance; small bearing rotating the noise; large bearing rotating the noise; Side gears and planetary gears rotate the noise; active and passive noise when rotating gears; spline side gears and axle shaft with intermediate rotation noise. 23 Factors and Countermeasures generatedFinal drive work with different types of noise may also occur which may occur only a certain category or categories, in order to effectively control the noise of all links in the need for effective process control, for possible Noise from the operation of link analysis and take an adjustable product realization solutions in order to later quickly after the product can be easily adjusted to control the noise.According to generate different types of noise, a common production process control methods are:3.1 Adjust the spline flange intermediate and active relationship with the spline gearBecause the compression flange is the role of small bearings, offset by the running gear in the axial force in the selected flange so the internal nature of the spline with the need to select the transition with little to ensure that the locking nut Effectively locked when the axial force transfer.3.2 Adjust the small gear bearing inner ring and the co-ordinationTo facilitate installation and maintenance is currently a small part of the final drive gear bearing inner ring and the nature of the cooperation with such a small space for easy installation and with oil seals for the main gear, but if the work in the main gear with the use of small space, when the initial Flange when the sudden passing of torque transfer to the driving gear, but small relative to the bearing inner ring measures will occur at this time moving, which measures the thickness of moving to block oil pan easily lead to increased wear and tear loose the small bearing axis, resulting in noise . If for small gap with the bearing inner ring gear rotation generated block oil pan gasket or sleeve or a large rotation of the dislocation occurs, it will lead to smaller due to axial force caused by axial impact, and this impact In the high-speed rotation will be issued under the large noise. 43.3 Preload adjustment gearIf high-speed driving gear rotating bearing small bearings and large axial preload between the selected gear may result in inappropriate repetitive impact or size of the axial bearing premature wear, which is not conducive to noise control will reduce the product life Therefore, the regulation of gear preload is critical, because every set of gaskets and other parts of different materials and heat treatment method, it is difficult to determine the standard gear starting torque, adjust the starting torque by replacing gaskets to Achieved, with the improvement of precision components and process control to improve stability, gasket thickness is gradually narrowing the scope of needs, such as precision gear housing to a steady increase in the near future we expect to see large gasket thickness Need to adjust or increase our production process as the material can be used directly sleeve to complete the purpose of adjusting the preload.Axial preload adjustment gear is a more complex process, a good fit in the selection of large or small bearing inside and outside the ring with the precision gear according to the actual post-starting torque to keep replacing the gasket repeated assembly and disassembly, this method makes Product realization process becomes complicated and inefficient, so most enterprises to speed up the production cycle to improve production efficiency, the use of automatic selection pad machine to achieve the process.3.4 Side gears and planetary gear mesh gap adjustmentSide gears and planetary gears during rotation by the gear assembly of precision and accuracy of its impact will be different degrees of noise, the gear assembly process forming part of the gear after finishing accuracy is difficult to adjust the axial side gears and planetary gear Mesh size can be more appropriate for the engagement gap, thereby reducing the rotating planetary gear and axle gear noise when the chances of mating. Axle gear assembly shim thickness can be adjusted to achieve an ideal meshing clearance.3.5 Active and passive gear meshing gap adjustmentActive and passive gears meshing gears rotating the gap is too large if the engagement will occur in the high-speed impact of noise, if the gap is too small active and passive gear running gear will be a lot of heat, likely to cause tooth erosion, reducing their service life . First, the differential gear assembly of the passive case, due to the passive gear in the differential case radial deviation will lead to the differential gear assembly of passive and active gear after the clearance changes, so the differential case to install a passive gear Mouth of the body when the need for precise positioning. Differential gear in turn assigned to before, the need for active and passive gear installed to adjust distance so that distance closer to the actual installation process, so the closest match grinding gears when the state of the state, running up the most stable. Better engagement without the gap, you first need to install the auspices of the gear housing to measure the distance, then the size of components to be installed to determine the adjusted value of the pad stack thickness. To improve assembly efficiency, and often will adjust the point of standardized sizes and series to choose the time convenient to adjust the selection. The noise reducer gear generated mainly from the friction, vibration and impact, how to reduce and reduce noise, make it more environmentally friendly is also a key research topic at home and abroad. Reduce the run time of the gear reducer drive noise has become an important research topic within the industry, many scholars at home and abroad regard the gear changes in the tooth meshing stiffness as a gear dynamic load, vibration and noise factors. With the modification of the method, dynamic load and speed to minimize fluctuations in order to achieve the purpose of reducing noise. In practice, this method proved to be a more effective method. But this way, process equipment on the need for modification, the majority of medium and small plants are often not implemented.After years of research, the parameters by optimizing the gear, such as the modification coefficient, high coefficient of teeth, pressure angle, center distance, to minimize the impact velocity meshing, meshing the impact velocity and impact velocity meshing certain value ratio is range, reduce or avoid the impact of the gears meshing pitch circle design, but also can significantly reduce the speed reducer gear noise. 34 Gear reducer effects of processing on The main noise source is the gear meshing gears, the main factors affecting it: the design parameters, manufacturing precision and its working conditions. Production practices and by the known experimental data sets: the noise reducer with the center distance value increases, the speed increases and the decrease of the transmission ratio, the working conditions such as load of gear changes, the type of lubricant , Transmission error, etc. are all part of the value of its noise, and precision gear manufacturing (mainly machining precision gear and box) is to determine the noise level is a key factor. The noise reducer is due process in its operation of the machine gears have periodic alternating force on the bearings, caused by the role of box vibrate. Assessment of gear reducer (reducer above referred to) the standard level of quality is its main value of the noise. With the internationalization of product standards, the state value of the noise reducer to a more stringent limit, which requires the control of the noise reducer to study. 4.1 Reducer Gear Reducer noise onLow-carbon Al-killed hot rolled steels are extensively used for cold forming, cold rolling, enameling, and galvanizing applications. These steels are almost similar in chemistry but have significant variations in mechanical and microstructural properties. Nitrogen in solid solution strongly influences the mechanical and formability properties of the steel. The detrimental effects of nitrogen in steel are increased YS, lower ductility and toughness, higher impact transition temperature(ITT), and susceptibility to strain aging. The important properties of hot band for cold forming application are lower YS, lower yield to ultimate tensile strength (UTS) ratio, higher elongation and resistant to strain aging. 54.1.1 Gear machining error on the noiseReduced gear noise is to reduce and control the fundamental noise reducer. In order to reduce gear noise and gear required accuracy from the structural design aspects to consider. 1 low-noise gear design requirements. Gear noise effects on the structural design is important, the ideal design is: try to improve the tooth bending strength, choose the larger variable coefficient with the appropriate helix angle, the contact ratio increased, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing noise . 2 gear manufacturing precision of the noise. Of the standard series reducer for manufacturing precision gears noise determines its value. Gears main role is to transfer speed and torque, so its manufacture of precision gears, their work is the main level stability. Working with high level of stability not only its own long life gear, and transmission of the shock, vibration, noise, also small, so the work of the stationary gear restriction error is the key to reduce gear noise. 4.1.2 Smooth working of the accuracy of the noise.Accuracy of the work gear is required stability limits the instantaneous gear ratio changes, the error is occur several times per week to gear the corner of the error, it makes the process of generating gear in meshing impact, vibration, resulting in gear noise, it is a Species of the impact of high-frequency sound. For a gear for the stability of the factors that affect the work of the base section of his error and its involute error. 4.1.3 Gears of noise exposure accuracy.Assessment of the accuracy of the composite indicator gear contact is contact spots, the noise exposure to bad gear will be greater. Cause tooth contact is not ideal because: Error in gear tooth length direction of the contact, the base section of deviation and direction of tooth profile error of contact.4.1.4 Motion accuracy of the gear noise.Gears transmit motion motion accuracy is the accuracy of the corner of gear per week to the maximum error value of the error can not exceed a certain limit. As a big cyclical motion accuracy gear (gear one revolution) error, while the ring gear by the gear in the gear rotating radial Zhou Jie accumulative error within a week will produce low-frequency noise, but the cumulative pitch error increases, will result in Gears, and the impact of changes in angular velocity, then the noise increased significantly, and issued a rumblingsound.4.1.5 Emphasis on the body of the eccentric wheel noise.Emphasis on the body eccentric gear wheel meshing operation in the centrifugal force generated when the imbalance, A preliminary part of the development cycle was to determine the safety factors for anticipated operating conditions. Engineers utilized ADAMS simulation results to predict loads and evaluate design concepts before proceeding to the final design specifications. The initial concept design was analyzed via an ADAMS analysis of the automatic tensioners subjected to static and dynamic loads that can be expected from a front-end accessory belt drive system. The primary function of the accessory belt driven system is power transmission from the crankshaft pulley to the accessory components. Accessory components include the alternator, power-steering pump, air conditioner, and the water pump. The automotive engineering literature is rich in descriptions of belt/chain drives 1-8. The model developed herein differs in that it is fully implemented in commercial software, complete with a GUI, and captures fully coupled dynamics in a combined finite element / multi- body dynamics approach. it is a alternating stress, can cause vibration and gear noise, so the wheel dynamic balance testing is necessary for the body part.4.2 Precision gear box bore the impact of noise Box Hole accuracy on the noise reducer has prominent effects. Aperture hole is precision accuracy, central moment of the error, the parallelism of the centerline of the hole and tilt. Production practice, we understand the bearing outer ring and the gear box with the clearance hole of the bearing noise, when the hole clearance and the bearing outer ring around the 0.01mm, the bearing of the machine can reduce the noise impact. 4.3 Assembly accuracy on the noiseQuality of the gear assembly has a direct impact noise control. Therefore, the assembly in the machine should be noted: normal gear at all levels to ensure the engagement side of the gap, meshing well, pay attention to as part (such as the sleeve) fixed, In the past decade the applicability of belt-drives has been extended significantly due to their increased reliability. With automotive engines it is now common to join a large number of belt-drives into a single, long belt-drive with several tensioner pulleys. However, these belt-drives can exhibit complex dynamic behaviors, which can lead to undesirable noise and vibrations.The aim of this paper is to present an effective and realistic numerical model to predict the dynamic response of such belt-drives. Based on the simulated responses the belt-drive construction can then be optimized in order to increase efficiency, reduce noise and vibrations, etc.The belt-drive model is based on flexible multibody system dynamics, where the belt is modeled using beam elements.With the developed contact model between the belt and the pulley, we can accurately predict the contact forces and stick-slip zones between the belt and pulley. The identification of the belt-drives material properties is based upon experimental data. Several original experiments are proposed in order to extract the damping and friction characteristics of multi-ribbed belts. Finally, the applicability of the belt-drive model is presented by simulating a serpentine belt-drive,considering non-steady belt-drive operational conditions,which are common in automotive engines.to avoid the gear end of the runout and so on. Install bearings to avoid undue percussion, in the bearing transport, the assembly process to avoid the collision. gear drive components required for the cleaning, the assembly process to avoid the bump on the transmission components. 45 Conclusion Single-stage vehicle main gear axle noise problem is more complex systems, both with regard to the precision of the different components, but also need to be controlled separately in the assembly areas, the actual cause of the noise which may occur in one part of May also exist in numerous aspects of the problem is, as effectively prevent the occurrence of noise, you need the assembly in the manufacturing sector and all aspects of control and adjustment, especially adjustment of the need for strict control of post-process method, based on actual feedback to constantly test The amendments adjust the volume, to ultimately a product of reasonable control. In this paper, the noise generated from the gear manufacturing precision and assembly precision analysis of two aspects. With the continuous improvement of manufacturing technology, advanced assembly process of the development and implementation, and strict implementation of relevant national and international standards, will be able to improve the quality of gear. 中文译文减速器和主要零件的简介以及对产生噪声的分析一、什么是减速器减速器是一种动力传达机构，利用齿轮的速度转换器，将马达的回转数减速到所要的回转数，并得到较大转矩的机构。1、减速器的作用 1）降速同时提高输出扭矩，扭矩输出比例按电机输出乘减速比，但要注意不能超出减速器额定扭矩。 2）减速同時降低了负载的惯量，惯量的减少为减速比的平方。大家可以看一下一般电机都有一个惯量数值。2、减速器的种类一般的减速器有斜齿轮减速器(包括平行轴斜齿轮减速器、蜗轮减速器、锥齿轮减速器等等)、行星齿轮减速器、摆线针轮减速器、蜗轮蜗杆减速器、行星摩擦式机械无级变速机等等。3、常见减速器 1）蜗轮蜗杆减速器的主要特点是具有反向自锁功能，可以有较大的减速比，输入轴和输出轴不在同一轴线上，也不在同一平面上。但是一般体积较大，传动效率不高，精度不高。 2）谐波减速器的谐波传动是利用柔性元件可控的弹性变形来传递运动和动力的，体积不大、精度很高，但缺点是柔轮寿命有限、不耐冲击，刚性与金属件相比较差。输入转速不能太高。 3）行星减速器其优点是结构比较紧凑，回程间隙小、精度较高，使用寿命很长，额定输出扭矩可以做的很大。但价格略贵一、对装配前零件的要求：1.滚动轴承用汽油清洗，其他零件用煤油清洗。所有零件和箱体内不许有任何杂质存在。箱体内壁和齿轮（蜗轮）等未加工表面先后涂两次不被机油侵蚀的耐油漆，箱体外表面先后涂底漆和颜色油漆（按主机要求配色）。 2.零件配合面洗净后涂以润滑油二、安装和调整的要求 1.滚动轴承的安装滚动轴承安装时轴承内圈应紧贴轴肩，要求缝隙不得通过0.05mm 厚的塞尺。 2.轴承轴向游隙对游隙不可调整的轴承（如深沟球轴承），其轴向游隙为0.250.4mm；对游隙可调整的轴承轴向游隙数值见表。点击查看圆锥滚子轴承轴向游隙；角接触球轴承轴向游隙 3.齿轮（蜗轮）啮合的齿侧间隙可用塞尺或压铅法。即将铅丝放在齿槽上，然后转动齿轮而压扁铅丝，测量两齿侧被压扁铅丝厚度之和即为齿侧的大小。 4.齿面接触斑点圆柱齿轮齿面接触斑点2-10-4；圆锥齿轮齿面接触斑点2-11-4；蜗杆传动接触斑点2-12-4 三、密封要求 1.箱体剖分面之间不允许填任何垫片，但可以涂密封胶或水玻璃以保证密封； 2.装配时，在拧紧箱体螺栓前，应使用0.05mm的塞尺检查箱盖和箱座结合面之间的密封性； 3.轴伸密封处应涂以润滑脂。各密封装置应严格按要求安装四、润滑要求 1.合理确定润滑油和润滑脂类型和牌号 2.轴承脂润滑时，润滑脂的填充量一般为可加脂空间的1/22/3。 3.润滑油应定期更换，新减速器第一次使用时，运转714天后换油，以后可以根据情况每隔36个月换一次油。五、试验要求 1.空载运转：在额定转速下正、反运转12小时； 2.负荷试验：在额定转速、额定负荷下运转，至油温平衡为止。对齿轮减速器，要求油池温升不超过35oC,轴承温升不超过40oC；对蜗杆减速器，要求油池温升不超过60oC,轴承温升不超过50oC； 3.全部试验过程中，要求运转平稳，噪声小，联接固定处不松动，各密封、结合处不六、包装和运输要求 1.外伸轴及其附件应涂油包装； 2.搬运、起吊时不得使用吊环螺钉及吊耳以上技术要求不一定全部列出，有时还需另增项目，主要由设计的具体要求而定。七、技术要求 1.装配前，所有零件用煤油清洗，滚动轴承用汽油清洗，不许有任何杂物存在。内壁涂上不被机油腐蚀的涂料两次； 2.啮合侧隙用铅丝检验不小于0.16mm，铅丝不得大于最小侧隙的4倍； 3.用涂色法检验斑点。按齿高接触点不小于40%；按齿长接触斑点不小于50%。必要时可用研磨或刮后研磨以便改善接触情况； 4.应调整轴承轴向间隙：40为0.05-0.1mm,55为0.08-0.15mm; 5.检验减速器剖分面、各接触面及密封处，均不许漏油。剖分面允许涂以密封油漆或水玻璃，不允许使用任何填料； 6.机座内装N100润滑油至规定高度。八、下面我介绍我国减速器的发展现状（一）、国内的减速器多以齿轮传动、蜗杆传动为主，但普遍存在着功率与重量比小，或者传动比大而机械效率过低的问题。另外，材料品质和工艺水平上还有许多弱点，特别是大型的减速器问题更突出，使用寿命不长。国内使用的大型减速器（500kw以上），多从国外（如丹麦、德国等）进口。60年代开始生产的少齿差传动、摆线针轮传动、谐波传动等减速器具有传动比大，体积小、机械效率高等优点?。但受其传动的理论的限制，不能传递过大的功率，功率一般都要小于40kw。由于在传动的理论上、工艺水平和材料品质方面没有突破，因此，没能从根本上解决传递功率大、传动比大、体积小、重量轻、机械效率高等这些基本要求。90年代初期，国内出现的三环（齿轮）减速器，是一种外平动齿轮传动的减速器，它可实现较大的传动比，传递载荷的能力也大。它的体积和重量都比定轴齿轮减速器轻，结构简单，效率亦高。由于该减速器的三轴平行结构，故使功率/体积（或重量）比值仍小。且其输入轴与输出轴不在同一轴线上，这在使用上有许多不便。北京理工大学研制成功的内平动齿轮减速器不仅具有三环减速器的优点外，还有着大的功率/重量（或体积）比值，以及输入轴和输出轴在同一轴线上的优点，处于国内领先地位。国内有少数高等学校和厂矿企业对平动齿轮传动中的某些原理做些研究工作，发表过一些研究论文，在利用摆线齿轮作平动减速器开展了一些工作。（二）、平动齿轮减速器工作原理简介,平动齿轮减速器是指一对齿轮传动中，一个齿轮在平动发生器的驱动下作平面平行运动，通过齿廓间的啮合，驱动另一个齿轮作定轴减速转动，实现减速传动的作用。平动发生器可采用平行四边形机构，或正弦机构或十字滑块机构。本成果采用平行四边形机构作为平动发生器。平动发生器可以是虚拟的采用平行四边形机构，也可以是实体的采用平行四边形机构。有实用价值的平动齿轮机构为内啮合齿轮机构，因此又可以分为内齿轮作平动运动和外齿轮作平动运动两种情况。外平动齿轮减速器构，其内齿轮作平动运动，驱动外齿轮并作减速转动输出。该机构亦称三环（齿轮）减速器。由于内齿轮作平动，两曲柄中心设置在内齿轮的齿圈外部，故其尺寸不紧凑，不能解决体积较大的问题。内平动齿轮减速，其外齿轮作平动运动，驱动内齿轮作减速转动输出。由于外齿轮作平动，两曲柄中心能设置在外齿轮的齿圈内部，大大减少了机构整体尺寸。由于内平动齿轮机构传动效率高、体积小、输入输出同轴线，故由广泛的应用前景。（三）、本项目的技术特点与关键技术1.本项目的技术特点,本新型的内平动齿轮减速器与国内外已有的齿轮减速器相比较，有如下特点：（1）传动比范围大，自I=10起，最大可达几千。若制作成大传动比的减速器，则更显示出本减速器的优点。（2）传递功率范围大：并可与电动机联成一体制造。（3）结构简单、体积小、重量轻。比现有的齿轮减速器减少1/3左右。（4）机械效率高。啮合效率大于95%，整机效率在85%以上，且减速器的效率将不随传动比的增大而降低，这是别的许多减速器所不及的。（5）本减速器的输入轴和输出轴是在同一轴线上。本减速器与其它减速器的性能比较见表1。因缺少数据，表中所列的各减速器的功率/重量比是最优越的。各类减速器比较型号功率（kw）减速比质量（kg） QI-450 93 31.5 1820 ZSY-250 95 31.5 540 NGW-92 88.1 31.5 577 SEW(德国) 90 28.61 1300 NP-100? 100 30 400 注：NP-100为内平动齿轮减速器，SEW减速器的质量含电机。2.本项目的关键技术。由图2可知，内平动齿轮减速器是由内齿轮Z2、外齿轮Z1和平行四边形机构组合而成的。它的传动原理是：电机输入旋转运动，外齿轮作平行移动，其圆心的运动轨迹是一个圆，与之啮合的内齿轮则作定轴转动。因为外齿轮作平行移动，所以称谓平动齿轮机构。齿轮的平行移动需要有辅助机构帮助实现的，可采用（612副）销轴、滚子作为虚拟辅助平动机构，也可以采用偏心轴作为实体辅助平动机构。内平动齿轮减速器的关键技术和关键工艺是组成平行四边形构件的尺寸计算及其要求的加工精度、轮齿主要参数的选择。这些因数都将影响传动的能力和传动的质量。总的说，组成本减速器的各零部件都要求有较高的精度，它们将决定着减速器的整体传动质量。3.本项目的概况本项目已获得中国实用新型专利，专利号：ZL95227767.0。本项目自1995年试制出第一台样机（功率2.5kW，传动比I=32）后，陆续与一些厂矿合作，设计了下面几种不同功率、不同传动比的减速器。（1）电动推拉门用减速器，功率550W，传动比I=26，与电机连成一体。（2）搅拌机用减速器，功率370W，传动比I=17。（3）某军品用的两种减速器，一种功率370W，传动比I=23.5；另一种功率370W，传动比I=103的二级传动减速器。（4）钢厂大包回转台减速器，功率7.5kw，传动比I=64。（5）钢厂辊道减速器，功率7.5kw，传动I=11。在本专利的基础上，已研制出一种新型超大型减速器，功率可达1000kw，目前正在研制超小型（外型尺寸为毫米级）的微型减速器。九齿轮和轴的介绍在直齿圆柱齿轮的受力分析中，是假定各力作用在单一平面的。我们将研究作用力具有三维坐标的齿轮。因此，在斜齿轮的情况下，其齿向是不平行于回转轴线的。而在锥齿轮的情况中各回转轴线互相不平行。像我们要讨论的那样，尚有其他道理需要学习，掌握。斜齿轮用于传递平行轴之间的运动。倾斜角度每个齿轮都一样，但一个必须右旋斜齿，而另一个必须是左旋斜齿。齿的形状是一溅开线螺旋面。如果一张被剪成平行四边形（矩形）的纸张包围在齿轮圆柱体上，纸上印出齿的角刃边就变成斜线。如果我展开这张纸，在血角刃边上的每一个点就发生一渐开线曲线。直齿圆柱齿轮轮齿的初始接触处是跨过整个齿面而伸展开来的线。斜齿轮轮齿的初始接触是一点，当齿进入更多的啮合时，它就变成线。在直齿圆柱齿轮中，接触是平行于回转轴线的。在斜齿轮中，该先是跨过齿面的对角线。它是齿轮逐渐进行啮合并平稳的从一个齿到另一个齿传递运动，那样就使斜齿轮具有高速重载下平稳传递运动的能力。斜齿轮使轴的轴承承受径向和轴向力。当轴向推力变的大了或由于别的原因而产生某些影响时，那就可以使用人字齿轮。双斜齿轮（人字齿轮）是与反向的并排地装在同一轴上的两个斜齿轮等效。他们产生相反的轴向推力作用，这样就消除了轴向推力。当两个或更多个单向齿斜齿轮被在同一轴上时，齿轮的齿向应作选择，以便产生最小的轴向推力。交错轴斜齿轮或螺旋齿轮，他们是轴中心线既不相交也不平行。交错轴斜齿轮的齿彼此之间发生点接触，它随着齿轮的磨合而变成线接触。因此他们只能传递小的载荷和主要用于仪器设备中，而且肯定不能推荐在动力传动中使用。交错轴斜齿轮与斜齿轮之间在被安装后互相捏合之前是没有任何区别的。它们是以同样的方法进行制造。一对相啮合的交错轴斜齿轮通常具有同样的齿向，即左旋主动齿轮跟右旋从动齿轮相啮合。在交错轴斜齿设计中，当该齿的斜角相等时所产生滑移速度最小。然而当该齿的斜角不相等时，如果两个齿轮具有相同齿向的话，大斜角齿轮应用作主动齿轮。蜗轮与交错轴斜齿轮相似。小齿轮即蜗杆具有较小的齿数，通常是一到四齿，由于它们完全缠绕在节圆柱上，因此它们被称为螺纹齿。与其相配的齿轮叫做蜗轮，蜗轮不是真正的斜齿轮。蜗杆和蜗轮通常是用于向垂直相交轴之间的传动提供大的角速度减速比。蜗轮不是斜齿轮，因为其齿顶面做成中凹形状以适配蜗杆曲率，目的是要形成线接触而不是点接触。然而蜗杆蜗轮传动机构中存在齿间有较大滑移速度的缺点，正像交错轴斜齿轮那样。蜗杆蜗轮机构有单包围和双包围机构。单包围机构就是蜗轮包裹着蜗杆的一种机构。当然，如果每个构件各自局部地包围着对方的蜗轮机构就是双包围蜗轮蜗杆机构。着两者之间的重要区别是，在双包围蜗轮组的轮齿间有面接触，而在单包围的蜗轮组的轮齿间有线接触。一个装置中的蜗杆和蜗轮正像交错轴斜齿轮那样具有相同的齿向，但是其斜齿齿角的角度是极不相同的。蜗杆上的齿斜角度通常很大，而蜗轮上的则极小，因此习惯常规定蜗杆的导角，那就是蜗杆齿斜角的余角；也规定了蜗轮上的齿斜角，该两角之和就等于90度的轴线交角。当齿轮要用来传递相交轴之间的运动时，就需要某种形式的锥齿轮。虽然锥齿轮通常制造成能构成90度轴交角，但它们也可产生任何角度的轴交角。轮齿可以铸出，铣制或滚切加工。仅就滚齿而言就可达一级精度。在典型的锥齿轮安装中，其中一个锥齿轮常常装于支承的外侧。这意味着轴的挠曲情况更加明显而使在轮齿接触上具有更大的影响。另外一个难题，发生在难于预示锥齿轮轮齿上的应力，实际上是由于齿轮被加工成锥状造成的。直齿锥齿轮易于设计且制造简单，如果他们安装的精密而确定，在运

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