高三二轮阅读理解微技能专项训练之细节理解与推理判断.doc

高三二轮阅读理解微技能专项训练之细节理解与主旨大意I.解读2015最新考试说明：要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息，做到（1） 理解文中具体信息（2） 作出判断和推理（3）根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义 (备注：在以往的考试说明中为“根据上下文推断单词的词义”）（4） 理解主旨要义（5） 理解作者的意图、观点和态度。（6） 理解文章的基本结构 II.分析近三年全国卷高考试题表1： 近3年课标高考英语卷阅读文体统计表201220132014（I）2014（II） A 篇应用文记叙文应用文记叙文 B篇说明文议论文记叙文议论文 C篇记叙文说明文议论文说明文 D篇议论文应用文说明文应用文 题材：人物、新闻、故事；社会、自然科学科普文章，广告、应用文，社会热点评论等 表2：近3年新课标卷“阅读理解”考点分布对比试卷题目类型主旨和要义作者意图、观点和态度 选择标题简单判断和推理推断生词词义具体信息 12年题数22152313年题数11050814年卷I题数12151514年卷II题数1014172014年卷I：“具体信息”题目较少，题目难度略有提高；2014年卷II：未考查“作者观点态度”，猜测词义（指代）2题。具体信息7题，总体难度较易。 阅读理解微技能训练之细节理解类I.细节理解题解题流程细节理解题无论以怎样的方式提问，考生都要记住一个解题原则“本本主义”，一切从原文出发，无须读很多段落甚至全文后去归纳总结、分析推理，正确答案就对应原文的某一处具体信息。可以用两步法解题。II细节理解题整体分析细节理解题要求考生对文章中的特定细节或具体事实进行判断和认定。一般来说，此类题目多属直接解答性问题，是高考阅读的四个题型中难度最小的一种。它的得分率相对较高，所占的比重较大，是我们做好阅读理解、夺取高分的基础，此类题目，只要细心就能做对。常见提问方式when, where, who, why, what 和 how 等提问或要求用此类信息补全句子，考查对应的六大信息内容，即 时间、地点、人物、原因、事件和方式。We can learn from the text / Para 2 that _. According to what _ said, _.Which of the following shows the right order of what happened to the diary?Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the text? 细节理解的解题技巧： 1. 扫题干 2. 抓关键词 3.定位置4. 研选项(干扰项的特点)1) 以偏概全 与原句的内容相似，但在程度有变动 2) 无中生有 明显不是文章的信息3) 夸大/缩小 是原文信息，但故意增加或减少细节 4) 偷梁换柱 偷换文中细小信息5) 半真半假 信息部分正确，部分错误 6) 答非所问 是原文信息，但不是题干要求的内容III.细节理解类试题分类突破类型1.直接信息题：（此种类型试题所占比例很小）考法角度：答案几乎直接就可以从原文中找出来，设题常用who/what/where/why/how等提问。【典例精析】阅读片段1-2014江西卷Passage A Para 1 Larry was on another of his underwater expeditions(探险)but this time, it was different. He decided to take his daughter along with him. She was only ten years old. This would be her first trip with her father on what he had always been famous for. 56.In what way was this expedition different for Larry?A.His daughter had grown up.、 B.He had become a famous diver.C.His father would dive with him. D.His daughter would dive with him.阅读片段2 (2014新课标全国卷阅读理解B节选)Since the first Earth Day in 1970, Americans have gotten a lot “greener” toward the environment. “We didnt know at that time that there even was an environment, let alone that there was a problem with it，” says Bruce Anderson, president of Earth Day USA.Great improvement has been achieved. In 1988 there were only 600 recycling programs; today in 1995 there are about 6,600. Advanced lights, motors, and building designs have helped save a lot of energy and therefore prevented pollution.25According to Anderson, before 1970, Americans had little idea about _.Athe social movement Brecycling techniquesCenvironmental problems Dthe importance of Earth DaySummary _【我的应用】训练片段1-2014四川卷 Passage C Para1-2 A schoolgirl saved her fathers life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic (过敏的) reaction which stopped his heart. Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.39. Izzy kicked her father in the chest _ .A. to express her helplessness B. to practise CPR on himC. to keep him awake D. to restart his heart训练片段2-2015.3.烟台一模 Passage C Para 1Film director James Cameron first became interested in sea exploration when he was a little boyHis love for the ocean grew after he made the 1989 undersea adventure film The Abyss and the 1997 blockbuster Titanic，one of the most successful movies of all timeFollowing that big success，James Cameron decided to put his film career on hold to become an explorer28When did James Cameron become interested in the ocean?AWhen he was in his childhood BAfter his films The Abyss and TitanicCAfter he achieved great Success in movies DWhen he began to explore the deep sea alone类型2.间接类事实细节（此类试题占的比重较大，尤其是在全国卷中）考法角度：该类试题的选项不出现原文的直接信息，而是借助同义转换、概念解析、归纳事实等方法对原文信息进行适当变换。【典例精析】阅读片段3-2014年新课标全国卷I Passage B Para 1&2 Passenger pigeons (旅鸽)once flew over much of the United States in unbelievable numbers.Written accounts from the 18th and 19th centuries described flocks (群)so large that they the sky for hours. It was calculated that when it population reached its highest point ,they were more than 3billlionpassenger pigeonsa number equal to 24 to 40 percent of the total bird population in the United States, making it perhaps the most abundant bird in the world. Even as late as 1870 when their numbers had already become smaller, a flock believed to be 1 mile wide and 320 miles (about 515 kilometers) long was seen near Cincinnati.24. In the 18thand early 19teh centuries, passenger pigeons_A. were the biggest bird in the world B. lived mainly in the south of AmericaC. did great harm to the natural environment D. were the largest bird population in the US阅读片段4-2013年新课标全国卷I Passage C Para 1 The baby is just one day old and has not yet left hospital. She is quiet but alert (警觉). Twenty centimeters from her face researchers have placed a white card with two black spots on it. She stares at it carefully. A researcher removes the card and replaces it by another, this time with the spots differently spaced. As the cards change from one to the other, her gaze starts to lose its focusuntil a third, with three black spots, is presented. Her gaze returns: she looks at it for twice as long as she did at the previous card. Can she tell that the number two is different from three, just 24 hours after coming into the world？.The experiment described in Paragraph 1 is related to the babys _.Asense of hearingBsense of sight Csense of touch Dsense of smellSummary _【我的应用】训练片段3- 2014安徽省模拟试题 Passage A Para 1 Movie world is the only movie-related theme park in Australia. With one of the best roller coaster on the coast and a good handful of movie-related rides, you will experience a fun-filled adventure with the glamour(魅力） of Hollywood. Get “behind the scenes” movie information and stunt shows to keep the whole family entertained for the best part of a day.56.InMovieWorld,visitorscan_.A.getclosetosomeHollywoodstars B.learnabouthowmoviesaremadeC.watchthelatesthitsfromHollywood D.takepartinfilm-making训练片段4- 2014陕西卷 Passage C Para 2 According to Dr. Joseph Mercola, a health expert, the French see eating as an important part of their life style. They enjoy food and therefore spend a fairly long time at the table, while Americans see eating as something to be squeezed between the other daily activities. Mercola believes Americans lose the ability to sense when they are actually full. So they keep eating long after the French would have stopped. In addition, he points out that Americans drive to huge supermarkets to buy canned and frozen foods for the week. The French, instead, tend to shop daily, walking to small shops and farmers markets where they have a choice of fresh fruits, vegetables, and eggs as well as high-quality meats for each meal.53. In what way are the French different from Americans according to Dr. Joseph Mercola?A. They go shopping at supermarkets more frequently.B. They squeeze eating between the other daily activities.C. They regard eating as a key part of their lifestyles. D. They usually eat too much canned and frozen food.类型3.细节排序题-首尾定位法考法角度：排序题一般不是很多，但是可以出在各种文体中。记叙文通常以故事发生的线索为序；说明文通常以说明的先后为序；而议论文通常以逻辑线索为序，比如解决问题的方法等。【典例精析】阅读片段5 -2014年四川卷 Passage C Para 2-6 Izzy, nine, restarted father Colms heart by stamping (踩) on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing. Izzys mother, Debbie, immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father, so decided to use CPR. However, she quickly discovered her arms werent strong enough, so she stamped on her fathers chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions (按压) until the ambulance arrived. Izzy, who has been given a bravery award by her school, said: I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasnt strong enough to use hands. I was quite scared. The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”Whats the right order of the events?Izzy kicked Colm.Debbie called 999. Izzy learned CPR. Colms heart stopped.A. 3124 B. 4231 C. 3421 D. 4312Summary _【我的应用】训练片段5 So how does a new bike scheme work ? First you have to sign up as a member to be sent a key. The key will unlock one of the bikes, which are kept in appointed places in or around central London.You have to pay an access for the key and then you pay according to the length of time you use the bike. If you want to hire a bike,in which order will you do ?a. Pay for the key to a bike b. Sign up as a member to get a key c. get the bike in and around central London d. Pay according to the time you use the bikeA. b-a-c-d B. b-d-c-a C. d-c-b-a D. d-b-c-a类型4.数字计算题-查读分析法考法角度：题目一般涉及时间的长短、年龄的大小、数量的多少等。一般要通过原文中两个或两个以上的数字运算才能得出答案。这些数字信息有的在原文中的位置相对集中，但是很多时候比较分散，要注意这些数字信息之间的紧密联系，以便选出答案。【典例精析】阅读片段6-2014年山东卷Passage B Para 1 It was one of those terribly hot days in Baltimore. Needless to say, it was too hot to do anything outside. But it was also scorching in our apartment. This was 1962, and I would not live in a place with an air conditioner for another ten years. So my brother and I decided to leave the apartment to find someplace indoors. He suggested we could see a movie. It was a brilliant plan.In which year did the author first live in a place with an air conditioner?A. 1952 B. 1962 C. 1972 D. 1982Summary ：_【我的应用】训练片段6- 2013福建卷 Passage C 2012 American Silver Eagle CoinYour cost 1-4 Coins $38.95 each + s/h 5-9 Coins $38.45 each + s/h10-19 Coins $37. 95 each + s/h20-40 Coins $37.45 each + s/hNote: $10 s/h (shipping and handling) for each purchase65. If you buy six 2012 U. S. Mint Silver Eagles by post, you should pay at least _.A. $230.7B. $233.7C. $240.7D. $243.7除此之外，细节题还有是非类的题目，通常设问方式为：Which of the following statements is TRUE/FALSE according to the text? 做此类型的题目要善于用排除法，果断排除不正确的信息；如果读到感觉正确的信息也要抓紧时间回归文章，然后确认。 阅读理解微技能训练之主旨大意类I.主旨大意题解题流程要把主旨大意题放在最后做，因为考生需要读完全文才能把握文章主题，所以在解答此类题时，考生不要急于去找答案，不论它出现在什么位置都把它作为最后一道题来做。在做完另外几道题后，无疑会有助于考生加深对整个文章的理解。II.主旨大意题整体分析主旨大意题考查考生能否分辨主题和细节、是否具备提纲挈领的能力。大多会问及短文主题、标题、作者的写作意图、短文的学科分类及读者对象等。这类题型要求考生在阅读后进行概括，找出短文各要点间的内在联系和共性，从而归纳出短文的主旨和大意。1.常见的主题型题干：(包括文章大意和段落大意)（main idea, topic, subject, theme, ） the main ideas of this passage is that _.(填空式) the passage is mainly about _. the last paragraph is chiefly concerned with _. which of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the article?(问题式) what is the topic/subject of the article?(6) Which proverb best matches the story?(文意与成语匹配类)2. 常见标题型题干：（title, headline） the best title/headline for this passage might be _. which of the following is the best title for the passage?3. 常见目的型题干：(purpose) the authors main purpose in writing the passage is _. the passage is meant to _. the purpose of this article is _.正确选项特征 涵盖性强，覆盖全文。 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。干扰选项特征覆盖面太大、太笼统，大大超出了短文论述的范围。覆盖面偏窄，在内容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要点；仅为短文的某一要点甚至某一细节。与短文有部分交集，但偏离文章主题，有重叠但不重合。II.主旨大意题分类突破类型1.段落大意-瞻首顾尾，定位中心句考法角度：段落大意是指一篇文章各个段落的主要意思，是对一个段落基本内容的初步的概括。，各段的主题句也常在该段的首句或尾句，但是有时也可能没有主题句，这就需要大家进行归纳了。概括段落大意时，还要注意段落大意是否与全篇相符。【典例精析】阅读片段1-2013年北京卷Passage C Para 3 The phenomenon of tracking celebrities has been around for ages. In the 4th century B.C., painters followed Alexander the Great into battle, hoping to picture his victories for his admirers. When Charles Dickens visited America in the 19th century, his sold-out readings attracted thousands of fans, leading him to complain (抱怨) about his lack of privacy. Tabloids of the 1920s and 1930s ran articles about film-stars in much the same way that modern tabloids and websites do.64. What is the main idea of Paragraph 3?A. Great heroes of the past were generally admired. B. The problem faced by celebrities has a long history. C. Well-known actors are usually targets of tabloids. D. Works of popular writers often have a lot of readers.阅读片段2-2014年湖北卷 Passage C Para 1 Working with a group of baboons (迢堤拠) in the Namibian desert, Dr. Alecia Carter of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University set baboons learning tasks involving a novel food and a familiar food hidden in a box. Some baboons were given the chance to watch another baboon who already knew how to solve the task, while others had to learn for themselves. To work out how brave or anxious the baboons were, Dr. Carter presented them either with a novel food or a threat in the form of a model of a poisonous snake.59. What is the first paragraph mainly about?A. The design of Dr. Carters research. B. The results of Dr. Carters research.C. The purpose of Dr. Carters research. D. The significance of Dr. Carters research.Summary_【我的应用】训练片段1-2015年烟台市一模 My arts education at Pratt Institute has helped me develop a firm foundation in the artsThe courses I have completed at Pratt，along with my study abroad in Paris，has prepared me well for a position in arts educationI have always enjoyed a passion for the arts but my undergraduate (本科)education has taken my interest to a whole new levelI not only enjoy doing art but I find myself even more enthusiastic when I have the opportun ity to teach what I have learned22Paragraph 2 mainly tells us that _AGray tries to find chance to devote her rich art knowledge to children BGray has gotten her undergraduate education at college in ParisCGray had given up the art courses at Pratt Institute and left for ParisDthe education Gray has received makes her optimistic about the opportunity类型2.文章大意-主题句定位在做此类试题的时候要浏览首段、尾段或每段的首句和尾句，综合断定全文大意。 【典例精析】 阅读片段3 How can we measure intelligence? Experts are not completely certain about the answer to this question. However, in solving some problems, monkeys are better than other animals and this is agreed to be a sign of their high intelligence. In one experiment, the animals had to reach the food at the other side of a fence(栅栏)by walking round. Monkeys quickly saw the solution. Dogs were not so certain, while hens simply rushed at the fence, trying to reach the food directly. In the second step of the experiment, the animal could not walk round, but there was a rope connected to the food. Monkeys pulled the rope and the dogs didnt know what to do though they could easily pull the rope with their teeth.* The main idea of the passage is that_.A. monkeys are cleverer than other animals B. its difficult to measure intelligenceC. experts are trying to find a way to measure intelligence D. monkeys, dogs and hens are good animalsSummary _【我的应用】训练片段2-2014年临沂二模Passage D Homework will not be a concern for pupils attending a pioneering new secondary school in Norfolk. Instead , the l , 100 children will stay longer at school, doing extra study at school as part of the extended (延长的) school day, which could last until about 5 pm. Rather than setting homework that pupils could struggle with at home, where there may be limited access to computers, they will do that as independent study in the day. When they go home they should enjoy quality family time. That has been really well received by parents who respect the fact that family time will be family time. But the school would still expect youngsters to study at home ahead of important exams. The passage is mainly about ._.A. teachers who are asked to stay at school longer B. a school where children stay longer for homeworkC. homework which students have to deal with D. students who like quality school time with teachers类型3.标题归纳-精准全新好标题的特点：1）精-用精炼的语言概括文章的中心思想。 2) 准-要注意文章的内涵和外延，把作者的观点准确表达出来。3) 全-要排除片面的观点选取包含文章主要内容及作者观点的选项 4）新-要新颖，激发读者的阅读兴趣【典例精析】 阅读片段4-2014年湖北卷Passage B Londons newest skyscraper (摩天大楼) is called the Shard and it cost about 430 million pounds to build. At a height of almost 310 metres, it is the tallest building in Europe. The Shard has completely changed the appearance of London. However, not everyone thinks that it is a change for the better.58. Which would be the best title for the passage?A. The Shard: Cheers and Claps B. The Shard: Work of a Great ArchitectC. The Shard: New Symbol of London? D. The Shard: A Change for the Better?Summary _【我的应用】训练片段3 -2015潍坊市一模试题Passage B（文章略） 27Which of the following can be the best title for the text?AThe age of charity BThe changing faces of charityCIn search of new faces DFrom computer base to charity centre 经典应用 2013年北京卷Passage D People who multitask all the time may be the worst at do