【精品】人体解剖生理学作业答案2007

第一章第一章 Study questions 1 Distinguish between the study of anatomy and the study of physiology 描述解剖学和生理学 之间的不同 Anatomy is the study of the structure of body parts And physiology is the study of the function of the body parts Anatomy and Physiology are closely connected in that the structure of an organ suits its function 2 Cite an example that shows the relationship between the structure and function of body parts Answer the stomach s pouch like shape and ability to expand are suitable to its function of storing food 3 List the levels of organization within the human body in reference to a specific organ Answer atom molecule macromolecule cell organ 4 区别矢状面 横截面和冠状面 答 矢状面是从人体的中央把人分成左右两部分的面 横截面是从人体的中央把人体分成 上下两部分的平面 冠状面是从人体的中央把人体分成前后两部分的平面 5 区别人体的主体和附属部分并列出不少于两个的关于头部 胸 腹或四肢的解剖术语 答 主题部分包括头 颈和躯干 躯干又包括胸部 腹部和盆骨 附属部分包括手臂和腿 Cephalic 头的 palmar 手掌的 frontal 额的 oral 口腔的 nasal 鼻的 vertebral 脊椎的 pelvic 骨盆的 lumbar 腰的 6 辨别前体腔和后体腔并分别写出其中的两个小体腔 答 身体前半部的体腔即前体腔 后半部的体腔即后体腔 前体腔包括 胸腔 腹腔和盆腔 后体腔包括 颅腔和脊腔 7 Name the four quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity use the following terms to divide the abdominopelivic cavity into nine regions epigastic umbilical hypogastric hypochondric lumbar and iliac 说出四个象限中的腹腔名称 再把这些腹腔分成 9 个器官 脐部 腹上部 腹下部 左右 腰部 左右髂骨区 左右肋根区 答 1 这四个象限为 右上 左上 右下 左下象限 2 脐部 在其中间和其四周部分 腹上部 处于脐部正上方 腹下部 处于脐部正下方 腰部 处在脐部的左右两侧 髂骨区 处在脐部的下部两侧 8 name the major organ systems and describe the general function of each 循环系统 心脏 血管 脾 淋巴管 经血液运输物质 调节酸碱平衡 保证免于疾 病和体液流失 运送营养物质到全身各处 并 带走废物 呼吸系统 鼻 咽 喉 气管 肺 提供氧并排出二氧化碳 帮助调节酸碱平衡 消化系统 舌 牙齿 咽 食管 大肠 消化吸收食物供细胞利用并排除残渣 泌尿系统 肾 膀胱 输尿管 尿道 过滤血液和调节化学成分 液体容积和血液的 电解质平衡 骨骼系统 骨 软骨 关节 韧带 支持 保护 运动 血细胞生成的地方 肌肉系统 肌肉 肌腱 引起身体运动 保持平衡姿势 产生人体所需热量 皮肤系统 皮肤 毛发 指甲 汗腺 皮脂腺 支持皮下组织 神经系统 脑 脊髓 神经 感觉器 对环境的变化做出反应 推理 论证 协调身体平衡 内分泌系统 内分泌腺 化学调控和整和人体活动 生殖系统 生殖腺 生殖器 产生配子和性激素 9 List the major organs found within each organ system Integumentary system skin hair nails sweat glands and sebaceous gland Skeletal system skull hyoid bone vertebral column thoracic cage girdles and limbs Muscular system skeletal muscle cardiac muscle and smooth muscle Nervous system brain spinal cord sense organ Endocrine system hypophysis thymus Circulatory system heart blood vessels Respiratory system lungs trachea Digestive system mouth esophagus stomach small intestine large intestine Lymphatic system lymphatic vessels spleen lymph wades thymus red bone marrow Urinary system kidney Reproductive system penis testis oraries uterus 10 Define homeostasis and explain its importance Homeostasis means that the human body s internal environment remains relatively constant regardless of the conditions in the external environment Explain 1 Blood glucose concentration remains at about 0 1 2 The PH of the blood is always near 7 4 3 Blood pressure in the brachial artery average near 120 80 4 Blood temperature averages around 37 degree Translation 动态平衡是指将人体内环境维持在一个相对稳定的状态 不受外界干扰 重要性 血糖含量大约为 0 1 血液的 PH 值接近 7 4 血压为 120 80 体温维持在 37 度 左右 Objective questions 1 match the terms in the key to the relationships given in question 1 5 1 the esophagus in relationship to the stomach superior 上侧 2 the ears in relation to the nose lateral 外侧 3 the shoulder in relation to the hard proximal 近侧 4 the intestines in relation to the vertebrae anterior 前侧 5 the rectum in relation to the mouth inferior 下侧 6 buttocks gluteal 臀的 7 palm palmar 手掌的 8 back of head occipital 后头部的 9 mouth oral 口的 10 skin cutaneous 皮肤的 11 armpit axillary 腋的 12 neck cervical 颈的 13 stomach abdominal cavity 腹腔 14 heart thoracic cavity 胸腔 15 urinary bladder 膀胱 spinal cavity 脊髓腔 16 brain cranial cavity 颅腔 17 liver 肝脏 腹腔 18 small intestine 小肠 pelvic cavity 盆腔 19 thyroid gland endocrine system 20 lungs respiratory system 21 heart circulatory system 22 ovaries reprochcctive system 23 brain nervous system 24 stomach digestive system 25 kidneys urinary system 26 A n organ 器官 is composed of several types of tissues and performs a particular function 27 The imaginary plane that passes through the midline of the body is called the midsagittal 矢 状平面 plane 28 all the organ systems of the body together function to maintain organism 生物体 a relative constancy of the internal environment Chapter 2 Study Question 1 describe the composition of an atom and explain the weight and charge of an atom s components p 17 描述一个原子的构成并说明原子的重量和电荷 答 原子由质子 中子 电子组成 化学中以碳原子质量的十二分之一为一个原子质量单 位 其约等于一个质子或一个中子的质量 一个原子的重量为质子和中子个数和的原子质 量单位 一个质子带一个单位的正电荷 一个电子带一个单位负电荷 当原子中质子和电 子数相等时 原子呈电中性 2 give an example of an ionic reaction and define the term ion p 18 给出一个离子反应的例子 并对离子下定义 答 H OH H2O 离子是一种带有正电荷或负电荷的粒子 3 state the function of some important ions in the body p 18 20 K Na 在肌肉收缩和神经传导中起重要作用 Cl 主要形成胃酸 HCl Ca 骨骼和牙齿的重要成分 对肌肉收缩十分重要 PO 组成骨骼 牙齿 ATP 和核酸等的重要成分 4 Fe2 主要存在于血红蛋白中 与氧气结合 H NH HCOOH 维持人体的酸碱平衡 4 3 4 give an example of a covalent reation and define the term covalent bond p 18 20 给出一个共价反应的例子 并确定共价键类型 Key when oxygen reacts with two hydrogen atoms water is formed 当氧气和两个氢原子反应时 生成一个水分子 共价键类型为极性共价键 5 what are electrolytes and how are they important p 21 电解质是什么 它是如何显的重要 答 物质溶于水分解生成离子 就称为电解质 电解质能够平衡血液和肌体组织 血液 机体组织中的电解质平衡对身体健康很重要 因为它能影响重要器官的功能 例如 心脏 大脑 and release ions when put into water are called eltralytes 6 on the PH scale which numbers indicate a basic solutions An acidic solution p 22 在 PH 值中 哪一个标值显示碱性 哪一个显示酸性 Key any PH value below 7 is acidic any PH value above 7 is basis PH 值在 7 以上称为碱性 在 7 以下得显酸性 7 what are buffers and why are they important to life p 22 Key a buffers is a chemical or a combination of chemicals that can take up excess H or excess OH When an acid is add to a buffed solution the buffer takes up excess H and when a base is added to a buffered solution the buffer takes up excess OH maintain the H at a contain level 缓冲器是一种化学物质或化学物质的混合物 它能吸收多余的 H 和 OH 当酸加入缓冲 溶液 缓冲器吸收多余的 H 当碱加入缓冲溶液 缓冲器吸收多余的 OH 血液 PH 约为 7 4 否则人会生病 缓冲器则就维持了人体的 PH 浓度在一个稳定水平 8 name a monosaccharide disaccharide and polysaccharide and state appropriate functions What is the most common unit molecule for these p 23 Key monosaccharide contains glucose fructose and galuctose Bisaccharide contains mattose and sucrose Polysaccharide contains glycogen strarch and cellulose Glycogen is the cell primary energy source Glycogen is the storage from glucose in human Strarch is the storage from of glucose plants Strarch is an important source of glucose energy in diet because it can be hydrolyzed to glucose digestive enzymes Cellulse is unable to digested and may help prerent colon cancer The glucose is the most common unite molecule for these 单糖包括葡萄糖 果糖和半乳糖 二糖包括麦芽糖和蔗糖 乳糖 多糖包括糖元 淀粉和纤维素 葡萄糖是细胞能量的来源 糖元是葡萄糖在人体的主要存储形式 淀粉是葡萄糖在植物种的主要存储形式 淀粉能被水解成葡萄糖 在消化道内 因此是从食物中或得葡萄糖的主要来源 纤维素在消化道内不能被消化 它可以有助于预防肠癌 葡萄糖是上面这些物质得最常见的分子 9 what type of unit molecules react to form a molecule of fat Explain the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid p 24 Key glycerol reacts with fatty acids form fat saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the carbon atoms the carbon chain is saturated Unsaturated fatty acids have double bonds in the carbon chain 甘油与脂肪酸反应形成脂肪 饱和脂肪酸没有双键 碳链是饱和的 不饱和脂肪酸在碳链中有双键 10 name several types of lipids and state their functions pp 24 25 列出几种脂类 分析他们的功能 Key fats steroids phospholipids and so on Steroid hormone helps to regulate the sodium level of blood the sex hormone such as estrogen and teatosterone which help to maintain and female characteristics Phospholipids contains the plasma membrane and 脂肪 保温 储能 磷脂 组成细胞膜 类固醇 胆固醇改变血液中的钠的量 性激素保持性征 11 describe the primary secondary and tertiary structures of proteins What functions do proteins serve in the body pp 27 28 描述第一第二第三蛋白质结构 人体蛋白质有何功能 Key primary the sequence of amino acids in particular polypeptide Secondary helix held in place by H H tertiary three dimensional shape of the polypeptide Protein makes up hair an hails an collagen is a protein found in connective tissue including cartilage bone and the fibrous connective tissue of ligaments an tendons Muscles contain proteins that account for muscles ability to contract 一 不同多肽有不同氨基酸次序 氨基酸按次序连接成肽链 二 由氢键连接成螺旋结构 三 空间构形 蛋白质构成毛发 软骨与骨连接组织由胶元蛋白 韧带连接处的纤维也有胶元蛋白肌链 肌肉由蛋白质组成 12 what are the two types of nucleic acids in cells and what are their functions What in the unit molecule of a nucleic acid Name four differences between DNA and RNA p 29 细胞中两种核酸 有哪些功能 核酸的基本单元 列出 DNA 和 RNA 的四个不同点 key 1 DNA an RNA DNA is a molecule the stores coded information RNA works in conjunction with DNA to bring about protein synthesis in cells 2 nucleotide 3 DNA is double stranded DNA is helix Only RNA harurucilu In DNA there are dexyribes In RNA there are ribones 1 DNA 和 RNA 2 DNA 是遗传信息的载体 RNA 是转运信息供蛋白质的合成 3 核苷酸 4 DNA 双链 RNA 单链 DNA 是螺旋结构 DNA 中是脱氧糖 RNA 中是核糖 RNA 中有尿嘧啶 无胸腺嘧啶 Objective Questions Fill in the blanks 1 atom are the smallest units of matter nondivisible by chemical means 2 lsotopes differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus 3 the two primary types of reactions and bonds are 共价反应 and 离子反应 4 a type of weak bond called hydrogen bond exists between water molecules 5 acidic solutions contain more H ions than basic solutions but they have a 更小 PH 6 glycogen is a polymer of 葡萄糖 molecules that serve to give the body immediate 能量 7 a fat hydrolyzes to give one 甘油 molecule and three 脂肪酸 molecules 8 the primary structure of a protein in the sequence of 氨基酸 the secondary structure in very often a 螺旋 the tertiary structure in the final 空间结构 of the protein 9 酶 speed chemical reactions in cells 10 genes are composed of DNA a nucleic acid made up 核苷酸 joined together Chapter 3 Study Questions P46 1 Answer The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer with attached or embedded proteins The phosopholipid molecule has a polar head and non polar tails 原生质膜为磷酯双分子层 其中镶嵌蛋白质分子 磷酯分子 极性头部向外 为亲水 基 无极性尾部向内 2 Answer 细胞核被内质网围绕 细胞核中含染色体 染色体中含 DNA DNA 为双螺 旋结构 还包含信使 RNA mRNA 和转运 RNA tRNA 3 Answer DNA 含遗传信息能指导蛋白质合成 DNA 上的遗传信息 被 mRNA 复制 成为 mRNA 上特定的碱基序列 然后再在核糖体中通过 tRNA 转运氨基酸 在核糖体中 RNA rRNA 帮助合成蛋白质 4 Describe the structure and function of endoplasmic reticulum ER In clued the terms smooth ER and ribosomes in your description Answer The endoplasmic reticulum ER forms a membranons system of tubnlar canals that begins at the nuclear envelope and branches throughout the cytoplasm Ribosomes are attached to portions of the endoplasmic reticulum If ribosomes are present the reticulum is called rough ER If ribosomes are not present it is called smooth ER In certain cells smooth ER contains enzymes that make lipids such as steroid hormones The ribosomes present on rough ER function in protein synthesis 内质网存在于细胞质 是联结核膜与细胞质的通道 附着核糖体的内质网叫粗面内质网 附着的核糖体利用从内质网运来的 MRNA 合成蛋白质 5 The Golqi apparatus is composed of a stack of six or more saccules that look like fattened vacuoles At the edges of the saccules are rounded vacuoles and vesicles Answer The Golqi apparatus is especially well developed in cells that secrecte a product for example in the pancreatic cells that make digestives or the bronchial cells that produce mucus A lysosome is a special type of vesicle formed by the Golqi apparatus All lysosomes carry out intracelyclar digestion and contain digestive enzymes 高尔基体存在于细胞质 是与分泌有关的细胞器 溶酶体含溶解酶 起到保护的作用 6 Answer 线粒体是动物体中的能源站 有外膜与内膜 内膜向内凹陷形成脊 上面附 有基粒 内膜内充满了基质 线粒体中发生 carbohydrate oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP energy C6H12O6 10O2 6CO2 12H2O 34ATP 为人体提供能量 7 Describe the structure and function of centrioles Mentim the mitomc spindle in your description Answer Centrioles are short cylinders that contain fine tubules called microtubules Usually two centrioles lie at right angles to one another near the nucleus Centrioles are believed to give rise to basal bodies that direct the formation of cilia Centrioles may also be involved in the movement of material throughout the cells and in the organization of the spindle during cell division 结构 中心体是带有微管的短圆柱体 一般两个中心体分别位于细胞核的右角 功能 引起形成鞭毛的基体 中心体还参与细胞内物质的运动和纺锤体的形成 8 Contrast passive transport coliffusion osmisis filtration with active transport of molecules across the plasma membrane Answer Passive transport takes molecules an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration and cells do not expend any energy Active transport takes molecules an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration and need carrier proteins and an expenditure of energy 9 Refine osmosis and disscuss the effects of placing ned blood cells in isotonic hypotonic and hypertonic Answer Osmosis is the diffusion of water across plasma membrane It occurs where concentrations of water on either side of a selectively permeable Membrane are unequal In an isotonic solution the appearance of a red cell remains the same In a hyptonic solution the cell swells to busting and in a hypertonic solution cell shrinks 10 What are the endocytosis and exocytosis 什么是吞噬和胞外分泌 答 物质以泡形式进入细胞 这叫做吞噬 细胞质中的食物泡同源生质膜相溶合 将 泡内的物质释放出去的过程叫做胞外分泌 11 Dscribe mitosis and discuss the function of mitosis in humans 描述有丝分裂 并谈以下有丝分裂的意义 答 体细胞的分裂叫有丝分裂 一个母细胞产生两个相同的子细胞 有丝分裂分为四 个阶段 前期 染色体形成 核膜消失 中期 染色体排列在赤道板 形成纺锤体 后期 着丝点分裂 染色体向两极移动 末期 染色体均匀的分布到细胞两极 核膜形成 中间 凹陷并分裂为两个细胞 有丝分裂结束 有丝分裂是生长和组织修复所必需的一种细胞分 裂 有丝分裂的过程保证了每一个体细胞有相同数目和种类的染色体 因此拥有相同的基 因 12 What role does meiosis play in human reproduction 减数分裂在人类 繁衍中扮演着什么样的角色 答 减数分裂在生殖细胞形成时发生 它使得染色体数减半 这样 当生殖细胞结合 时 发生了基因的重组 这对于人类种族的发展及人类适应性的发展都起了重要作用 Objective Questions 1 c 2 e 3 a 4 d 5 b 6 蛋白质 磷酯 7 present ribosomes 8 中心体 9 Water will enter a cell when it is placed in a hypotonic solution 10 Active transport requires a protein carrier and expenditure for energy 11 Materials taken into a cell by vesicle is also called cell eating 12 At the conclusion of mitosis each neuly formed cell in humans contains 46 chromosomes 13 At the conclusion of meiosis each neuly formed cell in humans contains 23 chromosomes 14 The cytoplasm 细胞质 which is the substance ouside the nucleus of a cell contains bodies called organelles 细胞器 each with a specific structure and function Study Questions 第四章第四章 人体的组织和膜人体的组织和膜 一一 Study Questions 1 What is a tissue 什么是组织 答 组织是由大量形态相似的特定细胞组成的集合 并共同完成人体的某个功能 2 Name the four major types of tissues 四种主要组织的命名 答 1 覆盖于体表和体腔表面的组织称作上皮组织 2 联接并为机体提供必要的营养的组织称作结缔组织 3 用于收缩的组织称作肌肉组织 4 对机体所受刺激做出响应并将其从机体的一部分传给另一部分的组织称作神经组 织 3 What are the functions of epithelial tissue Name the different kinds of epithelial tissue and give a location for each 上皮组织的功能是什么 说出几种不同的上皮组织 并指出它们 的位置 答 上皮组织可以保护身体 防止水分蒸发 防止受伤和细菌的侵入 在呼吸道里 它用 纤毛清除掉没用的垃圾 在消化道中 分泌黏液来保护消化器官从而不被消化酶分解 上皮组织可分为 4 种 1 鳞状上皮 位于毛细血管壁和肺泡里 2 立方上皮 位于腺的通道和肾小球里 3 柱状上皮 位于消化道里 4 假复层纤毛柱状上皮 位于生殖系统的管道和呼吸道里 4 What are the functions of connective tissue Name the different kinds of connective tissue and give a location for each 结缔组织的功能和类别及其位置 答 结缔组织用于连接身体机构 提供支持和保护 填补体腔 产生血细胞 贮存脂肪 结缔组织可分为 5 种 1 疏松结缔组织 位于上皮下面 2 纤维结缔组织 位于肌腱 韧带 3 软骨 4 骨头 5 血液 5 Contrast the structure of cartilage with that of bone using the words lacunae and central canal in your description Solution In cartilage the cells lie in small chambers called lacunae It also are separated by a marix that is solid yet flexible In bone cells are located in lacunae that arrange in a concentric cylinder called haversian system which form around tiny tubes called central canals 6 Describe the composition of blood and give a function for each type of blood cell Solution blood was composed of plasma and blood cells containing red blood cells and white blood cells The function of red blood cells is to carry oxygen While the other is to aid in fighting infection 7 What are the functions of muscular tissue Name the different kinds of muscular tissue And give a location for each Solution the function of muscular tissue is accounting for muscle contraction which accounts for movement There are three different kinds of muscular tissue skeletal muscle smooth muscle cardiac muscle The skeletal muscle usually attached to skeleton The smooth muscle locates internal organs the third lie in heart 8 What types of cells does nervous tissue contain Which organs in the body are made up of nervous tissue 神经组织包括哪些类型的细胞 人体的器官哪些是由神经组织组成 答 神经组织有神经元 nervous 和神经胶质细胞 neuroglial cells 两种细胞 人体的脑 brain 和脊髓 spinal cord 由神经组织组成 9 Name the different types of body membranes and associate each type with a particular location in the body 指出不同类型的体膜 并说明其所在的位置 答 膜有 5 种类型 如下 1 黏膜 mucous membranes 在消化道和呼吸道及生殖系统的组织器官内壁 2 浆膜 serous membranes 分布于胸腔 腹盆腔 并覆盖在内脏器官表面 3 滑膜 synovial membranes 位于关节腔 并组成结缔组织 4 脑膜 meninges 位于颅腔内 5 皮肤膜 cutaneous membranes 位于人体的体表 10 Name the different types of serous membranes and associate each type with a particular organ or organs 说明不同类型的浆膜 并指明其所属器官 答 胸腔中的浆膜有内脏胸膜 壁胸膜 内脏心包 心外膜 壁心包 腹盆腔中的浆膜有内脏腹膜 壁腹膜 肠腹膜 二 Objective Questions Fill in the blanks 填空 1 Most organs contain several different types of tissues 大部分器官都包含有几种不同的组 织 2 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium contains cells that appear to be layered have projections called ciliated and are columnar in shape 假复层纤毛柱状上皮细胞表现为多 层结构 有称为纤毛的突出物 形状上为柱状 3 Connective tissue cells are widely separated by a non cellular matrix that usually contains fibers 结缔组织细胞被无细胞的细胞间质分开 细胞间质包含有纤维 4 Both cartilage and blood are classified as connective tissue 软组织和血液属于结缔组织 5 A mucous membrane contains epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue 黏膜是由上皮 组织和其下面的结缔组织构成的 Match the organs in the key to the epithelial tissues listed in questions c air sacs of lungs 肺泡 6 squamous 磷状上皮 a kidney tubules 肾小球 7 cuboidal 立方上皮 b small intestine 小肠 8 columnar 柱状上皮 d trachea 气管 9 pseudostratified ciliated columnar 纤毛柱状上皮 Match the muscle tissues in the key to the descriptions given in questions c cardiac muscle 心肌 10 striated and branched involuntary 有条纹 有分支 不受 控 a skeletal muscle 骨骼肌 11 striated and voluntary 有条纹 受控 b smooth muscle 平滑肌 12 visceral and involuntary 粗糙 不受控 第五章第五章 The integumentary system Study questions 1 match the terms in the key to the items in questions key A epidermis 上皮 B dermis 真 皮 C subcutaneous layer 皮下层 Blood vessels and nerve fibers B 2 fat cells C 3 basal cells A 4 Iocation of sweat glands C 5 marry collagenous and elastic fibers B 2 6 Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicle in the dermis and they secrete an oily substance called sebum 9 Name the three types of skin c