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数控卧式镗铣床主轴箱变速操纵机构设计【23张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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关键词：: 数控卧式铣床主轴变速操纵机构设计

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摘要

机械行业是运用数控机床最多的，很多企业为了提高自己的生产效率，常常会对机床内部结构进行多方面的改造。社会主义市场经济的发展为我国工业生产创造了条件，在现代一体化生产模式中运用了很多先进的设备。对于数控机床而言，主轴箱是其最为核心的组织结构，整个主轴箱影响着数控机床的变速情况。大部分制造企业在实行技术改造时把重点放在了主轴箱变速器上，这是调整机床运行速度的重点。在设计过程中必须要对主轴箱的每个部件加以控制，这样才能确保数控机床主轴变速性能的良好。

本文对主轴箱变速操纵机构的工作原理进行结构设计和计算分析，利用两个液压油缸，经拨叉带动双联滑移齿轮移动到需要的多个位置。

关键字：数控机床；主轴箱；结构；设计

Mechanism design of CNC horizontal boring and milling machine spindle box transmission control

Abstract

Machinery industry is the use of CNC machine tools the most, a lot of enterprises to improve their production efficiency, often transform many aspects of the internal structure of machine tool. The society pays attention to the development of the market economy to create the conditions for the industrial production of our country, a lot of advanced equipment for use in the integration of modern production mode. For NC machine tool, the spindle box is the most core structure, the spindle box of CNC machine tool gear case. Most of the manufacturing enterprises in the implementation of technical transformation to focus on the main spindle box transmission, which is the key to adjust the machine running speed. In the design process must each component of the headstock to control, so as to ensure the good performance of NC machine tool spindle speed.

In this pear, the working principle of the headstock gear control mechanism on the analysis of the structure design and calculation, using two hydraulic oil cylinders, the shifting fork drives a sliding duplex gear moving to a plurality of positions need.

Key Words: CNC machine; machine head; structure; design

1 绪论1

1.1 数控镗铣床的结构组成1

1.2 我国卧式镗铣床的发展2

1.2.1 我国卧式镗铣床的发展历史2

1.2.2 我国卧式镗铣床的发展趋势2

2 数控卧式镗铣床变速操纵机构设计4

2.1 主轴箱变速操纵机构工作原理4

2.2 主轴箱变速操纵机构中传动轴的安装5

2.3 齿轮在轴上的布置和排列5

2.4 相啮合齿轮的宽度6

3 主传动系统的设计计算7

3.1 电动的选取7

3.1.1 选择电动机的类型7

3.1.2 转速及功率的确定7

3.1.3 联轴器的选择7

3.1.4 选定各齿轮齿数7

3.1.5 转速的计算7

3.1.6 各轴功率及转矩的计算8

3.2 齿轮的设计8

3.2.1 确定齿轮齿数的原则和要求8

3.2.2 齿轮传动设计参数的选择8

3.2.3 齿轮的结构设计计算9

3.3 轴的设计12

3.3.1 轴的结构设计12

3.3.2 轴上作用力的计算14

3.3.3 轴的结构设计14

3.3.4 键的选取16

3.3.5 轴的受力分析16

3.3.6 校核轴的强度17

3.3.7 校核键连接的强度18

3.3.8 校核轴承寿命18

4 箱体的设计20

5 传动系统的润滑21

总结22

参考文献22

致谢23

毕业设计（论文）知识产权声明25

毕业设计（论文）独创性声明26

1 绪论

在车床、镗床、铣床、插、拉床、磨床、数控加工中心、齿轮加工中心、切断机床、特种加工机床、组合机床、柔性制造系统等众多机械加工设备中，镗铣床加工特点：加工过程中工件不动，让刀具移动，并使刀具转动（主运动），在实践中具有“万能机床”的称号[1,2]。

镗铣床主要是刀具在工件上加工已有预制孔的机床。通常，刀具旋转为主运动，刀具或工件的移动为进给运动。它主要是用来加工高精度孔或一次定位完成多个孔的精加工，此外还可以从事与孔精加工有关的其他加工面的加工[3]。

1.1 数控镗铣床的结构组成

如图1.1所示，数控机床主要由机床本体、自动换刀装置、数控转台、液压油箱、数控电柜、主轴驱动调速控制柜、机床电气柜、主轴箱润滑冷却用自动油温调节器和空气干燥器等组成。

1-电动机 2-换刀机械手 3-数控柜 4-刀库 5-主轴箱 6-操作面板 7-电源柜 8-工作台 9-滑座 10-床身

图1.1数控机床示意图

a. 机床本体。机床的本体是用来支撑机床的工作已达到加工生产目的。主要由床身和立柱组成。

b. 主轴结构。主轴部件既要满足精加工精度较高的要求，又要满足粗加工时高效切削的能力。因此在旋转精度、刚度、抗振性和热变形等方面，都有很高的要求。在布局结构方面，对于具有自动换刀功能的数控镗铣床，其主轴部件除主轴、主轴轴承和传动件等一般组成部分外，还有道具自动加紧、主轴自动准停和主轴装刀口吹净等装置。

c. 数控转台。数控转台可以进行任意角度定位，它的功能有两个：一是使工作台进行圆周进给运动，二是使工作台进行分度运动。

d. 换刀装置。数控镗铣床为了能在工件一次装夹中完成多种甚至所有加工工序，以缩减辅助时间和减少多次安装工件所引起的误差，必须具有自动换刀装置。其主要有刀库、横梁升降机构、滑座伸缩机构、手架回转机构、装刀手和卸刀手组成。

e. 机床导轨。导轨主要用来支撑和引导运动部件沿一定的轨道运动。在导轨副中，运动的一方叫运动导轨，不运动的一方叫支撑导轨。运动导轨相对于支撑导轨的运动，通常是直线运动或回转运动。

1.2 我国卧式镗铣床的发展

1.2.1 我国卧式镗铣床的发展历史

我国卧式镗床生产是在1954年由仿制开始的。目前已有13个省、一个自治区、三个直辖市的二十六个厂，卧式镗床的年产量到1971年，已经超过一千台。卧式镗床的品种，第一个五年计划期间，只能生产主轴直径85毫米的卧式镗床，现在已经能生产主轴直径63、85、125、150等毫米的卧式镗床及主轴直径110mm的加大主轴直径和移动式镗床。从只能根据国外图纸生产单一产品，发展到自行设计试制并采用一定先进技术的多种产品。在无产阶级大革命中，就有17个厂先后设计试制了三十一种卧式镗床。其中直径63mm的有五种；直径125mm的有一种；无伸缩主轴简易卧式镗床有两种；直径160mm落地镗床有两种，直径200mm的有一种，直径250mm的有一种。

1.2.2 我国卧式镗铣床的发展趋势

图1.2 卧式数控镗铣床实物图

当代卧式镗铣床与落地式镗铣床技术发展非常快，如图1.2所示，主要体现在设计理念的更新和机床运行速度及制造工艺水平有很大的提高，另一方面是机床结构变化大，新技术的应用层出不穷[4,5]。卧式镗铣床的结构向高速电主轴方向发展，落地式镗铣床向滑枕式(无镗轴)结构方向发展，功能附件呈高速、多轴联动、结构型式多样化的发展态势，这将是今后一个时期技术发展的新趋势[6-8]。

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内容简介：: 109METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112P. FRCKOWIAK, W. PTASZYSKI, A. STOI NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH ON CNC MILLING MACHINEReceived - Prispjelo: 2011-02-27Accepted - Prihvaeno: 2011-04-20Preliminary Note Prethodno priopenjeISSN 0543-5846METABK 51(1) 109-112 (2012)UDC UDK 621.833:621.914.3.744=111Diff erent types of geometric models of face-gear with circle line of teeth have been shown in the paper. Generation of a new geometrical of a face-gear is performed on CNC milling machine. The basic direction of the development geometrical of a face-gear and technology is in the search of new trends and methods focused on improving the quality of products, shortening the production cycles, their mechanizations, automation and implementation of a high-precision technology. Key words: face-gear, circular line, CNC milling-machineNova geometrija i tehnologija oblikovanja hipoidnih zupanika na CNC glodalici. Razliiti tipovi geometrijskih modela hipoidnih zupanika su prikazani u radu. Izrada novog geometrijskog oblika zupanika je provedena na CNC glodalici. Temeljni smjer razvoja geometrijskih oblika zupanika i tehnologije izrade je u traenju novih tren-dova i metoda za unaprjeenje kvalitete proizvoda, skraenja trajanja proizvodnog ciklusa, njegova mehanizacija, automatizacija iimplementacija visokoprecizne tehnologije.Kljune rijei: zupanik, kruna linija, CNC glodalicaINTRODUCTIONInvention of face worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worms by Saari 1, 2 was a substantial con-tribution. Initially the design of the invented gear drives was based on application of worms provided by axial profi les as straight lines 3. The generation of face worm gear drives of all types of existing design is based on application of a hob for generation of the face-gear. The disadvantage of such method of generation is the low precision of a hob used as a generating tool espe-cially in the case of small dimensions of hob 3. The generations of a face worm gear drives of all types of existing is based on application of a hob for generation of the face worm gear with conical and cy-lindrical worms. Saari 1, 2 and next researchers had proposed methods based on application a worm hob for manufacturing a face worm gear with conical or cylin-drical worms. Litvin and coworkers 3 had proposed a tilted head-cuter for forming of face worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worms. In work 4-10 and 11 presented developed a new technique of cutting a face worm gear on a CNC machining. For generation face-gear used the 4-axis vertical CNC milling-machine incorporate a rotary table and a NC spindle. The new process uses general purpose machine like vertical ma-chining centre. The generations are performed by a tilt-ed tool edge with straight line profi les of blades. The P. Frckowiak, W. Ptaszyski , Institute of Mechanical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, PolandA. Stoi, University of applied sciencies, Slavonski Brod, Croatiaprocess is giving better results with use of newly devel-oped technique to generate a face-gear. Due to addition two rotational axes in 5-axis machining enables cutting face-gear and taken high surface quality.For numerically controlled universal milling-ma-chine a face-gear can be shaped with different front lines of teeth. Known methods for forming face-gear are based on kinematics of conventional machine tools. While notching the teeth, workgroups of machine per-forms movements at a constant speed, the tracks are rectilinear or rotary (NC rotary tables, spindle tool). One way to cut face-gear is the use of single blade tool in the form of a universal sintered carbide insert.This method may be used to shape the toothing of a straight and involute line of teeth 4-10, 11. The new geometry and technology proposed in this article is based on application of single blade tool and CNC mill-ing-machine with special program of control. MODELING FACE GEAR WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH Figure 1 illustrates schematically the generation of the face-gear.In the following geometric models of shaping circle line, assumptions are that: a tooth line is shaped with single blade tool, a incision tooth line is rigidly linked to the ma-chined teeth crown, a beginning of the system of coordinates is located at the intersection of the axis of symmetry shaped toothing,110 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112P. FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH. the location of the curve, part of which is a tooth li-nes, is set in relation to the theoretical rolling circle, a trace location of the tool is described by the blade cutting edge is so located in relation to the shaped surface to have a common normal with the shaped line of the tooth.Here are models of geometrical shape of the tooth which is a circle, with different radii of curvature of the teeth line.In the simplest model of the toothing with circular line, the axis of symmetry of the circle, which is part of the line tooth, lies at the intersection of the theoretical rolling circle with a Rb radius and the axis of system coordinates associated with the shaped toothing (Z). The geometric model is shown in the Figure 2.From Figure 2 can be determined the coordinates of points in the ring-shaped toothing: ()()+=sincos11bRzx, (1)as well as ()()+=+=02202sinctgxzRxv, (2)where: radius of a circle of being the tooth line, Rb theoretical rolling circle.From the described model in Figure 1 it is possible also to set coordinates of points in polar coordinates: +=212110arcsinzxRRxvv. (3)Placing described relations to equations 2 with equa-tions 3 we receive: +=+=21211222121121212arcsinarcsinsinzxxctgxzzxxzxx (4)and after substituting formula 1 to equations 4 we re-ceive (5).Equations 5 describe the track of the tools in the forming process of toothing, the tooth-line as part of a circle with a radius. Variable in the division plane is an increase in the angle of rotation of toothing.Figure 1 Scheme the generation of the face-gearFigure 2 Geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line with symmetric axis of circle teeth line places on the axis of face-gearFigure 3 The geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line, the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of positive X-axis values()()()()()()()()()()()+=+=222222222sincoscosarcsinsincoscosarcsinsinsincosbbbRctgxzRRxAnother solution toothing with a tooth line as a part of a circle is a circle line of tooth shift so that it does not lie on the Z-axis of face-gear. In the case of the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of positive X-axis, in the toothing tooth lines can be obtained with less radius of curvature. Geomet-ric model of such a solution is shown in Figure 3.(5)111METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112P. FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH.From the Figure 3 can be determined the coordinates of points in the ring-shaped toothing: ()()+=+=sincos111bcRzxx. (6)From Figure 3 it is possible to set coordinates of points like in case of the description of the model shown in Figure 2 (equations 2, 3, 4), and after placing relation 6 to equations 4 relations circumscribing the line of the tooth are (7).The xc1 value determines the location of the center of a circle line of teeth and the size of radius of curvature of the teeth line. In the case of xc1 = 0 circle line of tooth lies on the Z-axis of toothing. Addition of xc1 in the equation 10 reduces and subtracting of xc1 increases the radius of curvature of the circle.THE ALGORITHM OF STEERING AND EXPERIMENTAL EXAMINATIONS OF THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF STEERED AXIS OF THE MACHINE TOOL In order of conducting attempts to synchronize the axis of the machine tool enabling forming face-gear with circle line of teeth control algorithm was devel-oped as shown in Figure 5. This algorithm served to develop parameterized control program for the machine tool notching the teeth of toothing. Attempts to shape face-gear were conducted on the milling machine FYN - 50ND type, equipped with nu-merically controlled rotary table (Figure 6a). The mill-ing machine is holding the control system of the TNC 407 type of the Heidenhain.The Heidenhain 407 controller enables simultaneous interpolation in three axes (linear or circular in three di-mensional space). Steering of processing of the outline is held with digital speed control. Servo systems in each axis servo are position regulated type, controlled by de-viation signals. Feed the axes X, Y, Z and A are carried out by four independent pulse-controlled AC motors. The drive of the spindle is equipped with a system for con-tinuous variable speed transmission. In the axis of the spindle of the milling machine a rotational-pulse sensor was fastened, which signals are transmitted to the control system of the machine tool what allows to control spindle as a rotational axis (C). An example of cutting teeth line in the face-gear is shown at Figure 6b.CONCLUSIONSConducted examinations of the generation of the face-gear according to the relation described with for-mula 10 confi rmed the possibility of shaping the circle line teeth on the CNC milling-machine. Despite of heavy-load of processor with complex calculations con-trol system do not cause temporary detention of con-trolled machine tools units. The surveys are the basis ()()()()()()()()()()()()+=+=22112222112212sincoscosarcsinsincoscosarcsinsinsincosbccbccbcRxxctgxzRxxRxxWith alternative of moving the arrangement of the circle of the line of teeth of toothing is reallocating his middle is so that it is in negative values of the X-axis. Such moving the circle of the line of the tooth will al-low the tooth to obtain a larger radius of curvature of the tooth line. Geometric model of such a solution is shown in Figure 4.Relations result from Figure: ()()+=+=sincos111bcRzxx. (8)Taking equation 2 and 3 into consideration, it is also possible to derive on the basis of model 4 and after sub-stituting the equation to relation 4 describing the tooth line becomes (9).()()()()()()()()()()()()+=+=22112222112212sincoscosarcsinsincoscosarcsinsinsincosbccbccbcRxxctgxzRxxRxxIncluding models shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4 and equations of the teeth line described with relations 5, 7 and 9 it is possible to represent equations describing synchronizations of steered pivots of the machine tool generalized with relation (10).()()()()()()()()()()()()+=+=22112222112212sincoscosarcsinsincoscosarcsinsinsincosbccbccbcRxxctgxzRxxRxxFigure 4 The geometric model of forming face-gear with circular line, the circle line of tooth with the axis of symmetry moved in the direction of negative X-axis values(7)(9)(10)112 METALURGIJA 51 (2012) 1, 109-112P. FRCKOWIAK et al.: NEW GEOMETRY AND TECHNOLOGY OF FACE-GEAR FORMING WITH CIRCLE LINE OF TEETH.for further work on applying a face-gear with circle line of teeth in clutch connection.AcknowledgementThis paper is fi nanced from the funds for science for the years 20092012 granted by the Polish government and is referred to as the research project no N N502 339836.Legend of symbolsRi inner radius of the face-gearRb theoretical rolling circle Re outer radius of the face-gearX,Y,Z coordinate system connected to machine-tool x,z coordinate system rigidly connected to face-gearz number of teeth of the face-gear radius of generation a circle tooth line of face-gearC angle of rotation of the grinding tool A angle of rotation of the face-gear in the process of generation additional rotational motion of the face-gear dur-ing grinding tool motion P1,P2 points of contact on surface of tooth line and grinding tool trace xc1 parameter of relative location of point of the cent-er of the circle tooth line REFERENCES1 O. E. Saari, Speed-reduction gearing, Patent No. 2,696,125, United States Patent Offi ce, 1954.2 O. E. Saari, Skew axis gearing, Patent No. 2,954,704, Uni-ted States Patent Offi ce, 1960.3 Litwin F.L, A. Nava, Q Fan, A. Fuentes, New geometry of worm gear drives with conical and cylindrical worm: genera ti-on, simulation of meshing, and stress analysis, Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng. 191, (2002) 3035-3054.4 Frckowiak P., Forming and geometrical dependences in the nom-homogeneous face-gear with involute line, Manu-facturing Engineering, 9 (2010) 4, 28-30. 5 Frckowiak P., Modelling and cutting a face-gear with straight line on CNC milling-machine, Manufacturing En-gineering, 9 (2010) 3, 19-21.6 Frckowiak P., Teeth contact area of face worm gear drives with cylindrical worm, Archives of Mechanical Technolo-gy and Automation, 29 (2006) 2, 59-71.7 Grajdek R., Ch

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