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小型冷库设计【6张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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关键词：: 小型冷库设计

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摘要：

随着社会经济的飞速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对食品的保鲜要求也会越来越高，对冷藏食品的需求不断增多。而冷库主要用于生鲜农副产品和食品饮料的储藏。由于其具有冷藏、保温的特殊功能，能满足生鲜食品冷藏运输中的保鲜和冷冻要求，使其在冷链物流中起着重要的作用，成为冷链物流的中不可缺少的一个环节。因此了解冷库的建设及其发展就显得相当重要。

本次设计是小型冷库的制冷系统的设计。根据冷库冷量的要求，结合当地的环境气候，以及课本上的知识理论来完成完成满足当地实际需要的冷库。在系统设计中，主要是进行压缩机的选取，以及制冷器、蒸发器的设计选择，和制冷剂充灌量的估算以及辅助设备的选择。

小型冷库为生鲜农副食品和饮料的冷藏提供了一个空间，满足了生鲜食品在冷藏运输中的保鲜和冷冻要求。提高了人们的生活水平。

关键词：冷库设计制冷系统负荷计算选型计算

The Design Of Small Storage

Abstract：

With the rapid development of social economy and the improvement of people's living standard, The requirement of people on food preservation will be getting higher and higher, the increasing demand of frozen food.And cold storage is mainly used for fresh agricultural products , food and beverage stores.Because it has the special function of refrigeration, thermal insulation, can satisfy the fresh food cold storage and transportation of fresh and frozen, the cold chain logistics plays an important role in the cold chain logistics, has become an indispensable component of.Therefore, understanding the construction of cold storage and its development is very important.

This design is the design of small cold storage refrigeation system.According to the cold cold volume requirements, combined with the local climate, as well as the knowledge of the textbook theory to finish to meet the local needs of the cold storage.In the design, mainly for compressor selection, and cooler, evaporator design choices, and refrigerant quantity estimation and auxiliary equipment selection.

Small cold storage for fresh agricultural non-staple food and beverage refrigeration provided a space, to meet the fresh foods in refrigerated transport of fresh and frozen requirements.Improve the people's living standard.

Key word：Cold Storage Design Refrigeation System Load Calculation Selection Calculation

第一章绪论3

1.1 选题的目的与意义3

1.2冷库在国内外行业现状及存在的问题3

1.2.1国外冷库行业现状3

1.2.2国内冷库行业现状3

1.2.3目前主要存在的问题4

1.3发展趋势：5

1.3.1建设规模5

1.3.2冷链物流5

1.3.3制冷设备6

1.3.4整体规划6

1.4本课题主要研究内容和设计任务6

第二章工程概况与原始资料7

2.1工程概况7

2.1.1冻结间、冻结物冷藏间7

2.1.2室内计算参数7

2.2气象情况7

2.2.1室外计算参数7

2.2.2室内计算参数7

第三章冷库隔热防潮设计8

3.1冷库的结构8

3.2隔热与防潮的基本要求8

3.2.1土建冷库的隔热、防潮8

3.2.2装配式冷库的隔热、防潮8

3.3维护结构的材料及选择9

3.3.1冷库围护结构用隔热材料及选择9

3.3.2冷库围护结构用防潮材料及选择9

3.3.3冷库外墙、屋顶、地面保温层结构9

第四章冷负荷计算11

4.1计算各面传热层系数11

4.1.1冻结间11

4.1.2冻结物冷藏间11

4.2设备负荷计算12

4.2.1冻结间和冻结物冷藏间的冷负荷计算12

4.2.2围护结构传热量Q1：12

4.3设备负荷汇总16

4.3.1设备负荷16

4.3.2系统机械负荷计算16

第五章制冷系统方案的确定17

5.1确定制冷系统方案的依据17

5.2确定制冷方案的原则17

5.3确定制冷系统方案的内容17

第六章制冷机及辅助设备的选择19

6.1制冷压缩机的选型计算19

6.1.1压缩机选择19

6.1.2制冷系统辅助设备选型计算19

第七章制冷系统管道设计26

7.1系统管道和阀门的设计要求26

7.2管道流速要求：26

7.3蒸发器供液管的设计26

7.4吸气管道的设计26

7.5排气管的设计27

7.6其它管道的设计27

7.7对制冷工艺管道布置要求27

第八章制冷系统的试压试漏及管道保温28

8.1系统试压、排污、试漏、抽真空28

8.1.1系统试压28

8.1.2系统排污28

8.1.3系统抽真空实验28

8.1.4系统氨试漏29

8.2系统设备及管道保温29

第九章结论30

致谢31

参考文献31

第一章绪论

1.1 选题的目的与意义

本课题研究的是小型冷库的设计，完成冷库建设所需的设备及其辅助设备的设计选择。通过该课题的研究，了解冷库设计方面所涉及到的问题并解决完成冷库设计。随着社会经济的飞速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对食品的保鲜要求也会越来越高，对冷藏食品的需求不断增多。由于冷库在冷藏食品储藏中的特殊地位，因此今年来冷库的发展十分迅速。冷库主要用于生鲜农副产品和食品饮料的储藏。由于其具有冷藏、保温的特殊功能，能满足生鲜食品冷藏运输中的保鲜和冷冻要求，使其在冷链物流中起着重要的作用，成为冷链物流的中不可缺少的一个环节。因此了解冷库的建设及其发展就显得相当重要。

1.2冷库在国内外行业现状及存在的问题

1.2.1国外冷库行业现状

国外冷库行业发展较快的国家主要有日本、美国、芬兰、加拿大等国。日本是亚洲最大的速冻食品生产国，-20℃以下的低温库在冷库中占80%以上。70年代以前国外冷库普遍采用以氨为制冷剂的集中式制冷系统，70年代后期逐渐采用以R22为制冷剂的分散式制冷系统。美国和加拿大占80%以上的冷库都以使用R717为制冷剂。80年代以来，分散式制冷系统在国外发展很快，冷却设备由冷风机逐步取代了排管，贮藏水果冷库中近1/3为气调库，在冷库建造方面土建冷库正向预制装配化发展，自动化控制程度比较高。比较著名的装配式冷库的制造商如芬兰的辉乐冷冻集团(HUURRE)，其库板HE-3由无氟绝缘聚氨酯板和两层镀锌的钢层组成，轻便易拆卸，施工期短、气密性好、空间利用率高。

近年来，国外新建的大型果蔬贮藏冷库多是果品气调库，如美国使用气调贮藏苹果已占冷藏总数的80%；法国、意大利也大力发展该项技术，气调贮藏苹果均达到冷藏苹果总数的50%～70%以上；英国气调库容达22万t。日本、意大利等发达国家已拥有10座世界级的自动化冷库。

1.2.2国内冷库行业现状

我国自1955年开始建造第一座贮藏肉制品冷库，1968年建成第一座贮藏水果冷库，1978年建成第一座气调库。1995年由开封空分集团有限公司首次引进组合式气调库先进工艺，并在山东龙口建造15000t气调冷库获得成功，开创了国内大型组装式气调冷库的成功先例，用户亦取得了较好的经济效益。1997年又在陕西西安建造了一座10000t气调冷库，气密性能达到国际先进水平。该公司气调冷库已分布在山东、河南、北京、湖南、新、陕西、天津、四川等省市自治区，并获得客户的较好信誉。广东、北京等省市大约先后引进了40座预制装配式冷藏库，总库容约为7.5万t。近几年来，我国冷库建设发展十分迅速，主要分布在各水果、蔬菜主产区以及大中城市郊区的蔬菜基地。据统计，全国现有冷冻冷藏能力已达500多万t，其中外资、中外合资和私营冷库约占50万t，国有冷库450多万t，分属于内贸、农业、外贸和轻工系统，其中内贸系统冷库容量达300多万t，占全国总量的60%以上。我国商业系统拥有果蔬贮藏库面积达200多万m2，仓储能力达130多万t，其中机械冷藏库70多万t，普通库为60多万t。

1.2.3目前主要存在的问题

1冷库利用率偏低

空间利用率传统的冷库设计一般高5m左右，但在实际操作应用中，尤其是无隔架层的冷库利用率低于50%，如物品堆码的高度一旦达到3.2m时，外包装为纸箱的食品，因重压变形、吸潮等原因极易出现包装破裂、倒塌等现象，导致食品品质降低，造成较大的经济损失。

2部分冷库设计不尽规范，存在诸多安全隐患

国内很多冷库属于无证设计、安装，缺乏统一标准，缺乏特种设备安全技术档案现象较为普遍。操作人员未经专业培训无证上岗，管理人员安全意识淡薄。部分容积500m3以上以氨为制冷剂的土建食品冷库，其库址选择、地基处理、制冷设备安装等严重不符合《冷库设计规范》(GB50072-2001)的要求，存在诸多安全隐患。许多冷库名为气调库却达不到气调的目的，部分低温库一建成就面临停用或只能按高温库降级使用的局面。

3制冷系统维修措施不力，设施设备老化严重

制冷机的正常维修周期一般为运转8000～10000h即应进行大维修；运转3000～4000h进行中维修；运转1000h进行小维修［5］。适时对制冷系统进行维修、保养，可以及早消除事故隐患。因为国内大多数冷库尤其是90年代以前所建冷库，设施设备陈旧、管道严重腐蚀、墙体脱落、地基下陷、压力容器不定期检验。普遍开开停停，带病运营现象十分严重。

4冷库节能措施未引起足够重视

冷库属于耗能大户。有数据表明：蒸发器内油膜增加0.1㎜，会使蒸发温度下降2.5℃，电耗增加11%。冷凝器中若存在油膜、水垢，蒸发器外表结霜等均会导致蒸发温度下降，耗电增加。另外，低温库冻结间或速冻装置进货后压缩比小于8时，应先采用单级制冷压缩，当蒸发压力降下来后，其压缩比大于8时再改用双级压缩制冷方式［5］，而许多低温冷库一开机就启用双级压缩机，使冷库能耗加大。

5自动化控制程度低迷

国外冷库的制冷装置广泛采用了自动控制技术，大多数冷库只有1～3名操作人员，许多冷库基本实现夜间无人值班［2］。而我国冷库的制冷设备大多采用手动控制，或者仅对某一个制冷部件采用了局部自动控制技术，对整个制冷系统做到完全自动控制的较少，货物进出、装卸等方面的自动化程度普遍较低。

6商业冷库价格竞争激烈

近几年随着冷库数量的增加，除部分食品生产企业、科研单位自备用于存放食品原料或用于科研试验的冷库外，商业冷库出租转让频繁，行业内低价竞争激烈，加之高温库和低温库比例失衡以及地理位置的差异，存贮肉类及速冻食品的低温库供不应求，大量的高温库闲置待用，导致大多商业冷库经营企业经济效益不佳。

1.3发展趋势：

从市场对冷库的需求趋势来看，我国现有的冷库容量还十分不足，今后冷库的发展趋势主要表现在以下几个方面：

1.3.1建设规模

果蔬产区应集中建设气调冷库，规模应以大、中、小型相结合，以发展中型为宜。机械气调库的建设应择优推广预制生产，现场装配模式冷库工程化工业产品，果蔬产地适于建单层冷库和中小型冷库；尽快推广塑料薄膜、大棚、大帐、硅窗、塑料薄膜小包装等气调设施是我国近期发展的重点。在经济较发达的城市，发展中型冷库，建立冷冻食品贮藏批发市场。将中小型冷库向社会开放，提供有偿的仓库服务、信息服务、经营后勤服务。

1.3.2冷链物流

我国完整独立的冷链系统尚未形成，市场化程度很低，冷冻冷藏企业有条件的可改造成连锁超市的配送中心，形成冷冻冷藏企业、超市和连锁经营企业联营经营模式。建立食品冷藏供应链，将易腐、生鲜食品从产地收购、加工、贮藏、运输、销售，直到消费者的各个环节都处于标准的低温环境之中，以保证食品的质量，减少不必要的损耗，防止食品变质与污染。

1.3.3制冷设备

制冷设备业应着力开发国际市场先进通用的60HP以下各档次分体式或一体化且配有电子技术的自动化机组，将计算机与自动化技术广泛地应用于整个制冷系统的自动控制中，目的是为冷冻冷藏行业升级换代，延长产业链，降低工程造价。

1.3.4整体规划

冷库行业必须在有关部门的统一协调下，加强整体规划与协调，大力发展冷链物流体系建设。同时，要防止盲目重复建设，以保证我国冷冻冷藏行业持续健康稳定的发展。

1.4本课题主要研究内容和设计任务

随着社会经济的飞速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对食品的保鲜要求也会越来越高，对冷藏食品的需求不断增多。因此小型冷库的发展就显得十分需要。

本毕业设计研究的是小型冷库的制冷系统设计，根据冷库冷量的要求，来了解冷库制冷系统的整个设计程序，及冷库的工作原理，

在冷库制冷系统设计过程中，主要是根据冷凉的要求来进行压缩机的选取，以及制冷器、蒸发器的设计选择，和制冷剂充灌量的估算以及辅助设备的选择。从而完成小型冷库的设计任务

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内容简介：: 西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）指导教师评分表学生姓名安剑学号08102080219专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级08级机械2班毕业设计（论文）题目小型冷库设计设计（论文）起止时间2012年1月10日至2012年5 月18日指导教师评语：建议成绩：指导教师签名：年月日西安文理学院本科毕业设计（论文）评阅教师评分表学生姓名安剑学号08102080219专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级08级机械2班毕业设计（论文）题目小型冷库设计设计（论文）起止时间 2012年1月10日至2012年5 月18日评阅教师评语：建议成绩：评阅教师签名：年月日附录外文文献The energy-conservation of freezer, with automaticallying control1 A present freezer of automatic control current situations Though the cold storage self-control having been popularized all round, but great majority cold storages putting particular emphasis on is only a safeguard face to face , the energy conservation having increased Wenku picking up the self-adjustment and cold storage measuring and controlling, to entire system relates that under the control of seldom or. Even if another aspect, already getting the all-round universal safeguard, before actual condition in working cant admit of no sanguine, pins up the cold storage self-control facilities having become ear of the deaf person even having become furnishing and decorating decorating front appearance only. The Shanghai cold storage association has done investigation in recent years to Shanghai area ammonia refrigerating system cold storage safeguard and autocontrol condition , concrete conditions has seen that are what form l shows. A spot of should inquire into a data as the leopard has reflected current cold storage self-control general situationForm what 1 shows a self-control interposes and runs status though the very good cold storage only having 5 tidal current and direction accounting for 9% of the number counting, but it is these cold storages to have represented a nowadays. With the development of electron technology, the self-control component is more and more advanced , changeable procedure controller (PLC) and the PC function are more and more strong , self-control procedure is more and more perfect, system optimization and the energy conservation consciousness are also more and more strong. The cold storage energy conservation and the autocontrol relation are more and more rapid and intense , need the cold storage energy conservation to be ready for and composing much better, do well in and be engaged in better the autocontrol vitally needing right away. Above-mentioned example adopted by five cold storages representing tidal current in the nowadays and advanced level has all got the pretty important effect to realizing cold storage energy conservation.2 How be ready for cold storage energy conservation autocontrolFundamental above-mentioned content starting point is the cold storage taking ammonia as all together style refrigeration working medium refrigerating system , is that refrigeration working medium decentralization, allows all together style , all together style refrigerating system cold storage to have got very big development , whose self-control degree overtops also sometimes the all together style refrigerating system cold storage taking ammonia as refrigeration working medium on behalf of a hydrocarbon with the thick gravy nowadays. Many working mediums are unlike cold storage of system of all kinds extensive use, content having enriched cold storage autocontrol tremendously, application in energy conservation at the same time also has provided the vast scope for ones ability to autocontrol in the cold storage.2.1 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol is energy conservation under the control of procedure establishment and self-control component selecting and using from the content coming to study the autocontrol developing cold storage energy conservations relates that mainly whom. The firm, special field designing institute or capable unit as self-control component may assume cold storage energy conservation autocontrol research and develop equally. The firm and the designing institute make a contribution to some extent without exception already by now within that field. Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol can be developed exploitation commonly by firm and designing institute best (not bad firm give first place to, the designing institute coordinates) , perfects in the process of putting into effect using an unit the new product getting into form and grinding unceasingly to get rich.2.2 Energy conservation autocontrol specific items design prepares a cold storage putting composition into practice.That a specific items energy conservation autocontrols puts process into practice sometimes is that the purpose checking K amendment , reaching energy conservation until according with design demand by designing , assembling debugging , pilot run , effect is extremely. While the project requires that content is changed into a ratio to some extent, may revise K at any time satisfying a request.The cold storage energy conservation sometimes requires that the advanced refrigeration switches over to prepare , right system mates , effective the words emergency measure and strict operation manage to manage to be put into effect, be requiring that the refrigeration technician goes ahead in the basis optimizing refrigeration process design right now, know well that energy conservation needs , be tied in wedlock this project characteristic , the flow chart designing out entire cold storage energy conservation autocontrol. Ability accomplishes whose electricity self-control design according to the self-control flow chart , the electricity self-control technician , being able to wield whose professional knowledge at the same time, makes self-control technological process be simplification and an optimization more. Cold storage energy conservation is a cold storage autocontrol important component , all cold storage autocontrol is composed of refrigeration and electricity two parts content without exception , K makes cold storage energy conservation be carried out to the letter only when ability makes cold storage autocontrol come into effect in the field of two under technicians making joint efforts.3 Cold storage energy conservation autocontrol pilot run is also one very important ring , echoes the usage unit and the special field firm in the pilot run keeping close connection , uses an unit to discuss working effect , deliberates amendment measure with special field firm and.Energy conservation is one of cold storage autocontrol purpose. 3.1 Adjusts storehouse temperature adjustment in the past about that the storehouse temperature and the evaporation temperature adjust the parametric storehouse of 3.1.1 Storehouse temperature controlMultiple spots temperature temperature giving first place to dyadic adjustment of place, correct evaporate the temperature not sometimes doing adjustment , very difficult to reach good energy conservation effect. The ideal storehouse temperature control mode is that wind and their air-out temperature is entering parameter with the storehouse mean temperature , the air cooler moving forward , works out appropriate under the control of procedure , measures by the fact that PLC is in progress. So-called Wenku adjusts the request being able to reach energy conservation , also can satisfy the need that some storehouse high-accuracy temperature adjusts, self own but the accuracy reaching 0.250 C requires that energy conservation makes an appointment with 10% at present.3.1.2 Regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation statePs stop being unlike the diversity evaporates because K couplet operation can only work under evaporating the temperature with a with a systematic refrigeration compression engine evaporating the cold room of temperature temperature cold if K couplet work, with regard to relatively evaporate temperature higher cold right away be in no energy conservation operation state, should cold hot load increasingly be promoted to a higher post increasingly no energy conservation. Ought to try ones best to avoid this condition appearing. One machine reviews the cold storage method of work pair in freon refrigerating system , add the back pressure valve on time of high temperature warehouse air tube , add single check valve on time of low temperature warehouse air tube, be representative block of wood energy conservation method of work, do not respond to encourage but suitable abolish.3.1.3 Unexpected turn of events evaporates temperature adjustmentSome one work state lower if evaporate temperature can use storehouse hot load and refrigerating system refrigerating output be parameter be in progress adjustment, then now that can reach energy conservation purpose can make energy adjustment be more rational. The sort Er Yan , refrigerating system evaporation implement and refrigeration compression engine equipment can satisfy maximal load need basically all. Load falls off but the refrigerating output can not make corresponding adjustment in time if the cold room is hot, the refrigerating output and hot load being that the refrigerating system evaporation temperature will may act in responses reduces , uses a compression engine reach a new balance burning. The lessening evaporating the temperature has increased but the refrigerating output evaporating an implement conversely but , has faced the hot load that self own cuts down taking form surely frequently opening the consequence staying. Evaporate temperature 10 C per change, electric energy about 3 5% acting in responses adding or subtracting. Be energy conservation on making system burn in another ideal balance of if raising the evaporation temperature in time,have avoided freely not having achieved not only, having decreased by the refrigeration compression engines frequently starts , is the energy conservation measure achieving two things at one stroke. Not changeable fundamental refrigerant rate of flow rate of flow evaporating an implement adjusts. 3.1.4 Changeable rateChangeable rate of flow adjustment ammonia in the past refrigerating system; Freon system evaporates the implement refrigerant rate of flow , great majority achieve simple proportion measures. The air cooler air mass flow great majority do not measure or speed and the electric fan platform number measure only when two. This two kinds parametric rate of flow adjustment all are cold the adjustment assigning the equipment refrigerating output and storehouse temperature direct relevance , one of the content being also that the cold storage energy conservation self-control responds to in taking seriously with the storehouse.3.1.5 Fetch the warehouse taken height Sets up right under the control of accuracy and adds the storehouse temperature setting up the commodity and different storage period controlling the different storehouse , different stock out of gauge having no equal to and their under the control of accuracy request. Set off from the energy conservation angle, the storehouse temperature ought to take height not choosing low , the mild high-accuracy controlling accuracy ought to fetch the warehouse taken height , insisted to run after face to face unnecessarily low low controls as long as not affecting the commodity quality.To the cold room of many storehouse temperature under the control of, except original storehouse temperature setting value, suitable add set up Kuwen transfinite controlling value. This pair of factors storehouse temperature adjusts deflect but premature bringing into service being able to achieve when refrigerating system needs bringing into service , incapable because of pins up the storehouse temperature; Can not make cold according to reality that time at intervals, refrigerating system stops working untimely Ding , fully utilizes now having energy K avoid equipment or systematic frequently open Ding.3.1.6 Set up avoiding meeting high o perationInterpose avoid meeting high o operation under the control of electric power short-supplied be the universal phenomenon that current all parts of the country there exists in everywhere, huge bad especially heavy electric power of power consumption o grain is short-supplied , the electric charge o grain price differences puts into effect in a lot of city and price differences play big as early as successive steps for this purpose. Under the premise not affecting commodity mass, the cold storage is set up avoiding meeting high o peration , beneficial to the electrified wire netting cuts o repair a valley , help overall situation energy conservation on macroscopic view; Microcosmic Er Yan operation also beneficial toreducing a cold storage cost.3.2 Cold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustmentCold room relative humidities adjust cold room relative humidity adjustment and the temperatureadjusts the method similarity repeating description unnecessarily. But in general cold room relative humidity is in 85 the relative humidity that the also a little bit cold room demands is lower than or the relative humidity higher than the be 98%, but some crops of relative humidity kind of quality warehouse being range , for instance some gases turn to obj1 = 位 exchange the warehouse request demands 45% to be 40 between 95%. During the period of high relative humidity adjustment and low relative humidity adjustment, Youyin attaches importance to energy conservation measure.3.2.1 High relative humidities adjust the adjustmentHigh relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to high relative humidity , are going try ones best to reduce the logarithm averages difference in temperature (2 advisable K) between the refrigerant temperature and the storehouse temperature, return refrigerating system back when being necessary but adopt to be loaded with the cold agent first; May adopt air defrosting K besides with defrosting water restoring to the storehouse. That this two measure is given by autocontrol being put into effect, is effective energy conservation method , the domestic trade headquarter has not been 20,000 tons of Long Kou City gas that the research institute designs obj1 exchange a warehouse being a very good example of one 17 .3.2.2 Low relative humidities adjust the adjustmentLow relative humidities adjust the adjustment demanding the cold room to low relative humidity , controlling also should be ready for two aspect mainly. One is on the basis selecting and using dehumidification method and dehumidification machine stopping bringing quantity of heat into cold room to the full, hot few cold p rooms load controlling good dehumidification while procedure, reaching the relative humidity request. Its two is to avoid air current organizing the wet load controlling fever of taking now and then entering unnecessary outside; Once had the wet low one low temperature crops kind of quality warehouse, wet load roughly accounts for about35% of plain meter load from invading the heat within being put in storage outside.3.3 Measures about providing liquid wayDirect swelling is for liquids expanding directly to be for liquids being that great majority thick gravies pin up the confession liquid method that ammonia system adopts on behalf of hydrocarbon (include freon) system and . This provides liquid method with adopt the heating power expansion valve to provide liquid in the past basically , self problem, has no way to realize the energy conservation purpose since choosing the type , adjustment and product. Electron expansion valve appearing measures combining with selecting parametric Kuwen of temperature much , can realize energy conservation operation fairly good, sort but energy conservation 10%. But the thick gravy generation hydrocarbon refrigerating system heating power expansion valve product already be commensurate to maturity and still have the special-purpose PLC Kuwen controller, for a variety of reasons, adopt extension , wait for to increase energy not yet commonly in cold storage refrigerating system. Working hot shot degree of ammonia refrigerating system evaporation implement is not big , degree of difficulty is under the control of relatively bigger , there is no at present still mature ammonia using electron to expand ? ? valve product. The system 中文翻译冷库节能与自动控制1 当前冷库自控现状冷库自控虽然得到了全面普及，然而大多数冷库的侧重面只是安全保护，或者还增加了温库捡测和控制，对于全系统的自动调节和冷库的节能控制还很少涉及。另一方面，即便已得到全面普及的安全保护，在实际运行中的情况也不容乐观，个别冷库的自控设施甚至成了“聋子的耳朵”只成了装饰门面的摆设。近年来上海冷藏库协会对上海地区氨制冷系统冷库的安全保护和自动控制情况作了调查，具体情况见表l所示。该调查数据作为豹之一斑反映了当前冷库自控的概况。自控设置和运行状况很好的冷库虽然只有5座，占统计数的9，然而就是这些冷库代表了当今的潮流和方向。随着电子技术的发展，自控元件越来越先进、可变程序控制器（PLC）和微机的功能越来越强、自控程序越来越完善，系统优化和节能的意识也越来越强。冷库的节能和自动控制的关系越来越紧密，要把冷库的节能做好和做得更好，就必需把自动控制搞好和搞得更好。上述五座代表当今潮流和先进水平的冷库所采用的以下几项自控内容的实例对实现冷库节能都起了相当重要的作用。2 如何做好冷库节能的自动控制上述内容的基本出发点是以氨为制冷工质的集中式制冷系统的冷库，当今以卤代烃为制冷工质的分散式、准集中式、集中式制冷系统的冷库得到了很大的发展，其自控程度也往往高于以氨为制冷工质的集中式制冷系统冷库。多工质不同系统各类冷库的广泛应用，极大地丰富了冷库自动控制的内容，同时也为自动控制在冷库节能中的应用提供了广阔的用武之地。2.1 冷库节能的自动控制由谁来研究开发冷库节能的自动控制主要涉及的内容是节能控制程序的编制和自控元器件的选用。作为自控元器件的厂商、专业设计院或有能力的使用单位均可担当冷库节能自动控制的研究和开发。到目前为止厂商和设计院在该领域内均已有所建树。冷库节能的自动控制最好能由厂商和设计院共同研制开发（可以厂商为主，设计院配合），在使用单位的实施过程中完善定型并不断研发新产品。2.2 冷库节能自动控制具体项目的设计和实施配合一个具体项目节能自动控制的实施过程往往是通过设计、安装调试、试运行、效果考核並修正，直至符合设计要求达到节能目的为至。当项目要求内容有所变比时，可随时修改並满足要求。冷库的节能往往需要通先进的制冷改备、合适的系统匹配、灵话的应变措施和严格的运行管理得以实施，这就需要制冷技术人员在优化制冷工艺设计的基础上，熟悉节能需要、结合本项目特点，设计出完整的冷库节能自动控制流程图。根据自控流程图，电气自控技术人员才能完成其电气自控设计，同时还能运用其专业知识，使自控流程更为简化和优化。冷库节能是冷库自动控制重要组成部分，凡冷库自动控制均由制冷和电气两部分内容组成，只有在两方面技术人员的共同努力下才能使冷库自动控制行之有效並使冷库节能落到实处。冷库节能自动控制的试运行也是十分重要的一环,在试运行中应和使用单位和专业厂商保持密切联系，与使用单位探讨运行效果，与专业厂商商讨修正措施。3 冷库节能自动控制的若干做法和设想节能是冷库自动控制的目的之一。3.1

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