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铣床液压进给机构的设计【12张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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铣床 液压 进给 机构 设计
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摘  要


随着科技步伐的加快,液压技术在各个领域中得到了广泛应用,液压系统已成为现代金属机械加工机床中最关键的部分之一。本文主要研究的是液压传动系统,液压传动系统的设计需要与主机的总体设计同时进行。设计时,必须从实际情况出发,有机地结合各种传动形式,充分发挥液压传动的优点,力求设计出结构简单、工作可靠、成本低、效率高、操作简单、维修方便的液压传动系统。


关键词:机械加工、液压传动、总体设计


Abstract


With the development of the modern technology, the hydraulic technology has been widely used in the most field of the mechanism. The hydraulic system is the main structure of the modern machining tools. This paper gives design of the system of the hydraulic drives. The design of the hydraulic drives should be processed with the general arrangement of the machine synchronously. We should combine the advantage of the various types of mechanism drives and elaborate the simplest, reliable, lower cost, efficient and more convenience structure of the hydraulic drives.


Keywords: Machining operation   Hydraulic transmission   General arrangement


目 录

摘  要III

AbstractIV

1绪论1

1.1本课题的研究内容和意义1

1.2国内外的发展概况1

1.3本课题应达到的要求1

2 液压传动的基本概念和特点2

2.1 液压传动的基本概念2

2.2 液压传动的特点2

2.4 液压系统的设计原则与策略3

2.5 液压系统绿色设计原则3

2.6 设计目的3

2.6.1 设计内容及要求4

2.7 设计中应注意的问题5

3 液压系统的设计6

3.1 液压系统的设计与计算6

3.1.2 液压缸的负载计算[6]9

3.1.3 确定系统的工作压力9

3.2确定液压泵规格和电动机功率及型号12

3.2.1 确定液压泵规格12

3.3确定各类控制阀14

3.4 确定油箱容积与结构16

3.4.1油箱容积的确定16

3.4.2油箱的结构设计16

3.4.3油箱的防噪音问题17

3.5 液压站结构设计18

3.6 选择液压油18

4 液压缸及液压装置的结构设计19

4.1 确定液压缸的结构形式(类型、安装方法、密封形式、缓冲结构、排气等)19

4.2 计算液压缸主要零件的强度和刚度19

4.3 完成液压缸的结构设计和部分零件图23

4.4 选择装配方案25

4.5 绘制部件装配图25

5 液压系统的验算26

5.1 执行元件输出力或力矩及最低最高速度的校核26

5.2 管路系统压力损失计算26

5.3 压力阀调整压力的确定27

5.4 系统热平衡计算与油箱容积的验算27

6结论与展望29

6.1结论29

6.2不足之处与展望29

致 谢30

参考文献31


1绪论

1.1本课题的研究内容和意义

液压进给结构对于普通铣床来说是很重要的,本课题主要研究普通铣床上的液压进给结构的改造。改进液压进给结构便于铣床更好的运作,能提高铣床的工作效率以及经济效益。从蓝天到水下,从军用到民用,从重工业到轻工业,到处都有液压传动及控制技术的应用。国外生产的95%的工程机械、90%的数控加工中心、95%的自动生产线都采用了液压传动与控制技术。所以很有必要改进液压进给结构。

1.2国内外的发展概况

机械工业即机器制造工业,机械工业素有“工业的心脏”之称。它是其他经济部门的生产手段,也可说是一切经济部门发展的基础。它的发展水平是衡量一个国家工业化程度的重要标志。为促进民族地区的现代化,必须加速发展机械工业。它是国民的装备部,是为国民经济提供装备和为人民生活提供耐用消费品的产业。普通铣床作为一种专用高效自动化技术设备,已成为大批量机械产品实现高效、 高质量和经济性生产的关键型装备,是集机电于一体的综合自动化程度较高的制造技术和成套工艺装备。普通铣床的技术性能和综合自动化水平,在很大程度上决定了这些工业部门产品的生产效率、产品质量和企业生产组织的结构,也在很大程度上决定了企业产品的竞争力。普通铣床在全世界有广泛的应用,液压进给结构在国内外铣床方面都得到了广泛的运用。由于液压技术的应用对机电产品的质量和生产水平的提高起到了极大的促进和保证作用,因而再用液压技术的程度已成为衡量一个国家工业水平的标志。可以预见,随着科学技术的不断发展,液压技术将会在许多工业部门中发挥越来越大的作用。

1.3本课题应达到的要求

由于液压技术的诸多优点,使其发展很快,特别是经过最近半个世纪的飞速发展,液压技术已成为包括传动、控制、检测在内的对现代机械装备技术进步有重要影响的基础技术,其应用遍布各个工业领域。因此设计出结构简单、工作可靠、成本低、效率高、操作简单、维修方便的液压传动系统已变得异常重要。


2 液压传动的基本概念和特点

2.1 液压传动的基本概念

任何一部机器都有传动系统,借组它以达到对动力进行传递和控制的目的,按照传动所采用的机构或工作介质的不同可分为机械传动、电气传动和流体传动。

流体传动是以液体(液体、气体)为工作介质进行能量转换、传递和控制的传动形式。以液体为工作介质时为液体传动;以压缩空气为工作介质时为气体传动。

液体传动又分为性质截然不同的两种传动形式:液压传动和液力传动。液压传动主要利用液体静压能来传递运动和动力,其工作原理基于物理学中的帕斯卡原理,也称静夜传动或容积式传动。液力传动主要利用液体动能来传递运动和动力,其工作原理基于流体力学中的动量矩定理。

2.2 液压传动的特点

液压传动与其他传动方式相比主要有以下特点:

(1)液压传动必须用具有一定压力的液体作为介质。

(2)传动过程中必须经过两次能量转换。首先,液压泵把机械能转化为液体的压力能;然后油液输出液压缸,又通过液压缸把油液的压力能转换成驱动外界负载运动的机械能。

(3)液压传动必须在密封的容积内进行,而且容积要发生变化。如果容积不密封,则不能形成压力;如果容积不变化,则不能实现传递速度的要求。因此,有人把液压传动叫做“容积式液力传动”。

2.3 液压技术的应用

由于液压技术的诸多优点,使其发展很快,特别是经过最近半个世纪的飞速发展,液压技术已成为包括传动、控制、检测在内的对现代机械装备技术进步有重要影响的基础技术,其应用遍布各个工业领域。从蓝天到水下,从军用到民用,从重工业到轻工业,到处都有液压传动及控制技术的应用。国外生产的95%的工程机械、90%的数控加工中心、95%的自动生产线都采用了液压传动与控制技术。由于液压技术的应用对机电产品的质量和生产水平的提高起到了极大的促进和保证作用,因而再用液压技术的程度已成为衡量一个国家工业水平的标志。可以预见,随着科学技术的不断发展,液压技术将会在许多工业部门中发挥越来越大的作用。[1]

2.4 液压系统的设计原则与策略

液压系统是液压机械的一个组成部分,液压系统的设计要同主机的总体设计同步进行。着手设计时,必须从实际出发,有机地结合各种传动形式,充分发挥液压传动的有点,力求设计出结构简单、工作可靠、成本低、效率高、操作简单、维修方便的液压传动系统。

2.5 液压系统绿色设计原则                                            

该设计原则是在传统液压设计中通常依据的技术原则、成本原则和人机工程学原则的基础上纳入环境原则,并将环境原则置于优先考虑的地位。液压系统的设计原则可概括如下。

(1)资源最佳利用原则

少用短缺或稀有的原材料,尽量寻找其代用材料,多用余料或回收材料为原料;提高系统的可靠性和使用寿命;尽量减少产品中材料的种类,以利于产品废弃后有效回收。

(2)能量损耗最少原则

尽量采用相容性好的材料,不采用难以回收的或不能回收的材料,在保证产品耐用的基础上,赋予产品合理的使用寿命,努力减小产品使用过程中的能量消耗。

(3)零污染原则

尽量减少或不用有害的原材料。

(4)技术先进性原则

优化系统性能,在系统设计中树立“小而精”的思想,在同一性能的情况下,通过系统设计小型化,尽量节约材料和资源的使用量,如采用轻质材料、去除多余功能、避免过度包装等,减轻产品重量;简化产品结构,提倡“简而美”的设计原则,如减少零部件数目,这样既便于装配、拆卸,又便于废弃后的分类处理;采用模块化设计,此时产品是由各功能模块组成的,既便于装配、拆卸,又便于废弃后的回收处理,在设计过程中注重产品的多品种及系列化;采用合理工艺,简化产品加工流程,减少加工工序,简化拆卸过程,如结构设计时采用易于拆卸的连接方式、减少紧固件数量、尽量避免破坏性拆卸方式等;尽可能简化产品包装且避免产生二次污染。

(5)整体效益原则

考虑系统对环境产生的附加影响,提供有关产品组成的信息,如材料类型、液压油型号及其回收再用性能。

2.6 设计目的

毕业设计是培养学生综合运用所学的基础理论和专业理论知识,独立解决机床设计问题的能力的一个重要的实践性教学环节。

因此,通过设计应达到下述目的:

1、初步掌握正确的设计思想和设计的基本方法、步骤,巩固、深化和扩大所学的知识,培养理论联系实际的工作方法和独立工作能力。

2、获得机床总体设计,结构设计,零件计算,编写说明书。绘制部件总装图(展开图,装配图)和零件工作图等方面的基本训练及基本技能。

3、熟悉有关标准、规格、手册和资料的应用。

4、对专用机床的夜压系统具有初步分析能力和改进设计的能力。

 2.6.1 设计内容及要求

课程设计的内容及具体要求有以下三点[2] :

(1)机床类型及动作循环要求

我的毕业设计为一台用成型铣刀在工件上加工出成型面的液压专用铣床驱动系统。要求铣床工作台上一次可安装二只工件并能同时进行多工位加工。

机床的工作循环为:

手工上料——按电钮——自动定位加紧——工作台快进——铣削进给——工作台快退——夹具松开——手工卸料。

(2)机床对液压传动系统的具体参数要求如表1-1所示。

表1-1    液压系统参数

液压缸名称负载力(N)移动件重力(N)(速度m/min)行程(mm)启动时间(sec)定位夹紧缸运动时间(sec)

快进工进快退

定位液压缸20020101


夹紧液压缸400040151

进给液压缸2000150060.0356快进工进0.5

30080


 工作台采用平导轨,导轨面的静摩擦系数f=0.2,动摩擦系数f=0.1。

(3) 机床的制造及技术经济性问题

该机床为一般技术改造中为适应某种机械加工要求,提高加工效率而在原有特定机床上进行自行设计改造的专用设备,所以力求结构简单,投产快,工作可靠,主要零部件要能适应中小机械工厂的加工能力,并能满足零件互换性要求,配合电气控制可以实现单机半自动化工作的要求。

2.7 设计中应注意的问题

设计要求或机构功能要求是做任何设计的依据,液压与气动传动设计时要明确液压与气动传动系统的动作和性能要求,这里一般要考虑以下几方面[3] :

1)该设备中,哪些运动需要液压或气压传动完成,各执行机构的运动形式及动作幅度;

2)对液压或气压装置的空间布置、安装形式、重量、外形尺寸的限制等;

3)执行机构载荷形式和大小;

4)执行机构的运动速度,速度变化范围以及对运动平稳性的要求;

5)各执行机构的动作顺序,彼此之间的联锁关系,实现这些运动的操作或控制方式;

6)自动化程度、效率、温升、安全保护、制造成本等方面的要求;

7)工作环境方面的要求,如温度、湿度、振动、冲击、防尘、防腐、抗燃性能等;

另外对主机的功能、用途、工艺流程也必须了解清楚,力求设计的系统更加切合实际。


内容简介:
江南大学太湖学院毕业设计(论文)开题报告题目:铣床液压进给机构的设计 机电 系 机械 专业学 号: 0923036 学生姓名: 黄巍 指导教师: 韩邦华 (职称:副教授 ) (职称: )2012年11月20号课题来源 无锡某企业生产实际科学依据(包括课题的科学意义;国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势;应用前景等)该课题主要是为了培养学生开发和创新机械产品的能力,要求学生能够结合常规普通铣床与零件加工工艺,针对实际使用过程中存在的金属加工机床的驱动及工件夹紧问题,综合所学的机械理论设计与方法、液压与气动传动等知识,对普通铣床驱动、夹紧装置进行改进设计,从而实现金属加工机床驱动与夹紧的半自动控制。在设计液压系统装置时,在满足产品工作要求的情况下,应尽可能多的采用标准件,提高其互换性要求,以减少产品的设计生产成本。研究内容通过实际调研和采集相应的设计数据,分析金属切削加工过程中的机床工作台驱动、工件夹紧等方面的相关数据,结合液压与气动传动的相关理论知识,完成液压传动方案分析及液压原理图的拟定,并进行主要液压元件的设计与选择及传动系统的验算校核等。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析通过实践与大量搜集、阅读相关资料相结合,在对金属切削加工、金属切削机床、机械设计与理论及液压与气动传动等相关知识充分掌握后,对普通铣床的驱动、夹紧装置进行数学建模,并通过模拟实验分析建立普通铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的实体模型,设计半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置,进行现场实验,来达到产品的最优化设计。研究计划及预期成果 现场调研、模拟、建模、实验、机器调试,达到产品的最优化设计,大大降低劳动强度和提高生产效率。特色或创新之处 适用于企业半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的优化设计,可降低工人的劳动强度、减少机械加工工艺时间和降低机械零件的生产成本。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题 针对实际使用过程中存在的金属加工机床的驱动及工件夹紧问题,综合所学的机械理论设计与方法与液压与气动传动等方面的知识,如何实现对半自动铣床的驱动、夹紧装置的优化设计,进而提高学生开发和创新机械产品的能力。指导教师意见 指导教师签名:年 月 日教研室(学科组、研究所)意见 教研室主任签名: 年 月 日系意见 主管领导签名: 年 月 日Hydraulic System Hydraulic presser drive and air pressure drive hydraulic fluid as the transmission is made according to the 17th century, Pascals principle of hydrostatic pressure to drive the development of an emerging technology, the United Kingdom in 1795 Braman Joseph (Joseph Braman ,1749-1814), in London water as a medium to form hydraulic press used in industry, the birth of the worlds first hydraulic press. Media work in 1905 will be replaced by oil-water and further improved. After the World War I (1914-1918) ,because of the extensive application of hydraulic transmission, especially after 1920, more rapid development. Hydraulic components in the late 19th century about the early 20th century, 20 years, only started to enter the formal phase of industrial production. 1925 Vickers (F. Vikers) the invention of the pressure balanced vane pump, hydraulic components for the modern industrial or hydraulic transmission of the gradual establishment of the foundation. The early 20th century G Constantimscofluct- uations of the energy carried out by passing theoretical and practical research; in 1910 on the hydraulic trans- mission (hydraulic coupling, hydraulic torque converter, etc.) contributions, so that these two areas of development. The Second World War (1941-1945) period, in the United States 30% of machine tool applications in the hydraulic transmission. It should be noted that the development of hydraulic transmission in Japan than Europe and the United States and other countries for nearly 20 years later. Before and after in 1955, the rapid development of Japans hydraulic drive, set up in 1956, Hydraulic Industry. Nearly 20 to 30 years, the development of Japans fast hydraulic transmission, a world leader. Hydraulic transmission There are many outstanding advantages, it is widely used, such as general industrial use of plastics processing machinery, the pressure of machinery, machine tools, etc.; operating machinery engineering machinery, construction machinery, agricultural machinery, automobiles, etc.; iron and steel indu-stry metallurgical machinery, lifting equipment, such as roller adjustment device; civil water projects with flood control and dam gate devices, bed lifts installations, bridges and other manipulation of institutions; speed turbine power plant installations, nuclear power plants, etc.; ship from the deck heavy machinery (winch), the bow doors, bulkhead valve, stern thruster, etc.; special antenna technology giant with control devices, measurement buoys, movements such as rotating stage; military industrial control devices used in artillery, ship antirolling devices, aircraft simulation, aircraft retractable landing gear and rudder control devices and other devices. A complete hydraulic system consists of five parts, namely, power components, the implementation of components, control components, auxiliary components and hydraulic oil. The role of dynamic components of the original motive fluid into mechanical energy to the pressure that the hydraulic system of pumps, it is to power the entire hydraulic system. The structure of the form of hydraulic pump gears are generally pump, vane pump and piston pump. Implementation of components (such as hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic motors) which is the pressure of the liquid can be converted to mechanical energy to drive the load for a straight line reciprocating movement or rotational movement. Control components (that is, the various hydraulic valves) in the hydraulic system to control and regulate the pressure of liquid, flow rate and direction. According to the different control functions, hydraulic pressure control valve can be divided into valves, flow control valves and directional control valve. Pressure control valves are divided into benefits flow valve (safety valve), pressure relief valve, sequence valve, pressure relays, etc.; flow control valves including throttle, adjusting the valves, flow diversion valve sets, etc.; directional control valve includes a one-way valve , one-way fluid control valve, shuttle valve, valve and so on. Under the control of different ways, can be divided into the hydraulic valve control switch valve, control valve and set the value of the ratio control valve. Auxiliary components, including fuel tanks, oil filters, tubing and pipe joints, seals, pressure gauge, oil level, such as oil dollars. Hydraulic oil in the hydraulic system is the work of the energy transfer medium, there are a variety of mineral oil, emulsion oil hydraulic molding Hop categories. The concept of gear pump is very simple, that it is two of the most basic form of the same size gear in a close cooperation of mutual engagement with the rotating shell, the shells internal similar 8 shape, the two gears mounted inside , the diameter of gear and work closely with both sides and shell. From the extruder the material inhaled into the mouth of two intermediate gears, and full of the space, with the teeth along the shell of the rotary movement, the final two hours from the meshing teeth. Speaking in terms of gear, also known as positive displacement pump device, that is, inside the cylinder like a piston, when a tooth to another tooth space of the fluid, the liquid was squeezed mechanically to row out. Because the liquid is incompressible, so the liquid and the tooth at the same time will not be able to occupy the same space, so that the liquid has been ruled out. Because of the constant mesh gear, this phenomenon occurs on a row and, therefore, the pump provides a continuous export to exclude the amount of a turn each pump, the volume of discharge is the same. With the continuous rotation of the driveshaft, pump fluid is continuously discharged. Pump flow directly to the speed of the pump. In fact, there is little pump of the fluid loss, which makes the operation of pumps can not achieve 100% efficiency, as these fluids are used to on both sides of bearing and gear lubrication, and the pump body is also not possible with no gap, it can not be so that 100% of fluid discharged from the export, so a small amount of fluid loss is inevitable. However, a good pump can be run out of material for the majority, will still be able to achieve 93% 98% efficiency. For the viscosity or density change in the process fluid, the pump will not be affected too much. If there is a damper, for example, in the export side, one row or a limiter filter, pumps will push fluid through them. If the damper changes in their work, that is, if the filters become dirty, blocked, or limiter on the back of the hypertension, the pump will maintain a constant flow, until the device in the weakest parts of the mechanical limit (usually equipped with a torque limiter). For a pump speed, in fact, there are restrictions, which mainly depends on the process fluid, if the transmission is oil, pump can rotate at high speed, but when the fluid is a high viscosity of the polymer melt, such restrictions will be significantly reduced. Promote blood flow into the intake side of the two tooth space is very important, if not fill in this space is full, the pump will not be able to discharge the flow of accurate, so the value of PV (pressure velocity) is also a limiting factor, and is a process variable. As a result of these restrictions, gear pump manufacturers will provide a range of products, that is, different specifications and emission (perweek to the emission of volume). These pumps will fit the specific application of technology to enable the system to achieve optimal capacity and price. PEP-II pump shaft gear and a total of one species hardened using technology, will be a longer working life. D-type bearing a combination of forced lubrication mechanism, so that the polymer surface by the bearing, and return to the import side of pump to ensure effective lubrication of the rotation axis. This feature reduces the degradation of polymers and the possibility of being stranded. Precision machining of the pump body can D-type gear shaft with precision bearings to ensure noneccentric gear shaft to prevent gear wear. Structure and Parkool PTFE sealing lip sealed water cooled sealed together. This shaft seal does not actually contact the surface, it is the principle of the sealing polymer to a semimolten state cooling and the formation of self sealing. Can also be used Rheoseal sealing, seal it inside the table are reverse spiral groove processing, the polymer can be imported back to the antipressure. In order to facilitate the installation, the manufacturer has designed the installation of a ring bolt, so that the flange and install other equipment line, which makes the manufacture of tube flange easier. PEP-II with a gear pump with the pump to match the specifications of the heating elements for the user matching, which ensures rapid heating and heat control. Heating the body and pump in different ways, the damage to these components is limited to a board, the pump has nothing to do with the whole. Gear pump by an independent motor drive, to be effective in blocking the upper reaches of the pressure pulsation and flow fluctuations. Gear pump in the outlet of the pressure fluctuation can be controlled within 1%. In the extrusion production line using a gear pump, can increase the output flow rate of material in the extruder to reduce the shear and residence time to reduce the extrusion temperature and pressure fluctuation in order to enhance productivity and product quality. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the Gear pump by an independent motor drive, to be effective in blocking the upper reaches of the pressure pulsation and flow fluctuations. Gear pump in the outlet of the pressure fluctuation can be controlled within 1%. In the extrusion production line using a gear pump, can increase the output flow rate of material in the extruder to reduce the shear and residence time to reduce the extrusion temperature and pressure fluctuation in order to enhance productivity and product quality. The role of the hydraulic system is to help humanity work. Mainly by the implementation of components to rotate or pressure into a reciprocating motion. Hydraulic principle it consists of two cylinders of different sizes and composition of fluid in the fluid full of water or oil. Water is called hydraulic press; the said oilfilled hydraulic machine. Each of the two liquid a sliding piston, if the increase in the small piston on the pressure of a certain value, according to Pascals law, small piston to the pressure of the pressure through the liquid passed to the large piston, piston top will go a long way to go. Based cross-sectional area of the small piston is S1, plus a small piston in the downward pressure on the F1. Thus, a small piston on the liquid pressure to P = F1/SI, Can be the same size in all directions to the transmission of liquid. By the large piston is also equivalent to the inevitable pressure P. If the large piston is the cross-sectional area S2, the pressure P on the piston in the upward pressure generated F2 = PxS2 Cross-sectional area is a small multiple of the piston cross-sectional area. From the type known to add in a small piston of a smaller force, the piston will be in great force, for which the hydraulic machine used to suppress plywood, oil, extract heavy objects, such as forging steel. Hydraulic system and hydraulic power control signal is composed of two parts, the signal control of some parts of the hydraulic power used to drive the control valve movement. Part of the hydraulic power means that the circuit diagram used to show the different functions of the interrelationship between components. Containing the source of hydraulic pump, hydraulic motor and auxiliary components; hydraulic control part contains a variety of control valves, used to control the flow of oil, pressure and direction; operative or hydraulic cylinder with hydraulic motors, according to the actual requirements of their choice. In the analysis and design of the actual task, the general block diagram shows the actual operation of equipment. Hollow arrow indicates the signal flow, while the solid arrows that energy flow. Basic hydraulic circuit of the action sequence Control components (two four-way valve) and the spring to reset for the implementation of components (double-acting hydraulic cylinder), as well as the extending and retracting the relief valve opened and closed. For the and hence the price. 4, due to the leakage of liquid medium and the compressibility and can not be strictly the transmission ratio. 5, hydraulic transmission is not easy to find out the reasons for failure; the use and maintenance requirements for a higher level of technology. In the hydraulic system and its system, the sealing device to prevent leakage of the work of media within and outside the dust and the intrusion of foreign bodies. Seals played the role of components, namely seals. Medium will result in leakage of waste, pollution and environmental machinery and even give rise to malfunctioning machinery and equipment for personal accident. Leakage within the hydraulic system will cause a sharp drop in volumetric efficiency, amounting to less than the required pressure, can not even work. Microinvasive system of dust particles, can cause or exacerbate friction hydraulic component wear, and further lead to leakage. Therefore, seals and sealing device is an important hydraulic equipment components. The reliability of its work and life, is a measure of the hydraulic system an important indicator of good or bad. In addition to the closed space, are the use of seals, so that two adjacent coupling surface of the gap between the need to control the liquid can be sealed following the smallest gap. In the contact seal, pressed into self-seal-style and self-styled self-tight seal (ie, sealed lips) two. The three hydraulic system diseases 1, as a result of heat transmission medium (hydraulic oil) in the flow velocity in various parts of the existence of different, resulting in the existence of a liquid within the internal friction of liquids and pipelines at the same time there is friction between the inner wall, which are a result of hydraulic the reasons for the oil temperature. Temperature will lead to increased internal and external leakage, reducing its mechanical efficiency. At the same time as a result of high temperature, hydraulic oil expansion will occur, resulting in increased compression, so that action can not be very good control of transmission. Solution: heat is the inherent characte -ristics of the hydraulic system, not only to minimize eradication. Use a good quality hydraulic oil, hydraulic piping arrangement should be avoided as far as possible the emergence of bend, the use of high-quality pipe and fittings, hydraulic valves, etc. 2, the vibration of the vibration of the hydraulic system is also one of its malaise. As a result of hydraulic oil in the pipeline flow of high-speed impact and the control valve to open the closure of the impact of the process are the reasons for the vibration system. Strong vibration control action will cause the system to error, the system will also be some of the more sophisticated equipment error, resulting in system failures. Solutions: hydraulic pipe should be fixed to avoid sharp bends. To avoid frequent changes in flow direction, can not avoid damping measures should be doing a good job. The entire hydraulic system should have a good damping measures, while avoiding the external local oscillator on the system. 3, the leakage of the hydraulic system leak into inside and outside the leakage leakage. Leakage refers to the process with the leak occurred in the system, such as hydraulic piston-cylinder on both sides of the leakage, the control valve spool and valve body, such as between the leakage. Although no internal leakage of hydraulic fluid loss, but due to leakage, the control of the established movements may be affected until the cause system failures. Outside means the occurrence of leakage in the system and the leakage between the external environment. Direct leakage of hydraulic oil into the environment, in addition to the system will affect the working environment, not enough pressure will cause the system to trigger a fault. Leakage into the environment of the hydraulic oil was also the danger of fire. Solution: the use of better quality seals to improve the machining accuracy of equipment. Hydraulic components will be high-performance, high-quality, high reliability, the system sets the direction of development; to the low power, low noise, vibration, without leakage, as well as pollution control, water based media applications to adapt to environmental requirements, such as the direction of development; the development of highly integrated high power density, intelligence, mechatronics and micro-light mini-hydraulic components; active use of new techniques, new materials and electronics, sensing and other high-tech. Hydraulic coupling to high-speed high-power and integrated development of hydraulic transmission equipment, development of water hydraulic coupling medium speed and the field of automotive applications to develop hydraulic reducer, improve product reliability and working hours MTBF; hydraulic torque converter to the development of high-power products, parts and components to improve the manufacturing process technology to improve reliability, promote computeraided technology, the development of hydraulic torque converter and power shift transmission technology supporting the use of ; Clutch fluid viscosity should increase the quality of products, the formation of bulk to the high-power and high-speed direction. Pneumatic Industry:Products to small size, light weight, low power consumption, integrated portfolio of development, the implementation of the various types of components, compact structure, high positioning accuracy of the direction of development; pneumatic components and electronic technology, to the intelligent direction of development; component performance to high-speed, high-frequency, high-response, high-life, high temperature, high voltage direction, commonly used oil-free lubrication, application of new technology, new technology and new materials.(1) used high-pressure hydraulic components and the pressure of continuous work to reach 40Mpa, the maximum pressure to achieve instant 48Mpa; (2) diversification of regulation and control; (3) to further improve the regulation performance, increase the efficiency of the powertrain; (4) development and mechanical, hydraulic, power transmission of the composite portfolio adjustment gear; (5) development of energy saving, energy efficient system function; (6) to further reduce the noise; (7) application of hydraulic cartridge valves thread technology, compact structure, to reduce the oil spill. 液压系统液压系统 液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术1795年英国约瑟夫布拉曼(Joseph Braman,1749-1814)在伦敦用水作为工作介质以水压机的形式将其应用于工业上诞生了世界上第一台水压机。1905年将工作介质水改为油又进一步得到改善。 第一次世界大战(1914-1918)后液压传动广泛应用特别是1920年以后发展更为迅速。液压元件大约在 19 世纪末 20 世纪初的20年间才开始进入正规的工业生产阶段。1925 年维克斯(F.Vikers)发明了压力平衡式叶片泵,为近代液压元件工业或液压传动的逐步建立奠定了基础。20 世纪初康斯坦丁尼斯克(GConstantimsco)对能量波动传递所进行的理论及实际研究;1910年对液力传动(液力联轴节、液力变矩器等)方面的贡献使这两方面领域得到了发展。 第二次世界大战(1941-1945)期间,在美国机床中有30%应用了液压传动。应该指出,日本液压传动的发展较欧美等国家晚了近 20 多年。在 1955 年前后 , 日本迅速发展液压传动,1956 年成立了“液压工业会”。近2030 年间日本液压传动发展之快居世界领先地位。 液压传动有许多突出的优点因此它的应用非常广泛如一般工业用的塑料加工机械、压力机械、机床等行走机械中的工程机械、建筑机械、农业机械、汽车等钢铁工业用的冶金机械、提升装置、轧辊调整装置等土木水利工程用的防洪闸门及堤坝装置、河床升降装置、桥梁操纵机构等发电厂涡轮机调速装置、核发电厂等等船舶用的甲板起重机械绞车、船头门、舱壁阀、船尾推进器等特殊技术用的巨型天线控制装置、测量浮标、升降旋转舞台等军事工业用的火炮操纵装置、船舶减摇装置、飞行器仿真、飞机起落架的收放装置和方向舵控制装置等。 一个完整的液压系统由五个部分组成即动力元件、执行元件、控制元件、辅助元件和液压油。 动力元件的作用是将原动机的机械能转换成液体的压力能指液压系统中的油泵它向整个液压系统提供动力。液压泵的结构形式一般有齿轮泵、叶片泵和柱塞泵。 执行元件(如液压缸和液压马达)的作用是将液体的压力能转换为机械能驱动负载作直线往复运动或回转运动。 控制元件(即各种液压阀)在液压系统中控制和调节液体的压力、流量和方向。根据控制功能的不同液压阀可分为压力控制阀、流量控制阀和方向控制阀。压力控制阀又分为益流阀(安全阀)、减压阀、顺序阀、压力继电器等流量控制阀包括节流阀、调整阀、分流集流阀等方向控制阀包括单向阀、液控单向阀、梭阀、换向阀等。根据控制方式不同液压阀可分为开关式控制阀、定值控制阀和比例控制阀。 辅助元件包括油箱、滤油器、油管及管接头、密封圈、压力表、油位油温计等。 液压油是液压系统中传递能量的工作介质有各种矿物油、乳化液和合成型液压油等几大类。 齿轮泵的概念是很简单的即它的最基本形式就是两个尺寸相同的齿轮在一个紧密配合的壳体内相互啮合旋转这个壳体的内部类似“8”字形两个齿轮装在里面齿轮的外径及两侧与壳体紧密配合。来自于挤出机的物料在吸入口进入两个齿轮中间并充满这一空间随着齿的旋转沿壳体运动最后在两齿啮合时排出。 在术语上讲齿轮泵也叫正排量装置即像一个缸筒内的活塞当一个齿进入另一个齿的流体空间时液体就被机械性地挤排出来。因为液体是不可压缩的所以液体和齿就不能在同一时间占据同一空间这样液体就被排除了。由于齿的不断啮合这一现象就连续在发生因而也就在泵的出口提供了一个连续排除量泵每转一转排出的量是一样的。随着驱动轴的不间断地旋转泵也就不间断地排出流体。泵的流量直接与泵的转速有关。 实际上在泵内有很少量的流体损失这使泵的运行效率不能达到100因为这些流体被用来润滑轴承及齿轮两侧而泵体也绝不可能无间隙配合故不能使流体100地从出口排出所以少量的流体损失是必然的。然而泵还是可以良好地运行对大多数挤出物料来说仍可以达到9398的效率。 对于粘度或密度在工艺中有变化的流体这种泵不会受到太多影响。如果有一个阻尼器比如在排出口侧放一个滤网或一个限制器泵则会推动流体通过它们。如果这个阻尼器在工作中变化亦即如果滤网变脏、堵塞了或限制器的背压升高了则泵仍将保持恒定的流量直至达到装置中最弱的部件的机械极限(通常装有一个扭矩限制器)。对于一台泵的转速实际上是有限制的这主要取决于工艺流体如果传送的是油类泵则能以很高的速度转动但当流体是一种高粘度的聚合物熔体时这种限制就会大幅度降低。 推动高粘流体进入吸入口一侧的两齿空间是非常重要的如果这一空间没有填充满则泵就不能排出准确的流量所以PV值(压力流速)也是另外一个限制因素而且是一个工艺变量。由于这些限制齿轮泵制造商将提供一系列产品即不同的规格及排量(每转一周所排出的量)。这些泵将与具体的应用工艺相配合以使系统能力及价格达到最优。 PEPII泵的齿轮与轴共为一体采用
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本文标题:铣床液压进给机构的设计【12张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】
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