定语从句讲解_免费下载.doc

定语从句在复合句中充当定语的从句叫定语从句。定语从句的作用相当于形容词，用来修饰主句中的某一名词或代词或整个主句，所以，也称作形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。在先行词和定语从句之间起连接作用的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词两种。一、关系代词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系代词主要有who, whom, whose, which, that等。它们分别代替前面的先行词，并在定语从句中作主语、宾语或定语。Awho指人，在定语从句中作主语。 e.g. What was the name of the man who lent you the money? 借钱给你的那人叫什么名字？ He who laughs last laughs best. 谁笑到最后谁笑得最好。 The chairman of the meeting, who spoke first, sat on my right. 会议主席坐在我右边，他先发言。Bwhom指人，在定语从句中做宾语。在口语或非正式文体中，whom可省略或可用who来代替，但在介词后面以及在非限制性定语从句中只能用whom。e.g. There are some people (whom/who) we like and others (whom/ who) we dislike. 有些人我们是喜欢的，有些人则是我们讨厌的。The people (whom/who) I work with are all friendly.和我一起工作的人都很友好。 Mr. Carter, whom I spoke to on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.昨晚我在电话里和卡特先生交谈过，他对我们的计划很感兴趣。（非限制性定语从句中不能用who代替whom） Two men , neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office. 两个人来到我的办公室，我以前从未见过他们。（在介词后面不用who）Cwhose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语，后面要紧跟被修饰的名词。e.g. There are some people whose faces you can never forget. 有些人，他们的脸你永远难以忘怀。 I saw some trees whose leaves were black because of the polluted air. 我看见一些树的树叶由于空气污染而发黑。（定语从句修饰行词trees）Dwhich 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语。做宾语时常可省略。 e.g. English is a language which is easy to learn. 英语是一门容易学的语言。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） This is a folk song which is now very popular. 这是目前非常流行的一首民谣（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The river which flows through London is the Thames. 流经伦敦的河叫泰晤士河。（which在定语从句中作主语，不能省略） The children like cookies (which) my wife makes. 孩子们喜欢我夫人做的饼干。(关系代词which作makes的宾语，可以省略) which引导的非限制性定语从句可以修饰前面的整个主句，相当于and this。 e.g. Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody. 吉姆通过了驾驶考试，这使大家都感到惊讶。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句， 而不是the driving test） Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity. 希拉不能来参加聚会，真遗憾。（定语从句修饰的是整个主句，而不是the party）which在非限制性定语从句中有时也可以作定语。e.g. John stayed here for a week, during which time we visited the West Lake together. 约翰在这里呆了一星期，在此期间我们一起游了西湖 It might snow this weekend, in which case we wont go to Beijing. 周末可能下雪，在这种情况下，我们就不去北京了。Ethat指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语（做宾语时常可省略）。e.g. He is the man that lives next door.他就是住在隔壁的那个人。 I dont like stories that have unhappy endings.我不喜欢结尾悲伤的故事。 The dress (that) Ann bought doesnt fit her very well. 安买的衣服不太合身。（定语从句修饰先行词the dress， that作宾语可省略） Is there anything (that) I can do for you?有我能为你效劳的事吗？（定语从句修饰先行词anything，that作宾语，可省略）提示：在口语中，that有时还可以作关系副词，相当于when或介词+which结构。e.g. We left the day (that) he arrived.他来的那一天，我们就走了。（that替when） He doesnt see things the way (that) we see them.他看问题的方法和我们不一样。（that代替in which） Imagine the speed (that) he drives his car!很难想象，他开车的速度那么快！ （that 代替at which）F其他关系代词: as也可作关系代词，引导定语从句。as可以在限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句中作主语或宾语。在限制性定语从句中，as可跟在由such, so, the same修饰的先行词之后。e.g. Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected. 那些对世界做出巨大贡献的人应受到极大的尊重。（as作主语）Ive never heard such stories as he tells.我从未听过像他讲的这样的故事。（as在定语从句中作tell的宾语）He lifted so heavy a stone as no one else can lift.他搬起别人都搬不起的大石头。（as在定语从句中lift的宾语）比较：the same.that 也常在定语从句中出现，但它表示“同一个，就是那一个”的意思；而the same.as表示“与同样的”但不是同一个。 e.g. This is the same book that I lost yesterday. 这就是我昨天丢的那本书。This is the same book as I lost yesterday. 这与我昨天丢的那本书一样。用于修饰整个主句的非限制性定语从句，它引导的从句可以位于主句前，主句后，也可位于主句中间。e.g. He is a great hero, as is described in the report.正如在报道中描述的那样，他是一个伟大的英雄。（as作主语，位于主句后）As we had expected, the plan worked out very well.正如我们预料，这个计划结果很好。（as作宾语，位于主句前）She, as we all know, can speak three foreign languages.正如我们都知道的那样，她会说三种外语。（as作宾语，位于主句中间）二、关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词主要有：when,where,why等在定语从句中作状语。关系副词在定语从句中一般不可省略。Awhen指时间，在从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time, day, date, morning, night, week, year等表示时间的名词。e.g. Do you know the date when Lincoln was born?你知道林肯的出生日期？（1809.2.12）I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。Bwhere where指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place，spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等表示地点的名词。 e.g. Can you tell me the office where he works? 你能告诉我他上班的办公室吗？This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这就是我去年呆过的山村。当先行词为某个方面、情况、阶段、位置、等词，即表示抽象概念的地点名词，如situation, stage, degree, point, case等表示方面或程度时用where。e.g. They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。I can think of many cases where students cant write a good article though having a large vocabulary.我能想到许多情形，学生们尽管有了很大的词汇量，却不能写出一篇好文章。C. why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason, 在定语从句中作原因状语。e.g. Is this the reason why she refused our offer?这就是她拒绝我们帮助她的理由吗？I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因的。提出问题：在定语从句中只要看到先行词是时间名词、地点名词、reason就相对应选用when,where,why吗？当然不是，首先要分析句子结构，只有当先行词作从句状语时，而当先行词在从句中作主语、宾语时，应用that，which或不填。e.g. Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗？ Do you still remember the days that/which /不填 we pent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗？e.g. This is the school where we study every year.This is the school that/which we visited yesterday.I dont believe the reason why he is absent?I dont believe the reason that/which he gave me?关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语，而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此，在选择关系词时，最重要的是分析一下定语从句中所缺少的成分。三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句当先行词在定于从句中作介词的宾语时，往往可以把介词放在关代词之前，构成“介词+关系代词（whom/which）”结构。“介词+which”相当于when, where, why等。确定介词时：依据定于从句中动词所需要的某种习惯搭配，依据先行词的某种习惯搭配，根据所要表达的意思来确定。e.g. Ill never forget the days on which (when) we studied together. 我永远忘不了我们一起学习的日子。 This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born. 这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。 Theres no reason for which (why) we shouldnt be friends. 我们没有理由不能成为朋友。注意：有一些短语东西如look after，look for, call on 等中的介词不能与动词分开，故不能放在关系代词之前。e.g. My youngest sister, after whom I have to look, is demanding. () My youngest sister, whom I have to look after, is demanding. (P) 我得照看我的小妹妹，真是让人费神。定语从句中需要注意的问题：一、常用that不用which的情况1.当先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, much, little, none, one等不定代词时，只用that。歌诀助记：不定代词这路货，全用that准没错。e.g. Pay attention to everything that I do. 2.当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。歌诀助记：先行词前被限定，千万不要用which. e.g. This is the best novel (that) I have read. 3.如果出现两个或两个以上的先行词，并同时兼指人和物时，关系代词用that。歌诀助记：两项并列人与物，引导定从用that. e.g. They were talking about the person and things that they remembered in school. 4.当先行词被the only, the last, the way, the same等等修饰时。e.g. This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 5.在疑问词which开头的特殊疑问句中为了避免重复只用that。e.g. Which of the students that knows something about history. 6.当先行词被all, every, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，只用that。e.g. He has little time that he can spare. 7.当被修饰的成分是数词时，（被修饰成分是代名词one，指人时除外）只用that. e.g. Ive got one that you might be interested in.8.当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中也作表语时，只用that.e.g. Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.9.以here/there 开头的句子只用that.e.g. Here is a hotel that youve been looking for.二、用which，不用that的情况1、引导非限制性定语从句e.g. Football, which is an interesting game, is played al