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液压两工位加紧装置的分析与计算【6张CAD图纸+毕业论文】【答辩通过】

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关键词：: 液压两工位加紧抓紧装置分析计算

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摘要

液压传动是用液体作为工作介质来传递能量和进行控制的传动方式。液压传动和气压传动称为流体传动，是根据17世纪帕斯卡提出的液体静压力传动原理而发展起来的一门新兴技术，是工农业生产中广为应用的一门技术。如今，流体传动技术水平的高低已成为一个国家工业发展水平的重要标志。液压传动凭借与其他传动方式相比较具有独特的技术优势，应用领域几乎囊括了国民经济各工业部门。

近30年来，由于控制技术、微电子技术、计算机技术、传感检测技术及材料科学的发展，极大的推动了液压传动与控制技术的发展，使其成为集传动、控制、计算机、传感检测、机电液为一体化的全新的自动控制技术。

本文根据液压系统的技术指标对数控铣床两工位夹紧装置液压系统进行整体方案设计，对其功能和工作原理进行动力分析和运动分析，初步确定了系统各回路的基本结构及主要元件，按照所给机构性能参数和液压性能参数进行元件的选择计算，通过对系统性能的验算和发热校核，以满足该铣床所要达到的要求。

关键词：液压系统；工位夹紧；性能参数

Abstract

hydraulic transmission is to use liquid as working medium to transmit energy and control mode of transmission. Hydraulic and pneumatic transmission called fluid drive, which is based on PASCAL hydrostatic pressure transmission principle put forward by the 17th century and developed a new technology, is a technology widely used in industrial and agricultural production. Nowadays, the level of fluid transmission technology has become a national industrial development level of important symbol. Hydraulic transmission by compared with other driving mode has its unique technical advantages, applications almost covers the national economy each industry sector.

For nearly 30 years, due to the control technology, microelectronics technology, computer technology, sensing detection technology and the development of materials science, greatly promoted the development of the hydraulic transmission and control technology, making it a set of transmission, control, computer, sensor detection, mechanical and electrical hydraulic automatic control technology for the integration of the new.

According to the technical index of the hydraulic system of CNC milling machine two location clamping device hydraulic system overall plan design, dynamic analysis on the function and working principle and motion analysis, and preliminarily determines the system's basic structure and main components of each circuit, and according to the given institutional performance parameters and performance parameters of the hydraulic components selection calculation, through calculating the performance of the system and heating, in order to meet the requirements as to the milling machine.

Key words：Hydraulic system；Clamping device；Performance parameters

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 液压传动的现状及展望1

1.2 液压传动的优点缺点1

2 液压系统的设计3

2.1 技术要求3

2.2 动力分析和运动分析3

2.2.1 Ⅰ工位夹紧缸的负载计算3

2.3 液压系统主要参数的确定5

2.3.1系统工作压力的确定5

2.4 液压执行器主要结构参数的计算6

2.4.1 Ⅰ工位夹紧缸主要结构参数的确定6

2.4.2 Ⅱ工位夹紧缸主要结构参数的确定7

2.4.3 液压缸工作循环中各阶段的压力、流量和功率8

3 液压系统原理图的拟定和方案论证10

3.1 制定基本方案10

3.2 油路循环方式的分析和选择10

3.3 调速方案的分析和选择10

3.4 液压动力源的分析与选择12

3.5 液压回路的分析、选择与合成12

3.6 液压原理图的拟定与设计12

4 计算和选择液压元件14

4.1 液压泵的选择14

4.1.1 液压泵站组件的选择14

4.1.2 液压泵的计算与选择14

4.2 液压控制阀的选择16

4.2.1 选择依据16

4.2.2 选择阀类元件应注意的问题16

4.3 液压附件的计算和选择17

4.3.1 确定管件的尺寸17

4.3.2 确定油箱容积19

5 液压系统性能验算20

5.1 液压系统压力损失验算20

5.1.1 Ⅰ工位夹紧缸的压力损失验算20

5.2 估算系统效率21

5.3 系统的发热和温升22

6液压动力源装置设计........................................................ 24

6.1 液压泵站的结构形式24

7 液压装置的总体配置26

7.1 液压控制阀的块式集成26

7.2 集成块设计26

8 密封装置的选择28

9 液压系统安装29

9.1 液压系统安装....................................................... 29

9.1.1 在液压系统中安装液压元件时注意事项............................ 29

9.1.2 在液压系统中安装液压泵时注意事项.............................. 29

10 结论.................................................................... 30

致谢31

参考文献................................................................... 32

1 绪论

1.1 液压传动的现状及展望

目前，液压传动及控制技术不仅用于传统的机械操纵、助力装置，也用于机械的模拟加工、转速控制、发动机燃料进给控制，以及车辆动力转向、主动悬挂装置和制动系统，同时也能够扩展到航空航天和海洋作业等领域。当前液压技术正在继续向以下几个方面发展。

1）节能

近年来，由于世界能源的紧缺，各国都把液压传动的节能问题作为液压技术发展的重要课题。20世纪70年代后期，德、美等国相继研制成功负载敏感泵及低功率电磁铁等。最近美国威克斯公司又研制成功用于功率匹配系统的CMX阀。

2）液压与微电子、计算机技术相结合

20世纪80年代以来，逐步完善和普及的计算机控制技术和集成传感技术为液压技术与电子技术相结合创造了条件。随着微电子、计算机技术的发展，出现了各种数字阀和数字泵，并出现了把单片机直接装在液压组件上的具有位置或力反馈的闭环控制液压元件及装置。

3）提高液压传动的可靠性

由于有限元法在液压元件设计中的应用，可靠性实验、研究工作的广泛开展以及新材料、新工艺的发展等，是液压元件的寿命得到提高。由于对飞机、船舶、冶金等一些重要液压系统采用多裕度设计，并在系统中设置旁路净化回路及具有初级智能的自动故障检测仪表等，加强了油液的污染度控制。上述领域内的一些重要成果，使液压系统的可靠性逐年提高。

4）高度集成化

叠加阀、集成块、插装阀的应用以及把各种控制阀集成于液压泵及液压执行元件上形成组合元件，有些还把单片机等集成在其控制机构上，达到了集机、电、液于一体的高度集成化。

此外，高压、高转速、低噪声组件的研究，高效滤材的研究，环保型工作介质及其相应高压液压组件的研究等也是值得关注的动向。

1.2 液压传动的优点缺点

工程机械广泛应用的传动方式主要有机械传动、电气传动、气压传动和液压传动。它们各有优缺。

机械传动是发展最早而且应用最普遍的一种传动方式。具有传动准确可靠，操作简单，机构直观易掌握，负荷变化对传动比影响小等优点。但是对自动控制的情况，单纯靠机械传动来完成就显得结构复杂而笨重，而且远距离操纵困难、操作力度大、安装位置变化的自由度小等缺点。

电气传动是通过电来进行传动和控制的，利用交流电机来传动，简单而且价廉，应用最广，也是各种传动的组成部分。但交流电机一般难于进行无级变速，而直流电机虽然可以实现无级变速，但支流电源价格比较昂贵。电气控制，特别是电子计算机控制，具有信号变化方便，远距离操纵容易等独特优点，在自动化程度要求高的场合是必不可少的。

气压传动是以压缩空气为传动介质，可通过调节气量很容易的实现无级变速。同时有传递及变换信号方便、反应快、结构简单、无污染等优点。空气黏度小，故管道压力损失小，流速大，而且可获得高速度。但是气动传动的致命弱点是空气压缩性大，无法获得均匀而稳定的运动。此外为减少泄漏，提高效率，气动系统的压力不能太高。这使其不能用于大功率场合。

液压传动的优点:

与机械传动、电气传动相比，液压传动具有以下优点：　　

1、液压传动的各种元件，可以根据需要方便、灵活地来布置。　　

2、重量轻、体积小、运动惯性小、反应速度快。　　

3、操纵控制方便，可实现大范围的无级调速（调速范围达2000：1）。　　

4、可自动实现过载保护。　　

5、一般采用矿物油作为工作介质，相对运动面可自行润滑，使用寿命长。　　

6、很容易实现直线运动。　　

7、很容易实现机器的自动化，当采用电液联合控制后，不仅可实现更高程度的自动控制过程，而且可以实现遥控。

液压传动的缺点

1、由于流体流动的阻力和泄露较大，所以效率较低。如果处理不当，泄露不仅污染场地，而且还可能引起火灾和爆炸事故。　　

2、由于工作性能易受到温度变化的影响，因此不宜在很高或很低的温度条件下工作。　　

3、液压元件的制造精度要求较高，因而价格较贵。　　

4、由于液体介质的泄露及可压缩性影响，不能得到严格的传动比。　　

5、液压传动出故障时不易找出原因；使用和维修要求有较高的技术水平。

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内容简介：: 编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：液压两工位夹紧装置的分析与计算信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923050学生姓名：张佳睿指导教师：陈伟明（职称：教授）（职称：）2013年5月25日目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生“毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表”四、实习鉴定表无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：液压两工位加紧装置的分析与计算信机系机械工程及自动化专业学号： 0923050 学生姓名：张佳睿指导教师：陈伟明（职称：教授）（职称：）2013年05月25日课题来源工厂科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）随着科学技术的发展，机电产品日趋精密复杂。产品的精度要求越来越高、更新换代的周期也越来越短，从而促进了现代制造业的发展。用普通的机床加工精度低，效率低，劳动度大，已经无法满足生产要求，从而一种新型的数字程序控制的机床应运而生。这种机床是一种综合应用了计算机技术、自动控制技术、精密测量和机械设计等新技术的机电一体化的产品。数控机床是一种装有程序控制系统的自动化机床，它对加工精度和自动化都有严格的要求。数控车床上的工位夹紧装置对于加工的精度有着直接的关系，以往的机床的工位夹紧装置使用简单的机械装置，在加工时容易产生大的加工误差。随着数控车床自动化程度的提高，使用液压系统控制这一过程已经大大提高了自动化和加工精度。液压传动在机械设备中的应用非常广泛。有的设备是利用其能传递大的动力，且结构简单、体积小、重量轻的优点，如工程机械、矿山机械、冶金机械等；有的设备是利用它操纵控制方便，能较容易地实现较复杂工作循环的优点，如各类金属切削机床、轻工机械、运输机械、军工机械、各类装载机等。所以研究液压系统有很好的应用价值和广阔的前景。我国进入世界贸易组织之后，对我国的机械行业是个机遇，更是一个艰难的挑战。因此作为二十一世纪的主人，我们更应该通过作大量的设计制造和广泛地使用各种先进的机器，以便能加快我国国民经济的增长速度，加快我国现代化建设。研究内容液压系统的设计拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析1. 分析本文根据液压系统的技术指标对数控铣床两工位夹紧装置液压系统进行整体方案设计，对其功能和工作原理进行动力分析和运动分析，初步确定了系统各回路的基本结构及主要元件。2. 计算按照所给机构性能参数和液压性能参数进行元件的选择计算。3. 设计对两工位夹紧装置液压系统整体设计。4. 作图元件设计完毕，根据尺寸进行CAXA作图，尺寸精确，布局合理，作出总图及原理图。5. 验证对系统性能的进行验算和发热校核，以满足该铣床所要达到的要求。研究计划及预期成果20012年11月12日-2013年12月25日：按照任务书要求查阅论文相关参考资料，填写毕业设计开题报告书。2013年1月11日-2013年3月5日：填写毕业实习报告。2013年3月8日-2013年3月14日：按照要求修改毕业设计开题报告。2013年3月15日-2013年3月21日：学习并翻译一篇与毕业设计相关的英文材料。2013年3月22日-2013年4月11日：液压系统图的设计。2013年4月12日-2013年4月25日：液压站的设计。2013年4月26日-2013年5月20日：毕业论文撰写和修改工作。预期成果：能够顺利的设计出数控铣床两工位夹紧装置液压系统，并且能够成功的应用于实际工作当中，起到相应的作用，提高生产率和产品质量,减轻工人劳动强度,为公司降低生产成本。特色或创新之处设计过程中要重视设计方法和设计工具的现代化，积极推广应用价值工程。通过阅读大量的资料，参考一系列液压传动，设计出尽量使液压传动的可靠性，加工精度，变速范围，操作宜人性，工作效率及防护结构适合实际使用已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题尚需解决的问题：液压系统的设计、液压系统原理图的拟定和方案论证、液压装置的总体配置等。指导教师意见指导教师签名：年月日教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日英文原文 Machinery, Machina Mechine derived from the Greek and Latin, Mechanical gear (figure 1) means clever design, as a general mechanical concept, can be traced back to the Roman period, main is to distinguish and hand tools. Of modern Chinese language the word Machine is organization is (Mechanism) of the English and the floorboard of the Machine (the Machine). Mechanical characteristics are: machinery is a combination of physical components. To determine the relative motion of mechanical parts. So the Machine can convert mechanical energy or accomplish useful mechanical work, is the most basic concept in modern mechanical principle, the modern concept of Chinese machinery more derived from the word Machine of the Japanese, Japanese machinery should supplies to do the following definition (that is, in accordance with the following three characteristics is called mechanical Machine) :1, the machinery is a collection of objects, concentration to the various parts are also difficult to deformation.2, the object must implement the mutual movement, single, regulations.3, to exert energy into a useful form, or converted into mechanical work effectively.Mechanism and machine definition is derived from the mechanical engineering, belongs to the most basic concept of modern mechanical principles, mechanical more modern concepts derived from Chinese of the word machine in Japanese.All have certain sports machine and the floorboard of the system. Such as machine tools, tractors, etc. Mechanical engineering is related to the theoretical basis of natural science and technology, Mechanical gear (figure 2) combined with the accumulation of technical experience in the production practice, study and solve in the development, design, manufacture, installation, use and repair of all kinds of machinery an applied subject of theoretical and practical problems. Every development in the field of engineering requirements in mechanical engineering has adapted to the development, need mechanical engineering provides the necessary machinery. Some mechanical invention and improvement, and could lead to new engineering technology and the emergence and development of new industry. Large machinery manufacturing success, for example, led to the establishment of electric power system; The invention of the locomotive led to the rise of railway engineering and railway undertakings; The invention of the internal combustion engines, gas turbines, rocket engines, etc and progress, as well as the successful development of aircraft and spacecraft has led to the rise of aviation and aerospace business; The development of high voltage equipment lead to the success of many new synthetic chemical engineering and so on. Mechanical engineering is in all respects under the pressure of rising demand for development, at the same time from different disciplines and the advancement of the technology improved and innovative ability. Machinery is a simple device, it can transfer energy, force from one place to another place. Mechanical gear (FIG. 3) it can change the shape of the object structures to create new objects. In life, all around us there are thousands of different kinds of machinery in the work for us.Everyday understanding of mechanical is a mechanical device, which is all kinds of machines and equipment. From the point of view of mechanical professional: machinery has a very important basic position. Machinery is a modern society the five factors of production and service (that is, people, money, energy, materials and machinery). When Marx to industrial society, industrial society, especially in big industrial society, which is machine production machine age. Whether from life in contact with all kinds of physical devices, such as telephones, electric lights, television, refrigerator, elevator and so on contains the machine, or included in the general machinery, and from the point of production, all kinds of machine tools, automation equipment, aircraft, ships, god five, six, and so on, are short of machinery. So, machinery is one of the foundations of modern society. If someone say agriculture is the foundation, also understandable, but in modern society, mechanical serve as the basis for the rest of the industry and engineering, it is no exaggeration to think is the big pillar in society. Any modern industrial and engineering applications require machinery, is the Peoples Daily life, are increasingly used all kinds of machinery, such as cars, bicycles, watches and clocks, cameras, washing machine, refrigerator, air conditioner, vacuum cleaners, etc. The first machine is defined as the Roman architect vitruvius pollio (Vitruvii) in it Mechanical gear (figure 4) for building ten book mainly for carrying heavy things work machinery and tools: the difference between mechanical (machane) and tools (organon) seem to have the following differences between. The machine is most artificial and very big power and effect, such as heavy ballista and grapes press. While the tool is a manipulation of the staff carefully processing, to achieve the purpose of such as were the shape of light range ballista or circular spiral device. Thus, tools and machinery are used in the indispensable thing. The ancient Greek for cylindrical gears. Alexandria, Mr Hiro (Heron of Alexandria) in the 1st century first discussed the basic elements of machinery, mechanical elements considered to be five classes: wheel and shaft, lever, pulley, wedge, spiral. Hiros discourse reflects the classical mechanical characteristics. BC China has guidelines on the application of complex gear system, the incense burner in the application of the permanent control level of the bogie and other parts of a cross. Annotations, said: the machine, the crossbow tooth; enclosed, the arrow around. Said wen jie zi explanation of machine is machine, the main mover , refers to the crossbow. Mechanical in leipzig, Germany in 1724 and liao poulter (Leopold) is defined as machines or tools is a kind of artificial device, use it to produce favorable movement; at the same time cant use other ways to save time and power, it can save. British mechanics, Willis (truly illis) in its agency theory (The Principle of Mechanism, 1841) give The definition of: Machinery gear speed reducer any machine (machine) are made in a variety of different ways of connecting a set of artifacts that make it a component, the component will happen in a certain sport, these artifacts and the initial movement of the components of relative motion relationship depends on the nature of the connections between them. German machinery at le loro (F.R euleaux) in the theory of kinematics (Theoretische Kinematik, Grundzuge einer Theorie China is the worlds first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred years. After the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our countrys mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical industry.Just small ramming machinery: In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial ramming. Early 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970s, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be eliminated. In 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise production. In 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market. In 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese market. Vibration shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction machine.The mechanical processing: According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made (46.5 tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting process. In 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on imports. Before 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma cutting. Visible, China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.中文原文机械，源自于希腊语之Mechine及拉丁文Machina，机械齿轮（图1）原指“巧妙的设计”，作为一般性的机械概念，可以追溯到古罗马时期，主要是为了区别与手工工具。现代中文之“机械”一词为机构为英语之（Mechanism）和机器（Machine）的总称。机械的特征有：机械是一种人为的实物构件的组合。机械各部分之间具有确定的相对运动。故机器能转换机械能或完成有用的机械功，是现代机械原理中的最基本的概念，中文机械的现代概念多源自日语之“机械”一词，日本的机械应用品对机械概念做如下定义（即符合下面三个特征称为机械Machine）：1、机械是物体的组合，假定力加到其各个部分也难以变形。2、这些物体必须实现相互的、单一的、规定的运动。3、把施加的能量转变为最有用的形式，或转变为有效的机械功。机构和机器的定义来源于机械工程学，属于现代机械原理中的最基本的概念，中文机械的现代概念多源自日语之“机械”一词。一切具有确定的运动系统的机器和机构的总称。如：机床、拖拉机等。机械工程就是以有关的自然科学和技术科学为理论基础。机械齿轮（图2）结合在生产实践中积累的技术经验，研究和解决在开发设计、制造、安装、运用和修理各种机械中的理论和实际问题的一门应用学科。各个工程领域的发展都要求机械工程有与之相适应的发展，都需要机械工程提供所必需的机械。某些机械的发明和完善，又会导致新的工程技术和新的产业的出现和发展。例如大型动力机械的制造成功，促成了电力系统的建立；机车的发明导致了铁路工程和铁路事业的兴起；内燃机、燃气轮机、火箭发动机等的发明和进步，以及飞机和航天器的研制成功导致了航空、航天事业的兴起；高压设备的发展导致了许多新型合成化学工程的成功等等。机械工程就是在各方面不断提高的需求的压力下获得发展动力，同时又从各个学科和技术的进步中得到改进和创新的能力。机械是简单的装置，它能够将能量、力从一个地方传递到另一个地方。机械齿轮（图3）它能改变物体的形状结构创造出新的物件。在生活中，我们周围有数不清的不同种类的机械在为我们工作。机械的日常的理解是机械装置，也就是各种机器与器械。从机械专业的角度来说：机械具有相当重要的基础地位。机械是现代社会进行生产和服务的五大要素（即人、资金、能量、材料和机械）之一。在马克思说到工业社会时候，说工业社会，尤其是大工业社会，即用机器生产机器的时代。无论从生活中接触的各种物理的装置，如电灯、电话、电视机、冰箱、电梯等等都包含有机器的成分，或者包含在广义的机械之中，而从生产中来看，各种机床、自动化装备、飞机、轮船、神五、神六等等，都缺不了机械。所以，机械是现代社会的一个基础。如果有人要说农业也是基础的话，也无可厚非，但是在现代的社会来说，机械作为整个工业和工程的基础，可以毫不夸张地认为也是社会一根大柱子。任何现代产业和工程领域都需要应用机械，就是人们的日常生活，也越来越多地应用各种机械了，如汽车、自行车、钟表、照相机、洗衣机、冰箱、空调机、吸尘器等等。最早的“机械”定义为古罗马建筑师维特鲁威（Vitruvii）在其著机械齿轮（图4）作建筑十书主要对于搬运重物发挥效力的机械和工具作了区别：“机械（machane）和工具（organon）之间似乎有着以下的区别。即机械是以多数人工和很大的力量而发生效果的，如重弩炮和葡萄压榨机。而工具则是一名操纵人员慎重地处理来达到目的的，如蝎形轻弩炮或不等圆的螺旋装置。因此工具和机械都是利用上不可缺少的东西。”古希腊已有圆柱齿轮。亚历山大利亚希罗（Heron of Alexandria）在1世纪最早讨论了机械的基本要素，他认为机械的要素有五类：轮与轴，杠杆，滑车，尖劈，螺旋。希罗的论述反映了古典机械的特征。公元前中国已在指南车上应用复杂的齿轮系统，在被中香炉中应用了能永保水平位置的十字转架等机件。释文称：“机，弩牙；括，箭括。”说文解字对“机”的解释是“机，主发者也”，指弩机。 1724年德国莱比锡机械士廖波尔特（Leopold）给出的定义为“机械或工具是一种人造的设备，用它来产生有利的运动；同时在不能用其他方法节省时间和力量的地方，它能做到节省”。英国机械学家威利斯（R.Willis）在其机构学原理（The Principle of Mechanism，1841年）所给的定义是：机械齿轮减速机“任何机械（machine）都是由用各种不同方式连接起来的一组构件组成，使其一个构件运动，其余构件将发生一定的运动，这些构件与最初运动之构件的相对运动关系取决于它们之间连接的性质。”德国机械学家勒洛（F.Reuleaux ）在其理论运动学（Theoretische Kinematik ，Grundzge einer Theorie des Maschienenwesens，1875年）中的定义为“机械是多个具有抵抗力之物体的组合体，其配置方式使得能够借助它们强迫自然界的机械力做功，同时伴随着一定的确定运动。”总体来讲，机械就是能帮人们降低工作难度或省力的工具装置，像筷子、扫帚以及镊子一类的物品都可以被称为机械，他们是简单机械。而复杂机械就是由两种或两种以上的简单机械构成。通常把这些比较复杂的机械叫做机器。中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型

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