专转本英语教案.doc

专转本英语教案（五）动词的语态动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。一、主动语态变为被动语态的步骤1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语2把主动语态的句中的谓语变为被动语态3. 在动词被动语态之后加介词by，再把主动语态句的主语放在by之后。如无必要时，可以去掉by短语。二、如何将主动语态变为被动语态1. Many people speak English. 2. They will build another hospital here this year.3. The students are cleaning the classroom.4. They produced 2000 cars last year.5. A lot of people have visited this village.6. By the end of last week, the expert had finished all the work.7. He will have traveled 1000 miles on foot by now.8. You must answer all the questions.9. I give him a pen.10. I bought her a new coat.11. They told her to hurry up.12. We found him working in the fields.13. They have been playing the piano for five hours.14. She told me that she had been waiting for her teacher for two hours.动词的语气虚拟语气动词的语气：1.陈述语气：陈述事实2.祈使语气：提出请求、命令等3.虚拟语气：表示主观愿望和假想虚拟情况一、虚拟语气的考点 虚拟语气表示所说的不是事实，而只是一种愿望、假设、建议、猜测等。在运用虚拟语气时，我们可以从以下四个方面着手：1.首先判断句子是否需要用虚拟语气2.再判断句子是属于哪种类型的虚拟语气3.确定谓语动词所表示的时间是现在、过去还是将来4.最后再选用合适的谓语动词形式虚拟语气主要适用于下面几类句子中（一）条件句（非真实）的虚拟假设类型条件从句谓语动词形式主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反动词过去式（be 动词用 were）should/would/could/might +动词原形与过去事实相反had +动词过去分词should/would/could/might +have +动词过去分词与将来事实可能相反动词过去式 / should +动词原形/ were to +动词原形 should/would/could/might +动词原形If I knew the fact now, I would tell you.If I were you, I would accept his advice.If he were still staying here, he might see all this.If he had come yesterday, I would have told him about it.If the sun stopped shining some day, living things couldnt live.If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do?If he were to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.考点：1. 如果if 从句的谓语动词为were, had 或含有were, had 时，if 可省去，而将were 或had挪至句首，形成倒装句。 Were he still staying here, he might see all this. Had I known his number, I would have telephoned him yesterday. Had it not been for your help, we would not have achieved so much. Were he to hear you talking, he would think you were mad.2. 含蓄条件句：不是用条件句而是由介词短语（without- 没有-，but for - 要不是 -），副词 （otherwise 否则）等或上下文来表示某种假设情况： But for the storm, we would have arrived earlier. I caught her by the hand. Otherwise she would have fallen into the sea. She would have failed without your advice. You could have done better in my place.3. 错综时间条件句：主句和从句的动作不是发生在同一时间，其动词形式要根据时间而定。 If he had listened to me, he would not be in such trouble now.（二）名词性从句的虚拟宾语、主语、表语及同位语从句中的虚拟 虚拟语气用于表示说话者的意图或态度。虚拟语气表示说话者的主观愿望、假想和建议等，所说的话有的与现在的事实相反，或与过去事实相反，或与将来事实相反或与将来事实可能相反。1. 虚拟语气用于宾语从句中，这类动词有：advise, agree, ask, beg, command, demand，desire, insist, intend, order, propose, recommend, require, suggest, urge, decide等。He insisted that he (should) be sent there.She advised that we should keep the gate locked. 2. 虚拟语气用于主语从句中，常用的结构是：it is +形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）常用的这类形容词及分词有：advisable, appropriate, better, desirable, essential，important, impossible, natural, necessary, obligatory, possible, urgent, vital, demanded, ordered, required, suggested, incredible等。It is important that the decision (should) be made before May 1.It is requested that the boss raise the workers wages.3. 虚拟语气用于同位语从句中或表语从句中常用的这类名词有：advice, agreement, command, decision, demand, desire, order, insistence, proposal, recommendation, requirement, suggestion等。Our suggestion is that you (should) attend the conference.They made a proposal that the meeting (should) be postponed.He gave an order that no one be allowed to enter the room.（三）状语从句的虚拟1.虚拟语气用于以as if, as though 引起的状语从句，谓语形式与wish后的宾语从句相同。They talked as if they had been friends for years.She looks as if she would cry.2.虚拟语气用于以lest, in case, for fear that 引起的状语从句，谓语多用should+动词原形。He took his raincoat with him in case it should rain.Care must be taken in using this method lest overflow should occur. He handled the instrument with care for fear that it should be damaged.（四）虚拟语气用于其他情况1.虚拟语气用于wish后的宾语从句或用于if only 引起的感叹句中，表示现在、过去或将来不太可能实现的愿望，这两种结构中谓语动词的形式为：表示现在的时间：动词用过去形式表示过去的时间：动词用过去完成式表示将来的时间：动词用将来形式I wish I were as tall as you.He wished he hadnt said that.I wish it would rain tomorrow.If only I knew how to do it.If only they hadnt made such a mistake.2.虚拟语气用于would/had better, would just as soon, would sooner和would prefer，would rather所跟的从句中，用过去时表示对现在或将来的希望，用过去完成时表示对过去所发生的事情的后悔和婉转的责备。Wed rather you lived far away from us.Wed rather we hadnt been there before.I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.3.在it is a pity (a shame)+that从句或it is amazing (odd, ridiculous, strange, surprising, unthinkable等)+that从句中，谓语用should+动词原形，should一般不省略。如从句中的动作已完成则用should have+过去分词形式。It is a pity that he should have missed such an important exam.4.在it is (high, about, already) time +(that)从句的结构中，从句谓语动词用过去时，表示早该做而未做的事。Its time that something was done about the traffic problem downtown.It is high time that we put an end to this discussion. 5. 虚拟语气用在表示祝愿的句子中1). 用动词原形 Long live the friendship!2）may + 动词原形 May you be happy!词汇讲解：1. arrest vt./n. 逮捕，拘留e.g. He was arrested by the police. arrest sb. for The agent was _ for carrying a false passport.A. arrested B. accused C. charged D. suspected2. arrival n. 到达，到来e.g. The railway station has always been a fascinating place, representing departure as well as arrival.3. artificial adj. 人造的，假的 There were some _ flowers on the table.A. artificial B. unnatural C. false D. unreal 4. as adv. 同样地 prep. 当作 如同 conj. 像一样，当之时， 因为 由于，尽管 虽然 e.g. The child sang as sweetly as a nightingale. I dont know anything as to the others. She spoke to me as if she knew me. We had hoped to finish it today, but as it is we probably wont finish until tomorrow. He is my best friend, my second self, as it were. as as as for/to 至于 关于as if/though as it is 实际上 as it were 可以说，在某种程度上 as well as 也，还A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, _ was to be expected. A. that B. what C. so D. as 5. ashamed adj. 惭愧的，羞耻的e.g. Johns guilty conscience made him the most ashamed boy in our class. He was _ of having asked such a silly question. A. sorry B. guilty C. ashamed D. miserable Because she was _ that she failed the exam, she would not come home. A. regretful B. shameless C. shameful D. ashamed 6. aside adv. 在旁边Ph. aside from 除-之外e.g. Everything was quiet, aside from the occasional sound of a car in the distance. 7. aspect n. 方面e.g. That altered the aspect of the case. 8. assistant n. 助手，助教 adj. 辅助的，助理的e.g. He became an assistant cook after he graduated from the technological school. 9. assist v. 援助，帮助e.g. Usually there would be a group of nurses assisting the doctor in performing the surgery operation. assist sb. in doing sth. = assist sb. to do sth.He asked us to _ them in carrying through their plan. A. provide B. arouse C. assist D. persistassistance n.协助，援助10. association n. 协会，联想e.g. The council is working in association with the police on this case. They are going to construct the airport in _ with another firm. A. association B. comparison C. touch D. tune11. assume vt. 假定，设想 e.g. Some people assume that there is life on other planets when they see UFOs. Scientists _ that there is no animal life on Mars. A. assume B. resume C. consume D. presume12. assure vt. 保证， 担保e.g. Nothing can assure permanent happiness. He was proud of being chosen to participate in the game and he _ us that he would try as hard as possible. A. assured B. insured C. assumed D. guaranteed13. astonish adj. 惊异的e.g. We were astonished to hear that their football team had won champion. 14. attach v. 系上，贴上e.g. We should attach primary importance to the development of economy. She is deeply attached to her father Your failure in the final examination is due to the fact that you didnt _ enough importance to your English. A. attend B. attack C. attach D. obtain15. attempt n. 努力，尝试e.g. It will be a long time before any landing on Mars can be attempted. Shelly had prepared for her biology examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire16. attitude n. 态度，意见e.g. Whatever happens, we should maintain a positive attitude towards life. 17. attract v. 吸引，引起e.g. Games can attract students interest in English. 18. attraction n. 吸引，吸引人的事物e.g. The Great Wall of China is one of the great tourist attractions in the world. 19. attractive adj. 吸引人的e.g. I find the idea of travel very attractive. 20.audience n. 听众，观众e.g. The magic deceived his audience into thinking he had really sawed the woman in half. 21. authority n. 权威，权力e.g. The government is the highest authority in the country. Who is the authority _ the subject? A. in B. of C. over D. on 22. available adj. 可用到的，有空的e.g. We want to make our products available to a wider market. In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth the total _ living expenses.A. acceptable B. available C. advisable D. applicable23. average n. 平均数 adj. 平均的，一般的e.g. The expenses average 10 Yuan a day. On the average, there are 1000 visitors to the museum every day. Although only of _ intelligence, this young man speaks three languages fluently. A. average B. middle C. minor D. high 24. avoid vt. 避免，消除 Ph. avoid doing sth.e.g. You have to avoid making promise you cannot keep. 25. award n. 奖品 vt. 授予e.g. Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize of 1964 for advocating nonviolence policy in the movement for civil rights. The mayor _ the