动词的时态和语态.docx

专题七 动词的时态和语态考点精讲1过去进行时过去进行时主要用来表达过去某个时间正在进行的行为或正存在的状态。(1)表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作，常与表示过去时间的状语then, at that moment, at that time, this time yesterday等连用。What were you doing this time last night?昨天晚上这个时候你在做什么?He was writing a book last year, but I dont know if he has finished it.他去年在写一本书，我不知他现在是否已经完成。(2)表示从过去某一时间的角度看将要发生的动作。常表示过去“渐渐，快要、越来越、马上”，常见的此类动词有come, go, start, begin, leave, arrive, get, become, turn等非持续性动词。偶尔有些持续性动词，如：do, stay, take等常表示过去“将要”。We were running out of the gas.我们的汽油快用光了。She told me that she was leaving for Italy the next day.她告诉我第二天就出发到意大利。(3)过去进行时与always, forever, constantly等时间状语连用时，表示说话者过去对某一事情的厌烦，不耐烦，褒扬等特殊情感。She was always ringing me up when l was in London.我在伦敦时她总不停地给我打电话。(表示厌烦)Joy was always complaining about her busy life.乔伊总不停地抱怨自己工作繁忙。(表示不耐烦)She was always helping others when she lived here.她住在这里时总是乐于帮助别人。(表示褒扬)2现在完成时现在完成时主要用来表示完成某事或某一动作持续到现在的状态。(1)表示说话时已经做完了某事。常与already, yet, now, just, by this time, so far等时间状语连用。I have already finished all the work.我已经做完了所有的工作。Janet has tidied up her study room.詹妮特已经清理好了自己的书房。Mr Smith has just left.史密斯先生刚走了。(2)表示过去的某一动作或行为一直持续到现在。动作发生在过去，但一直持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。常与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：all my life, all the time, all day, up to now, so far, in the past years, (ever) since then, (ever) since last year, since two years ago, (ever) since, for a long time等。I have lived in this city all my life.我一辈子都住在这里。Molly went to Japan last year. And I havent heard from her ever since.莫丽去年去的日本。自那以后我就再也没有收到她的来信。(3)在时间、条件等从句中，代替将来完成时。You shouldnt get off the bus until it has stopped.等车完全停止才能下车。Once you have promised，you should keep it.一旦许下诺言，务必遵守。题解考点We _ on our project day and night in the past two weeks. (2010年上海春招)A. had worked B. have workedC. will be working D. has been advised解题点悟B 句意：在过去的两个星期里，我们夜以继日地做那个项目。“in the past/ last+一段时间”意为“在过去的里”，与现在完成时连用，故选B。3过去完成时过去完成时主要用来指过去某一特定时间以前就完成的行为。(1)表示在过去某一时刻或动作之前已完成的动作，即“过去的过去”。这个过去的时刻常用by, before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示，也可以用一个表示过去的动作或上下文来表示。By the end of yesterday, we had received over 1,000 letters from all over the world.到昨天为止，我们已经收到了来自世界各地的1000多封信。I had just finished half of the work by yesterday.到昨天为止我刚完成了一半任务。(2)动词hope, wish, plan, want, mean, intend, attempt, thought, expect等表示“打算、计划、希望、试图、认为”等的动词用于过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或打算，意思是“本打算(本计划、本希望、本认为)做而未做”。I had hoped to be back last night, but I didnt catch the train.我本希望昨晚回来的，但没赶上火车。We had planned to go on a picnic yesterday, but it was raining.我们本计划昨天去野餐，可一直下雨。The boy had meant to come in but the teacher refused him.男孩本想进来，可老师拒绝他进入。4现在完成进行时(1)现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在(这种动作可能刚停止，也有可能继续进行，需要根据上下文判断)。这个时态多用持续性动词，如：live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，并常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since(自从)和for(经历)所引导的短语或状语从句连用(与since和for连用时，动作常会继续下去)。I have been waiting for an hour and he still hasnt turned up.我已等了一个小时了，可他还没来。(显然还要等下去)Im very tired. Ive been working all morning.我很累，我干了一上午的活了。(有可能继续，有可能不再继续)(2)现在完成进行时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行，而是在断断续续地重复。Youve been saying for a year that you will study abroad.你一年都在说要出国学习。Youve been losing things all the time.你一直在丢东西。I have been seeing Professor Brown recently.我最近频频见到布朗教授。(3)现在完成进行时强调长时间地做某事。I have been waiting for you for a long time.我已经等你很长时间了。I have been looking forward to your letter for a whole year.我一整年都盼着你的来信。(4)现在完成进行时有时带有强烈的表扬或厌恶等感情色彩。Weve been looking forward to our summer vacation.我们一直盼望着暑假。I have been wanting to meet you for a long time.和你见面是我盼望已久的事了。Too much have been happening today.今天真是一个多事的日子。You know, you really have been making things terriblv difficuIt for him.你要知道，你也真是太为难他啦。题解考点Over the past decades, sea ice _ in the Arctic as a result of global warming. (2009年浙江)A. had decreased B. decreasedC. has been decreasing D. is decreasing解题点悟C 句意：由于全球变暖，十多年来北极的海冰一直在减少。根据时间状语Over the past decades，可知句子的时态应为现在完成时，另外，全球变暖并未停止，冰山融化仍在进行，所以要使用现在完成进行时，故选C。5将来完成时(1)将来完成时表示在将来某一时间之前完成的动作，并往往对将来某一时间产生影响，它常与表将来的时问状语连用。I shall have finished reading the book by the end of this week.我将在本周末之前读完这本书。Before long, he will have forgotten all about the matter.不久以后，他就会把这件事全忘了。(2)将来完成时也可与ever, never, soon等时间状语连用。Will you soon have finished laying the table?你会很快把餐具摆好吗?Will they ever have done with their talking?他们谈话还有完没有?(3)将来完成时往往可和时间或条件状语从句连用。When I have done that, I shall have done all l was supposed to do.我做完这件事，就做了我全部应该做的事了。If you come at seven oclock, I shall not yet have finished dinner.如果你7点钟来，我还没有吃完晚饭。8不同时态的被动语态(1)一般现在时，构成是“am/is/are+过去分词”。He is loved by all his pupils.他受所有学生的爱戴。Therefore, the Grammys are not taken seriously by some musicians or music fans,因此，格莱美并不为某些音乐家或音乐迷所看重。题解考点The employees _ that they should renew their contracts within a week. (2010年上海春招)A. advise B. have advisedC. are advised D. had been advised解题点悟C 句意：那些雇员被建议在一个星期内续签合同。根据句意可知，employees与advise之间是被动关系，所以A、B两项不正确；此外，句中并没有“过去的过去”之意，所以D项也不正确；叙述的是客观情况，所以用一般现在时，故选C。(2)般过去时，构成是“was/were+过去分词”。I was brought up by my aunt.我是由姑姑带大的。Researchers were brought in from all over China to develop the new system.全国各地的研究人员被汇集在一起开发新的(水稻)品系。(3)一般将来时，构成是“will/shall+be+过去分词”。shall主要用于第一人称I/we; will可用于各种人称。I shall be given a chance to play in this game again.我将获得再一次进行比赛的机会。Otherwise, he will soon be abandoned by his company and his fans.否则他将很快地被他的公司和歌迷抛弃。注意：含有be going to, be about to, be to表示将来的被动语态。1)be going to be done 表示“打算被做”。The plan is going to be carried out next week. 计划准备下周执行。George is going to be promoted. 乔治将被提升。2)be about to be done表示“眼下将要被做”。The car is about to be repaired. 这辆汽车马上就要修了。The work is about to be finished. 工作马上就做好了。3)be to be done 表示“按照计划、规定、要求或必须被做”。The book is to be published next year. 这本书明年将被出版。A computer center is to be set up very soon. 一个新的计算机中心很快就会建立。(4)现在进行时，构成是“am/is/are +being+过去分词”。The school library is now being built. 学校图书馆正在建设中。In addition，many sea creatures are being wiped out by fishing boats. 此外，大量的海洋生物正在被捕鱼般捕灭杀绝。题解考点Hi Terry，can I use your computer for a while this afternoon?Sorry. _. (2009年江苏)A. ItS repaired B. It has been repairedC. Its being repaired D. It had been repaired解题点悟C 根据答语中sorry 可知，电脑正在修理当中，所以应该使用现在进行时的被动语态。(5)过去进行时，构成是“was/were +being+过去分词”。The hall was being built last year. Im not sure if it is completed. 这个大厅去年正在修建，我不知道现在完成了没有。In both China and Rome at that time，poetry，literature and philosophy were being developed. 那时，在中国和罗马，诗歌、文学和哲学正在兴起。(6)现在完成时，构成是“have/has +been+过去分词”。The work has been finished. 这个工作已经做完了。All these products have been tested. 所有这些产品都经过了测试。Has the sports meet been put off until next Friday?运动会已经推迟到下周五了吗?(7)过去完成时，构成足“had +been+过去分词”。Had the fire been put out when the firefighters arrived?消防队员到达时火已经扑灭了吗?The room had been broken into before we came. 我们来之前已经有人强行进过这个屋子。(8)将来完成时，构成是“will/shall have +been+过去分词”。The design will have been done by the end of this week. 这个设计在本周末会做完。Will all the photos have been developed by tomorrow?所有照片明天就能冲洗好吗?注意：1)含有情态动词的被动语态。Your work must be finished by tomorrow. 你的工作必须明天完成。When can my computer be repaired?我的电脑什么时候能修好?2)有一些短语动词相当于及物动词，也可以用被动语态。注意后面的副词或介词不能够漏掉。I was brought up in a small village. 我是在一个小村庄里长大的。His new theory was laughed at by many scientists at that time. 当时他的新学说遭到许多科学家的嘲笑。7. 被动语态与系表结构(1)被动表动作，系表表状念或情况。The window glass was broken by the little boy. 窗户玻璃是被小男孩打碎的。(被动语态表示动作)The window glass was broken. 窗户玻璃碎了。(系表结构表示状态)(2)被动语态常由介词by 引出发出动作的对象，而系表结构中常用其他介词，如about，at，in，on，with，over，to等。Im interested in my own hobbies，such as collecting stamps，raising birds and fishing. 我对自己的爱好很感兴趣，如集邮、养鸟、钓鱼等。(系表结构)I was interested by what you showed me. 你给我看的东西让我很感兴趣。(被动语态)(3)系表结构常用very，quite，rather，too，so， more，most等词修饰，被动结构常用greatly等词语修饰。Im quite satisfied with your work. 我对你的工作相当满意。(系表结构)We were greatly moved by what the little boy did. 我们被那个小男孩的所作所为深深地感动了。(被动语态)(4)被动语态一般由“助动词be+过去分词构成”。系表结构除了与be连用之外，还可以用其他动词替换。如become，get，turn，sound，lie，look，re- main，seem，appear等。She became interested in maths. 她开始对数学感兴趣。(系表结构)The work remained unfinished. 这项工作依然未完成。(系表结构)注意：在口语和非正式的语体中，常用“get+过去分词”表示被动语态。Be careful not to get burnt in the sun. 在太阳下小心不要被太阳晒伤。I got caught in a heavy rain last night. 昨晚我遇上了大雨。8. 不可转换为被动句的主动句(1)谓语动词为某些状态动词时主动句中谓语动词是表状态的动词，如have，own，possess，want等时不可用被动句。We own a beautiful garden. 我们有一个美丽的花园。A manager should possess honesty，bravery and creativity. 一个管理者应该拥有诚实、勇敢和创新的品质。(2)受宾语的限制时当宾语是反身代词或相互代词、表示地点的名词、不定式短语、动词的-ing形式等时，一般不能变成被动句。We should help each other whatever happens. 不管发生了什么，我们都应当相互帮助。You can help your self to some fish. 你可以随便吃点鱼。The workers demanded to get higher pay. 工人强烈要求加薪。Richard enjoys listening to music while workin9. 理查德在工作时喜欢听音乐。(3)带有复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)的主动语态变为被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动语态的主语原来的宾语补足语不动。同时，如果宾语补足语是省略to的动词不定式，变为被动语态时，必须加l：不定式符号 to. 这类动词有make，let，see，hear，watch等。We find English very useful. English is found very useful. 我们发现英语很有趣。I often hear him sing in his room. He is often heard to sing in his room. 我经常听到他在房间里唱歌。9. 主动表被动的情况(1)某些连系动词，如sound，taste，feel，look, appear，seem，prove等，可用主动形式表示被动意义。Your idea sounds great. 你的主意听起来不错。The cloth feels smooth. 这种布料摸起来很光滑。The dish tastes delicious. 这道菜尝起来很好吃。(2)有些不及物动词(其主语大多指物)可以表达被动意义。1)某些可用来表示主语内在“品质”或“性能”的动词，其后常跟一个副词，如lock，shut，open，read， write，sell，wash，clean，draw，cut，translate等。The door locks easily. 门很好锁。The cloth washes easily. 这布料很好洗。The Den writes smoothly. 钢笔写起字来很流畅。The book doesnt sell well. 这本书不畅销。2)某些表示“发生”的动词(短语)，如happen， take place，occur, break out，burst out等没有被动语态。The fire broke out during the night. 大火是夜间发生的。The meeting takes place next Monday. 会议下周一举行。The story happened in the 1980s. 故事发生在20世纪80年代。Heavy rains occur during a summer monsoon. 暴雨出现在一个夏季季风期。(3)有些介词短语作表语，主动形式表示被动意义。The question is now under discussion. 这个问题正在被讨论。More buildings are under construction. 更多的楼房正在被修建。Your application for this post is under consideration. 正在考虑你对这个职位的申请。易 混 点1. 过去进行时和一般过去时的辨析过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作：一般过去时表示过去发生的一个单纯事实，往往已经完成。Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚给她朋友写了一封信。(信写完了)Mary was writing a letter to her friend last night. 玛丽昨晚在给她朋友写信。(信不一定写完)I was seeing a film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我在看一部电影。(强调动作)I saw a film yesterday evening. 昨天晚上我看了一部电影。(强调事实)题解考点 You speak very good French!Thanks. I _ French in Sichuan University for four years . (2009年四川)A. studied B. studyC. was studying D. had studied解题点悟A 句意：你法语说得真好!谢谢。我曾在四川大学学了四年的法语。联系语境可知，答话人说他在四川大学学了四年法语，指的是过去的事，所以现在才说得很好，表示过去发生的一个单纯事实，故选A。2. 现在完成时与一般过去时的辨析这两个时态都谈过去已发生的事，主要差别是现在完成时表示的动作与现在有关系，或是对现在有影响；而一般过去时单纯谈过去的事，与现在没有联系，因此凡是有过去时间状语时，只能用一般过去时。He has gone back to his native town. 他回故乡去了。(说明他现在仍在故乡)He went back to his native town last month. 他上个月回故乡去了。(只说明他是上个月回故乡去过，并没说明他现在是否在故乡)3. 现在完成进行时和现在完成时的辨析(1)现在完成时表示动作已完成，着重结果；现在完成进行时表示动作的进行，强调动作的持续性。I have watered the flowers. 我已经给花浇过水了。(已完成，你不必浇了)I have been watering the flowers. 我一直在给花浇水。(未完成，一直在浇)(2)状态动词、知觉动词或情感动词，如：see， feel，know，love等，不可用于现在完成进行时，但可用于现在完成时。I have known her for a long time. 我认识她已很久了。(正)I have been knowing her for a long time. (误)I havent seen him these days. 这些日子我没有见过他。(正)I havent been seeing him these days. (误)题解考点 Im sure Andrew will win the first prize in the final. I think so. He _ for it for months . (2008年江苏)A. is preparing B. was preparingC. had been preparing D. has been preparing解题点悟D 句意：我确信安德鲁在决赛中会赢得第一名。我也这么认为，他为此准备了好几个月了。现在完成进行时表示动作的进行，强调动作的持续性，故选D。4. 过去完成时与现在完成时的比较过去完成时与现在完成时都常同表示一段时间的状语连用，如for a week，for two years，for a long time等，但现在完成时表示的是延续到现在或同现在有关的动作；而过去完成时表示的是过去某时之前已经完成或延续到过去某时的动作(句中有表示过去特定时间的状语)。She had been ill for a week before she came back. 她在回来之前就生病一个星期了。(到过去某时间)。She has been ill for a week. 她生病一个星期了。(到现在仍生病)5. 过去完成时、过去完成进行时与现在完成进行时的辨析(1)过去完成进行时与过去进行时过去完成进行时强调动作在过去某一时刻之前，一直在持续；而过去进行时强调的是过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。Last night I had been reading a novel when the bell rang. 到昨天晚上铃响时，我一直在读一本小说。(一直在读)Last night I was reading a novel when the bell rang. 昨天晚上铃响时，我正在读一本小说。(当时正在读)(2)过去完成进行时与现在完成进行时过去完成进行时是以“过去”某一时间为前提的；而现在完成进行时是以“现在”为前提的。She had been waiting for you when I met her. 我遇见她的时候，她还在等着你。(直到那时)She has been waiting for you since you left. 你离开以后，她一直在等着你。(直到现在)考点精练能力探测一、用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. A new railway _ (build) here. They hope to finish it next month.2. I should very much like to have gone to the birthday party of this, but I _ (not invite) .3. The young woman will stop showing off, if no notice _ (take) of her.4. My mind wasnt on what he was saying, so Im afraid I _ (miss) half of it.5. When will you come to see me, dad? I will go to see you when you _ (finish) the training course.6. Remember the famous saying that action _ (speak) louder than words.二、单句改错(每句只有一处错误)。7. This park was belonged to the Whites until last century.8. The theory was proved correct as early as the last century.9. It gets hotter and hotter as summer is coming.10. Monica has fallen ill for more than a week.11. When we got there, we found that they had left twenty minutes ago.12. It is estimated that the total cost of the trip will be cost over one thousand dollars.13. There is no doubt that his new novel is sold well in this bookstore.14. As you get older, you may notice that your hearing is not as sharp as it once is.15. At table the young father told his son that the earth moved around the sun.真题连线1. Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? No, I _ my homework all day yesterday. (2010年全国I)A. was doing B. would doC. had done D. do2. The discovery of gold in Australia led thousands to believe that a fortune. (2010年全国I)A. is made B. would makeC. was to be made D. had made3. This coastal area _ a national wildlife reserve last year. (2010年湖南)A. was named B. namedC. is named D. names4. Peter, where did you guys go for the summer vacation? We _ busy with our work for months, so we went to the beach to relax ourselves. (2010年江苏)A. were B. have beenC. had been D. will be5. Were you surprised by the ending of the film? No, I _ the book, so I already knew the story. (2010年安徽)A. was reading B. had readC. am reading D. have read6. His sister left home in 1998, _ and since. (2009年全国I)A. had not been heard ofB. has not been heard ofC. had not heard ofD. has not heard of7. Edward, you play so well. But I _ you played the piano. (2009年全国I)A. didnt know B. hadnt knownC. dont know D. havent known8. According to the literary review, Shakespeare _ his characters live through their language in his plays. (2009年福建)A. will make B. had madeC. was making D. makes9. When he _ the door, he found his keys were nowhere. (2009年湖南)A. would open B. openedC. had opened D. was to open10. What do you think of the movie? Its fantastic. The only pity is that I _ the beginning of it. (2009年浙江)A. missed B. had missedC. miss D. would miss11. Progress _ so far very good and we sure that the work will be finished on time.(2009年全国II)A. was B. had been C. has been D. will be12. She stared at the painting, wondering where she _ it. (2009年重庆)A. saw B. has seen C. sees D. had seen13. Ive got to go now. Must you ? I_ you could stay for dinner with us. (2009年重庆)A. think B. thoughtC. have thought D. am thinking14. My parents _ in Hong Kong. They were born there- and have never lived anywhere else.(2009年天津)A. 1ive B. 1ivedC. were living D. will