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消防水带清洗机清洗装置设计【7张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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关键词：: 消防水带清洗装置设计

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摘要

目前，世界各国在清洗消防水带过程中采用的方法多种多样，有人工清洗、机械清洗、化学清洗、超声波清洗等等。

但发展至今，都倾向于水射流清。水射流清洗由于其独到的优势，现已占清洗份额的80%左右。但在我国，高压水射流清洗发展远远滞后于发达国家，水射流清洗只占清洗份额的10%左右，但发展迅速，每年正以10%的速度增长。将来水射流清洗在我国的清洗业中必将占据主导地位。

我国声场的微小型清洗机，一般压力为410MPa.流量为36L/min。在这种形式下，梳刷式消防水带清洗机以其结构简单、低水耗、操作简单、成本低廉应运而生[1]。

梳刷式清洗机主要由动力部分、传动部分、执行系统、循环系统、卷曲装置及外部框架等6个主要组成部分组成。动力系统包括5.5kw电动机；传动系统包括拖轮、带轮及传动带；执行部分主要由梳刷、梳刷轴、限带轴和喷淋水管组成[2]。

关键词：清洗；水射流；梳刷式清洗机；设计

Abstract

At present, methods adopted around the world in the cleaning process of various fire hose, a manual cleaning, mechanical cleaning, chemical cleaning, ultrasonic cleaning, etc..

But so far, have a tendency to water jet. Water jet cleaning because of its unique advantages, has accounted for about 80% share of the cleaning. But in our country, the high pressure water jet cleaning development lags far behind the developed countries, water jet cleaning cleaning share accounts for only about 10%, but the rapid development, are rising at an annual rate of 10%.

Future water jet cleaning will occupy the leading position in the cleaning industry in china. Miniature cleaning machine in our field, the general pressure for 410MPa. flow 36L\/min. In this form, the comb brush fire hose washing machine emerge as the times require for its simple structure, low water consumption, simple operation, low cost.

Brush type cleaning machine is mainly composed of a power part, a transmission part, execution system, circulatory system, curling 6 main parts of apparatus and external frame etc.. Power system including 5.5kW motor; drive system includes a tug, belt wheel and a driving belt; the main parts of the comb, comb brush shaft, shaft and a spray pipe.

Key words:Cleaning; water jet; Comb brush type cleaning machine ; design.

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义1

1.2 国内外的发展概况1

1.3 本课题应达到的要求1

2 消防水带的参数获取2

2.1 水带的特性2

2.2 水带的结构2

2.3 水带的性能要求3

2.4 水带的日常保养与防护5

3 消防水带清洗机的概述7

3.1 清洗过程中采用的方法7

3.2 水带上附着物的主要成分7

3.3 清洗机的特点7

4 清洗机的主要构成8

4.1 清洗机的组成8

4.1.1 电机的选择9

4.1.2 V带轮减速装置的设计10

4.1.3 电机主动带轮10

4.1.4 毛刷带轮12

4.1.5 水箱12

4.1.7 水泵主动带轮15

4.1.8 托轮与托轮轴16

4.1.9 压辊与压辊轴17

4.1.10 喷淋水管19

4.1.11 毛刷与毛刷轴21

5 锥齿轮的设计24

5.1 齿轮传动特点与分类24

5.2 齿轮传动的主要参数与基本要求24

5.3 主要参数24

5.5 齿轮传动的失效形式25

5.6 确定模数m25

5.7 按接触强度计算d125

5.7.1 计算公式25

5.7.2 计算转矩T125

5.7.3 许用接触应力[σH]26

5.7.4 计算d126

5.8校核齿根弯曲疲劳强度26

5.8.1 确定有关参数和系数26

6 结论与展望31

6.1 结论31

6.2 不足之处及未来展望31

致谢32

参考文献33

1 绪论

1.1 本课题的研究内容和意义

本课题来源于实际需求。

1.消防任务繁重每次发生火灾都需要很多水带，尤其是在大型火灾之后，水带的清洗工作就变得尤其繁重，再加上消防人员身心疲惫，但为了以防万一又不得不将当天用过的水带进行清洗，这样一来势必会增加消防人员额外的工作压力。

2.清洗消防水带耗时、耗人力。一条消防水带长约25 m，如果人工洗涤，每次清洗时仅凭一人是完成不了的，或者说很难完成。这种现状已经持续了很久而未得到解决。

1.2 国内外的发展概况

目前，世界各国在清洗消防水带过程中采用的方法多种多样，有人工清洗、机械清洗、化学清洗、超声波清洗等等。但发展至今，都倾向于水射流清。水射流清洗由于其独到的优势，现已占清洗份额的80%左右。但在我国，高压水射流清洗发展远远滞后于发达国家，水射流清洗只占清洗份额的10%左右，但发展迅速，每年正以10%的速度增长。将来水射流清洗在我国的清洗业中必将占据主导地位。我国声场的微小型清洗机，一般压力为410MPa.流量为36L/min。在这种形式下，梳刷式消防水带清洗机以其结构简单、低水耗、操作简单、成本低廉应运而生[3]。

1.3 本课题应达到的要求

对市场现有产品及需求进行分析对比，使拟定的设计方案不但满足功能要求，而且要结构简单、安全可靠、操作和维护方便等；制造成本合理、方案可实施。在规定时间内完成下列任务要求：

1.消防水带清洗机总装图一张。建议用A0标准图幅。

2.消防水带清洗机清洗装置总装图。建议用A0标准图幅。

3.所有非标准零件图纸。建议用A3标准图幅。

4.设计说明书一份。

5.翻译8000以上外文印刷字符或译出4000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业文献。

2 消防水带的参数获取

2.1 水带的特性

消防水带是消防现场输水用的软管。按材料可分为有衬里消防水带和无衬里消防水带。其中无衬里消防水带耐压低、阻力大，容易漏水，且易霉腐，寿命较短，适合于建筑物内火场中铺设；有衬里水带耐高压，耐磨损，耐霉腐，经久耐用，且不易渗漏，阻力小，也可任意弯曲折叠，随意搬动，使用方便，适用于外部火场铺设及接通消防车[4]。

有衬里消防水带包括棉质、尼龙衬胶水带、涤纶灌胶水带、麻质涂塑水带。无衬里水带有棉水带、亚麻水带、苎麻水带。按承受工作压力分为0.8MPa、1.0MPa、1.3MPa、1.6MPa四类。按直径分为50、65、80或75、90毫米四类。按编织方式分为平纹水带和斜纹水带两类。每节水带的长度一般规定为20米。

2.2 水带的结构

接口接口是水带与水带、消防泵、消火栓或移动式水炮连接的接头。主要有水带接口、管牙接口、阀盖、内螺纹固定接口、外螺纹固定接口、异径接口，异型接口等[5]。

1. 使用中应注意：

(1) 使用和存放时，应避免摔、撞和重压，以防变形而使装拆困难。

(2) 连接之前，应认真检查滑槽和密封部位，若有污泥和砂粒等杂物须及时清除，以防装拆困难和密封不良。

(3) 连接内扣式接口时，应将扣爪插入滑槽后再按顺时针方向拧足。在连接水带时，还需将水带理直，以防水带扭转而使接口自行脱开。

(4) 连接插入式接口时，应插至听到雌接口弹簧销伸至雄接口卡槽的声音为止，以确保连接可靠。

(5) 存放时注意避免与酸、碱等化学物品接触，以防金属件腐蚀和橡胶密封圈变质。

2. 分水

分水器是将出水线的水流分出支线水流的连接器具。按所分出的支线数量，有二分水、三分水及四分水之分。

(1) 结构

每个分水器有一个进水口和几个出水口，可供同时使用，也可分别使用，其接口均为内扣式。出水口上均装有截止阀或球阀，可以随时关闭，控制水流，便于增加和调换支线水带。

(2) 使用和保养

使用前，要检查接口密封圈和阀门是否完整好用。严冬季节要设法保温，防止冻结失灵。用后要用清水冲冼干净。

2.3 水带的性能要求

1. 水带的织物层应编织得均匀，表面整洁；无跳双经、断双经、跳纬及划伤。

2. 水带衬里(或覆盖层)的厚度应均匀，表面应光滑平整、无折皱或其他缺陷。

3. 水带内径的公称尺寸及公差应符合表2-1的规定。

4. 水带的长度及尺寸公差应符合表2-2的规定。

5. 水带的设计工作压力及耐压值应不低于表2-3的规定

表2-1 公称尺寸

表2-2 长度

表2-3 压力

6. 水带的单位长度质量

(1) 设计工作压力为0.8MPa、1.0MPa、1.3MPa、1.6MPa的水带，其单位长度的质量不应超过规定。

(2) 设计工作压力为2.0MPa、2.5MPa的水带，其单位长度的质量不应超过表2-4的规定。

表2-4 单位长度质量

7. 设计工作压力为0.8MPa、1.0MPa、1.3MPa、1.6MPa的水带，在设计工作压力下其轴向延伸率和直径的膨胀率不应大于5%。设计工作压力为2.0MPa、2.5MPa的水带，在设计工作压力下其轴向延伸率和直径的膨胀率不应大于8%。

8. 在水压作用下，沿水流方向看，水带不应产生逆时针扭转。在设计工作压力下，扭转度不应大于表2-5的规定。

表2-5扭转角

9. 在0.8MPa的水压下，将水带弯成外侧半径如表2-6规定的圆弧，弯曲部分的内侧应无明显折皱。

表2-6 弯曲半径

10. 按4．6进行粘附性试验后，衬里间(或覆盖层间)不应有粘附现象。

11. 按4．7进行耐低温性能试验后，水带应能立即展开、无卷曲现象，并能再次卷紧，且在设计工作压力下无渗漏。

12. 衬里(或覆盖层)应具备下列物理机械性能。

(1) 附着强度

水带织物层与衬里(或覆盖层)之间的附着强度不应低于20N/25mm。

(2)扯断伸长率

水带衬里(或覆盖层)的扯断伸长率应大于织物层的扯断伸长率。

(3)热空气老化

进行热空气老化试验后，水带的爆破压力和衬里(或覆盖层)的附着强度不应低于老化前测定值的75%。

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1.消防水带清洗机清洗装置总装图.gif

2.消防水带清洗机总装图.gif

3.消防水带清洗机机箱焊接.gif

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内容简介：: 编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：消防水带清洗机清洗装置设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0823138学生姓名：缪科伟指导教师：许文（职称：副教授）（职称：）2013年5月25日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：消防水带清洗机清洗装置设计信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0823138 学生姓名：缪科伟指导教师：许文（职称：副教授）（职称：） 2013年11月20日课题来源本课题来源于实际需求。1.消防任务繁重每次发生火灾都需要很多水带，尤其是在大型火灾之后，水带的清洗工作就变得尤其繁重，再加上消防人员身心疲惫，但为了以防万一又不得不将当天用过的水带进行清洗，这样一来势必会增加消防人员额外的工作压力；2.清洗消防水带耗时、耗人力。一条消防水带长约25 m，如果人工洗涤，每次清洗时仅凭一人是完成不了的，或者说很难完成。这种现状已经持续了很久而未得到解决。科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）目前，世界各国在清洗消防水带过程中采用的方法多种多样，有人工清洗、机械清洗、化学清洗、超声波清洗等等。但发展至今，都倾向于水射流清。水射流清洗由于其独到的优势，现已占清洗份额的80%左右。但在我国，高压水射流清洗发展远远滞后于发达国家，水射流清洗只占清洗份额的10%左右，但发展迅速，每年正以10%的速度增长。将来水射流清洗在我国的清洗业中必将占据主导地位。我国声场的微小型清洗机，一般压力为410MPa.流量为36L/min。在这种形式下，梳刷式消防水带清洗机以其结构简单、低水耗、操作简单、成本低廉应运而生。研究内容对市场现有产品及需求进行分析对比，使拟定的设计方案不但满足功能要求，而且要结构简单、安全可靠、操作和维护方便等；制造成本合理、方案可实施。在规定时间内完成下列任务要求： 1. 消防水带清洗机总装图一张。建议用A0标准图幅。 2. 消防水带清洗机清洗装置总装图。建议用A0标准图幅。 3.所有非标准零件图纸。建议用A3标准图幅。 4.设计说明书一份。 5. 翻译8000以上外文印刷字符或译出4000汉字以上的有关技术资料或专业文献。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析根据现实中人工清洗消防水带的原理，将其改造成为机械式洗刷。通过电机带动水带，使水带在水中传动，传动的同时靠分布在水槽里的两个旋转毛刷进行梳刷，两个毛刷分别梳刷水带的上下两边，这样就可以达到一次性清洗水带的目的，并且可以达到预期的清洗效果。水带清洗机是一款以电力驱动，使用水流和毛刷清洗水带的设备，其各组成部为：（一）动力系统该设备使用220V交流电源电动机驱动，电动机功率750W，转速1440转/min。另外，该设备还配有手动摇把，在无电源的情况下可手动清洗。（二）传动系统由离合器、传动齿轮和传动皮带构成，将电动机的驱动力分别传动到卷带轮和清洗刷。配有调节装置，可调节轮轮速度。（三）卷带系统即卷带轮，由传动皮带提供动力，通过旋转带动水带通过清洗毛刷。（四）清洗系统由进出水管、清洗毛刷、排水箱和防溅箱等组成。进水管为25mm内径镀锌管，可外接普通水管或65mm水带，4根出水管钻有4050个出水孔，可从4个方向向水带喷水。上、下两个清洗毛刷可高速旋转刷洗水带。（五）支架由钢板焊接而成，固定设备各个部分，下有万向轮，可随意拖动设备。可行性分析：通过各主要部分系统的确定，主要问题可以解决。细节问题也可以方便的处理，总的来说，此方案的可行性没有问题。研究计划及预期成果研究计划： 2012年11月07日-2012年11月30日：教师下达毕业设计任务，学生初步阅读资料，完成毕业设计开题报告。 2012年12月01日-2012年12月18日：完成开题报告，对消防水带清洗机做大体上的结构设计。 2012年12月19日-2012年12月31日：对清洗机设计数据做出具体计算。 2013年01月01日-2013年02月30日：用CAD画出相关图片。 2013年03月01日-2013年04月30日：用CAD画出装配图和零件图。 2013年05月01日-2013年06月31日：写论文，修改论文。预期成果： 1.方案的确定及优化。 2.完成机械部分的设计，包括带轮、电机、齿轮的设计。 3.完成机械整体结构的设计。 4.完成控制系统的设计。特色或创新之处1. 工作高效：清洗机在达到同样刷洗效果的情况下，约是人工刷洗的20倍左右，极大的节约了工作时间。 2.节省劳力：启动清洗机后，只要轻轻地摇动收带卡轴手柄即可，劳动强度大大减轻，特别是在高温、严寒季节，其优越性更为明显。 3.节约用水：自来水在正常水压情况下，只需打开4分水龙头的二分之一即可，用水量约是人工的1/20左右，尤其是缺水地区的首选。 4.清洗干净：清洗机刷洗受力均匀，清洗干净，在正常情况下是人工很难达到的。 5.操作简便：无需培训，使用时只需启动开关，摇动手柄即可。而且机器配有防水和防漏电保护装置，使得运转更加安全可靠。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题已具备的条件：有充足的图书资源，可以查找相关手册。锥齿轮结构的设计，在机械原理一书中已学习过。已初步确定方案，对于结构设计已有详细的步骤。尚需解决的问题：传动部分也是相当重要的环节，还需要详细研习，才能完成设计。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日英文原文Fire Fighting Along with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes. First, design basis: The fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis: 1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: Must, be supposed, to be suitable, may and the reverse side word: Strictly prohibits, should not, not have, not to be suitable the meaning. 2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion. Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishment Fire detector establishment Opens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 3 establish a fire detector. The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector. The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, the high level civil construction design fire protection standard and the civil construction electricity design standard separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 3 or each level installs. The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well. 2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment (Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button. In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multipurpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters. 3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot and in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker. The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction. 4th, fire alarm installment establishment The establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction. The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to the police the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly 5th, fire special use telephone establishment Installs the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls. Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle. Third, fire linkage control 1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp). 2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition. 3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation. Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiring In order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming , should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remark The author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.Ultrasonic Cleaning Ultrasonic cleaning is a good fit for a wide range of applications, from removing swarf and grinding and polishing residue to treating parts covered in oil, grease, or layers of paint. Ultrasonics can be used to clean miniature watch parts or to support the overhaul of jumbo jet engines. And from an industry perspective, the fields of electrotechnics, precision mechanics and light engineering, optics, metal processing, and medical equipment have proven particularly receptive to the ultrasonic concept. So the impact of ultrasonic cleaning is clearly recognizable. But to truly understand the value of ultrasonics, one must understand how ultrasonic cleaners really work. Ultrasonic Cleaning Explained The cleansing effect of ultrasound is the product of a phenomenon called cavitation. Billions of minute gas bubbles implode, causing shock waves that undermine dirt and blast it off a parts surface. One of the key advantages of this process is that it allows users to clean part surfaces that are completely inaccessible to a manual cleaning process. Ultrasound frequencies generally range between 20 kilohertz and 50 kilohertz, depending on application requirements. Ultrasonic cleaning is typically performed at temperatures between 122 F and 176 F . In an ultrasonic cleaning system, cavitation is produced by introducing sound waves into a cleaning liquid by means of a series of transducers mounted to a cleaning tank. The sound travels throughout the tank and creates waves of compression and expansion in the liquid. In the compression wave, the molecules of the cleaning liquid are compressed together tightly. Conversely, in the expansion wave, the molecules are pulled apart rapidly. The expansion is so dramatic that the molecules are ripped apart, creating microscopic bubbles. The bubbles contain a partial vacuum. As the pressure around the bubbles becomes greater, surrounding fluid rushes in and collapses the bubble. When this occurs, a jet of liquid is created, resulting in temperatures as high as 9,032 F (roughly the temperature of the surface of the sun). The extreme temperature, combined with the liquid jets velocity, provides a very intense cleaning action. However, because the bubble expansion and collapse cycle is so short, the liquid surrounding the bubble quickly absorbs the heat, preventing the tank and cleaning liquid from becoming overly hot during the cleaning process. Secrets to Ultrasonic Success There are seven major concerns related to successful ultrasonic cleaning: 1.Time 2.Temperature 3.Chemistry 4.Part Fixture Design 5.Ultrasonic Output Frequency 6. Watts Per Gallon 7. Loading Time Cleaning times can vary tremendously in an ultrasonic process, depending largely on how dirty the part is and how clean is clean. A normal trial period is two to 10 minutes, since very few parts are sufficiently clean in a shorter period of time. Precleaning may be required to remove gross contamination or to chemically prepare the parts for a final clean. Some applications require more than one ultrasonic treatment to complete the required cleaning. Ultrasonic rinsing may also be required in some cases to more thoroughly remove wash chemicals. Temperature & Chemistry Temperature and chemistry are closely related. Generally, ultrasonic cleaning in an aqueous solution is optimized at 140 F . Some high pH solutions require higher temperatures. The chemical pH is a good place to start; but a thorough examination of chemistry is beyond the scope of this article. In brief, the following should be considered the main components of aqueous ultrasonic cleaning chemistry: A.Water (hard, soft, DI, or distilled) B. pH C. Surfactants Wetting agents Dispersants Emulsifiers Saponifiers D. Optional Ingredients Sequestrants Inhibitors Buffering agents Defoamers The chemical formulation must consider all of the above characteristics. Some chemicals designed for spray cleaning or that include rust inhibitors are not suitable for ultrasonic cleaning. Part Fixture Design The procedure for ultrasonic cleaning is generally as follows: Put parts in basket and place basket through three or four process steps (i.e., ultrasonic wash, spray rinse (optional), immersion rinse, dry). Some parts loaded in baskets can mask or shadow from the radiated surface of the ultrasonic transducers. Most ultrasonic cleaning systems are designed for specific applications. Bottom-mounted transducers or side-mounted transducers are important considerations during the process design stage. Automated systems must specifically address the location of the transducers to ensure cleaning uniformity. Some parts require individual fix turning to separate the part for cleaning or subsequent processes. Some parts require slow rotating or vertical motion during the cleaning to ensure critical cleanliness. Ultrasonic Output Frequency The majority of the ultrasonic cleaning that is done in industrial applications today uses 40 kHz as a base frequency. Lower frequencies, such as 20-25 kHz, are used for large masses of metal where ultrasonic erosion is of little consequence. The large mass dampens or absorbs a great amount of the ultrasonic cleaning power. Watts Per Gallon In general, smaller parts require higher watts per gallon to achieve the desired level of cleanliness. Most industrial ultrasonic cleaning systems use watt density from 50 to 100 watts per gallon. However, tanks over 50 gallons usually require only about 20 watts per gallon because ultrasonic processes traditionally have shown diminishing returns in large tanks sizes. Loading of the parts to be cleaned must be considered when developing an ultrasonic cleaning process. A large dense mass, for example, prevents internal surfaces from being thoroughly cleaned (i.e., metal castings). A rule of thumb is that the load by weight should be less than the weight of half the water volume. So, for example, in five gallons (approximately 40 lbs .) of water, the maximum workload should be less than 20 lbs . In some cases, it is better to ultrasonically clean two smaller loads rather than one larger load. Each of the factors outlined here must be considered when specifying an ultrasonic application to ensure a high level of cleaning success. Neglecting any single factor can have a negative impact on the overall cleaning process. 中文译文消防随着我国经济发展快速发展，人民生活的水平不断提高，城市使用是每天着急，敦促建设面临着发展的方向。这种高层次的民间建筑维修所需的材料和方式也更加多样化加快，而且随着使用电力负荷和煤气消费量扩大，提议消防自动报警系统设计较高，更严格的要求。为了保证人民生命和财产的安全，消防自动报警系统的设计已经成为在高级别民间建筑设计的一个最重要的设计内容。目前的基础上撰文火灾自动报警系统设计监督工作的高层次的民间建设的经验，建议在目前国家相关标准和标准不清楚真正详细浅见解，为同事们的讨论，并指出错误。首先，设计依据: 火灾自动报警系统的设计是一家专业非常强的技术工作，同时还具有很强的政策性。因此，首先应明确以下设计依据：一，必须紧紧抓住的建筑设计防火标准，该系统的设计标准，标准的设备制造，安装施工审批标准和管理的法律和规章等五大方面的消防法律法规，并在实际了解国家有关本标准和标准积极字：“必须” “必须假定” “不适合” “可能”和反面词：“严格禁止”“不应该” “没有” “不适合”的含义。二，必须着眼于高层次的民间建筑的功能，利用和保护对象的防火等级，认真开展本标准和国家有关标准，认真对待公安防火监督部门的审批意见。其次，火灾自动报警系统设备的建立建立火灾探测器要么全打开的印章或楼梯大厅应单独划分搜索范围，每个2 3建立火灾探测器。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防前面房间烟雾楼梯大会堂来用场）和过道应区分单独划分搜索范围，特别是前面的房间，以及电梯，分散楼梯大厅和走道都是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾比较容易收集或流动，是人员分散保存目标与防火，因此，应该安装火警探测器。关于共同电梯前室虽然不是人员分散，而且这方面的空间和良好的电梯是相互关联的，有时间的火灾烟雾也很容易被收集或流动，适当地划分为单独的搜索覆盖面和安装消防探测器。电缆轴因此很容易形成掏出烟炎症渠道，拥有火灾时的火强度不容易延伸沿电缆燃烧，为此，“高级别民间建筑设计防火标准”和“民用建筑电气设计标准”分别提出了详细具体的规定，在建筑和在电线或电缆塑造。但认为具体实施的难度和目前的情况下，电缆竖井安装了火灾探测器是非常必要的，坐标轴的防火分隔要求，每2 3或每一级安装。电梯机房应安装火灾探测器，它的电梯是重要的垂直交通工具，其两个电梯机房已具有火灾危险性，其存在的三个基本解除以及打开洞，像打开闸门的水平之间的球洞，在气孔，持久的关系打开了洞与电梯机房或滑轮等，其时，有四个火，升降机以及往往成为火灾强度传播渠道，很容易危及电梯机房设施。因此，电梯机房建立了火灾探测器是必要的，也适用于皇冠建立火灾探测器举井。第三，手动火警报警按钮建立（包括防前面的烟雾楼梯大厅鉴于各层前房间前面的房间，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时人员驱散节省目标，防火，应立即向警方举报的按钮，首选地点设立手动火警。此外，该室也应建立防火手册的共同电梯前，向警方报案的按钮。在公共活动场所（包括会堂，礼堂，餐厅，多功能厅等）和主要通道等场所，是所有工作人员非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应立即向警方举报的按钮，在这些公共活动场所主要通道设立手册火灾;该手册规定的火灾中的主要通道报警按钮，以保证“ 以手动火警最接近报警按钮距离防火区的任何位置不应该超过30米”。第四，消防紧急广播喇叭建立走道，大厅，餐厅等公共场所的工作人员都非常集中，主要是分散的渠道。因此，应该按这些公共场所的“最近的一项发言距离不超过25米的防火保护区的任何位置”和“在走道上不应大于十二点五米扬声器的过道末端距离”建立消防应急广播喇叭;下一步还应当建立消防在公共浴室的地方紧急广播喇叭。第一个房间（包括防前面的烟雾大厅楼梯前室，消防电梯间，消防电梯防这些烟雾楼梯大会堂派上用场前室）是有火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也有分离和防火门的声音，人民的混乱和嘈杂，因此，应建立消防应急广播喇叭。在前面的共同电梯房也应建立消防应急广播喇叭。分散大厅楼梯也已经火灾时的人员驱散节省目标与防火，也是人民的声音和嘈杂的混淆，因此应建立消防应急广播喇叭，由主张消防紧急广播驱散指令。第五，建立火灾报警装置建立消防应急广播火灾自动报警系统，笔者认为还应该安装消防报警装置，但它的控制程序应该是：该报警器应确认火灾后，利用手动或自动控制模式统一消防相关区域传输预警，报警器停止工作时间的规定，迅速联系消防应急广播和电视节目，并且分散了人们的指示。火警警报装置建立的立场，笔者认为应该向警方报案的按钮位置的手动火警是相同的，它的墙面安装应为距地面1.8米高度。第六，消防专用电话设立安装消防专用电话分机电话，应设机房其中也涉及一些人是在工作地点经常与消防联动控制（包括消防给水设备，备件发电机房，火柴变电站，主要空调引擎室，排放烟气轮机室，防火电梯机房及其他）消防控制系统的经营场所或设备的控制室，消防责任人员观察室，现场的安全管理等公共空间。轿车的影院中消防电梯和普通电梯应假设所有使用的特殊电话，请电梯机房和电梯轿车影院中，电梯机房及消防控制室，电梯轿车影院方块和消防控制室等三个成分是可靠的讲通信电话系统。通常在消防控制室;建立电梯监测演示板（包括位置指示器，显示方向灯，以讲信函电话，麻烦灯等），以进行必要的电梯在运行状态的监视和紧急情况下的控制。配备了手动火警报警位置等按钮，消火栓按钮，还应该安装消防专用电话插座。第七，消防联动控制其一，消防联动控制应包括控制消防泵开启，停止，也应表现出的按

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