【南方凤凰台】高考英语二轮提优 写作必备附录导学案(1).docVIP

附录写作必备一、 简单句的五个基本句型简单句的五个基本句型是写作的基础,掌握了这五个基本句型,就具有初步的写作能力了,其他各种句子都可由这五种基本句型扩展、变化或省略而构成。1. 主语+系动词+表语该句型中, 系动词不能表达一个完整的意思, 必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语, 才能表达完整的意思。常见的系动词有:(1) be动词:am, is, are, was, were。this machine is in good condition. 这台机器的情况良好。(2) 表感官的系动词,如look, sound, taste, smell, feel等。the suggestion sounds reasonable. 这个建议听起来很合理。silk feels soft and smooth. 丝绸摸起来又软又滑。(3) 表变化的系动词,如become, get, turn, grow, come, go, fall等。the pollution problem is growing serious. 污染问题日渐严峻。her dream has come true. 她的梦想实现了。(4) 表持续的系动词,如remain, keep, stay, stand, rest, lie, hold等。it will stay/remain cold for several days.未来几天天气将持续寒冷。注:常作表语的有名词、形容词、介词短语等。2. 主语+不及物动词本身能表达一个完整意思的动词, 叫做不及物动词。不及物动词后面可以跟副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语,但是不能接宾语。mothers day falls on the second sunday in may. 母亲节是在5月的第二个星期天。great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years. 在过去的十年里, 我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 he came here to pick up his daughter. 他来这儿接女儿。3. 主语+及物动词+宾语及物动词需要接宾语, 才可以表达一个完整的意思。作宾语的通常是名词、代词、不定式或动名词等。he finishes his homework in an hour every day. 他每天都在一个小时内完成作业。he refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。he admitted making a mistake. 他承认犯了错误。4. 主语+及物动词+双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)该句型中的及物动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语; 一个是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面, 直接宾语在后面。如果间接宾语在后面,其前面应加上介词to或 for。my father bought me a new computer last week./my father bought a new computer for me last week. 上周我爸爸给我买了台新电脑。our company offered her a job./our company offered a job to her. 我们公司给她提供了一份工作。5. 主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语+宾补)该句型中的及物动词只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分才能使句子完整,这个补充成分叫做宾语补足语。作宾语补足语常见的有形容词、名词、动词不定式、分词等。the news made us sad. (形容词作宾补)这消息使我们伤心。we all consider miss li a good teacher. (名词作宾补)我们都认为李老师是一位好老师。mrs li often asks us to recite the texts. (不定式作宾补)李老师经常要求我们背课文。i will have my computer repaired tomorrow.(过去分词作宾补)我明天找人来修一下电脑。we hear him reading english aloud every morning. (现在分词作宾补) 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。注意:用省略to的不定式作宾补的动词有: 使役动词let, make, have等; 感官动词observe, feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, see, watch等。若变为被动语态, 其后的宾语补足语就成为主语补足语了, 此时作主语补足语的不定式要带to。如:he often made his sister cry.他经常把他妹妹弄哭。his sister was often made to cry. 二、 写作常用关联词类别关联词举例for example, take.for example, for instance, such as列举for one thing.for another., on the one hand.on the other hand., to begin with, first of all/first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), finally, last but not least 递进in addition, besides, whats more, furthermore, moreover, whats worse 转折but, however, while, on the contrary, otherwise, in spite of因果because, since, as, for, due to, for this reason, so, therefore 比较similarly, compared with/to, just like, just as时间at first, to start with, in the beginning, then, next, later, afterwards, (soon) after that, after a while, finally, at present, in the past, recently, immediately, soon, suddenly, at that moment, from now on, from then on, at the same time, meanwhile并列not only.but also, both.and, either.or, neither.nor, as well as概括in a word, in short, in brief, generally speaking, in conclusion观点in my opinion, in my view, from my point of view, as far as im concerned, as for me, personally三、 写作中数据的表达数据的表达是写作的必考点,因此准确掌握各种数据的表达尤为重要。1. 表数量55: fifty-five128: one hundred and twenty-eight1,000: one thousand一万: ten thousand十万: one hundred thousand一千万: ten million一亿: one hundred million 2. 编号表示法编号通常有两种表达方式,即“名词+基数词”或“the+序数词+名词”。如:world war , room 208, lesson 3; the first world war, the third lesson3. 表比例比例分为百分比和分数。百分之五十:50%/fifty percent百分之四十的学生: 40%/forty percent of the students三分之一:a/one third三分之二:two thirds 四分之一:a/one fourth或a/one quarter 四分之三: three fourths或three quarters4. 表时间钟点:at 8 oclock, at 9:30/at nine thirty, at 9:15/at fifteen past nine, at 9:40/at twenty to ten月份:in october年份:in 2011, in the year 2011日期:on september 10, 2012年代:in the early/late 1990s/1990s世纪:in the early/late 18th century 5. 表年龄at the age of 20, a seven-year-old boy/a boy of seven years old/a boy aged seven 6. 表倍数this room is twice bigger than that one.my case is three times as heavy as yours.this desk is four times the size of that one.the total output is double that of last year.7. 表约数大约:about, some, around, more or less, or so。如:the man in rags is about/some 60 years old.=the man in rags is 60 years old or so.ill be back at around 5 oclock.the bridge is more or less 200 meters long.多于、超过:more than, over, above; 少于:less than。 如:she is more than/less than forty. 半小时:half an hour/a half hour 一天半:a day and a half/one and a half days 两天半:two days and a half/two and a half days一两天:one or two days/a day or two 三三两两:in twos and threes 四、 写作常用句式1. .the+形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+have ever+seen (known/heard/had/read, etc.)helen is the most beautiful girl that i have ever seen.海伦是我所见过最美丽的女孩。mr zhang is the kindest teacher that i have ever had.张老师是我曾经遇到的最仁慈的教师。2. nothing is+形容词比较级+than to do sth.nothing is more important than to receive education.没有比接受教育更重要的事。3. .can not emphasize the importance of.too much.再怎么强调的重要性也不为过。we can not emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。4. there is no denying that.不可否认 there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse. 不可否认,我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。 5. it is universally acknowledged that . 全世界都知道 it is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us. 全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。 6. there is no doubt that. 毫无疑问there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired. 毫无疑问, 我们的教育制度令人不满意。 7. an advantage of.is that.的优点是 an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create/produce any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。 8. the reason why.is that .的原因是 the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air/supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 9. so+形容词+be+主语+that. 如此以至于so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it. 时间是如此珍贵,我们浪费不起。 10. adj.+as+主语+be, 主语+谓语.虽然 rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory. 虽然我们的国家富有,我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。 注: by no means=in no way=on no account 一点也不。11. the+比较级+主语+谓语,the+比较级+主语+谓语 越越the harder you work, the more progress you make. 你越努力,进步就越大。 the more books we read, the more learned we become. 我们书读得越多,就越有学问。 12. by doing sth., .can.通过做某事,能够by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 通过做运动,我们能够始终保持健康。13. .enable+宾语+to do sth. 使能够做某事 listening to music enable us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。 14. on no account can we.我们绝对不能 on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。15. it is time+主语+一般过去式. 该是的时候了。it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。16. those who. 的人those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。17. there is no one but. 没有人不there is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。18. be forced/compelled/obliged to do sth. 不得不做某事since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.既然考试迫在眉睫,我不得不放弃做运动。19. it is conceivable that. 可想而知it is obvious that. 明显的it is apparent that. 显然it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知,知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。20. that is the reason why.那就是的原因。summer is sultry. that is the reason why i dont like it.夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。21. for the past+时间,主语+现在完成式. 过去年来,一直for the past two years, i have been busy preparing for the examination.过去两年来,我一直忙着准备考试。22. since+主语+过去式.,主语+现在完成式.since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.自从他上高中,他一直很用功。 23. it pays to do sth. 做某事是值得的。it pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。24. be based on. 以为基础the progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。25. spare no effort to do sth. 不遗余力地做某事we should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。26. bring home to+人+事 让明白事we should bring home to people the value of working hard.我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。27. be closely related to.与息息相关taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。28. get into the habit of doing sth.=make it a rule to do sth. 养成做某事的习惯we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。29. due to/owing to/thanks to+n./doing,.因为thanks to his encouragement, i finally realized my dream.多亏了他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。30. what a+adj.+n.+主语+谓语!=how+adj. +a+n.+主语+谓语!多么!what an important thing it is to keep our promise!=how important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!31. .leave much to be desired. 令人不满意。the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.我们的交通状况令人不满意。32. have a great influence on. 对有很大的影响smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。33. do good to. 对有益; do harm to. 对有害reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。34. pose a great threat to. 对造成一大威胁pollution poses a great threat to our existence.污染对我们的生存造成一大威胁。35. do ones utmost to do sth.=do ones best to do sth. 尽全力去做某事we should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去实现我们的人生目标。五、 写作常见错误剖析写作是对学生运用英语的综合能力的考查,是最能体现学生英语水平的一种检测方式。学生在写作的过程中经常暴露一些弱点、犯一些错误。现对学生作文中的常见错误进行简要归纳,粗分类别,并举以实例。 (一) 名词 写作中,学生们常把握不好名词的数、所有格以及一些集合名词的用法。 1. he gave me a very good advice yesterday.句中的a要去掉,因为advice是不可数名词。注意: 一些汉语概念上为可数的词在英语中却是不可数的,表示数量时应在其前加a piece of,类似的词有:news, bread, work, paper, chalk, furniture, information等。 2. that girl loves reading book.可数名词单数不能孤零零地放在句子里,应在前面加冠词,或将其变为复数。此处book应改为books。 3. he went into a books shop and bought a dictionary.一般表示有生命的东西的名词的所有格用s,如:my mothers car, 而此处应用名词修饰名词,故a books shop改为a book shop。4. my family is watching tv.集合名词如果被看作一个整体作主语,谓语动词用单数形式,如: my family is a happy one; 如果强调集合中每个个体的个人行为,则谓语动词用复数形式。此处“看电视”是个体行为,应把is改为are。类似的词有:team, class, audience等。 5. i bought some potatos and tomatos at the supermarket.中学阶段以o结尾的名词中有四个词变复数时要加-es,它们是tomato, potato, negro, hero; 其余的都加-s变为复数。 6. this has nothing to do with their believes.这和他们的信仰没关系。以f, fe 结尾的词变为复数时一般去f, fe 加ves,如: knife-knives, thief-thieves; 而roof 和belief直接加-s变为复数。所以应把believes改为beliefs. (二) 冠词 1. the boss wants to hire an useful person.不定冠词用a还是an,取决于后面单词的第一个音标,如为元音用an,为辅音用a。useful的第一个音是辅音,所以应把an改为a。类似地,我们说a european country. 2. plane is a machine that can fly.plane为可数名词单数,不能单独放在句中,应在其前加冠词或把它变为复数,而本句后有a machine,为保持一致,只能在其前面加a,所以plane应改为a plane。 3. he played a piano at the party yesterday.把a 改为the,因为西洋乐器前用定冠词。 4. the machine was invented in 1920s.在in后加the,因为表示年代用in加the再加几十的复数,如表示“在八十年代”用in the 80s。 5. xiao hong went to school by the bus every day.去掉the,因为表示交通方式用by直接加交通工具。 (三) 代词 使用代词时请注意其单复数、主格或宾格以及形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词的用法。 1. he is one of those speakers who make his ideas perfectly clear.定语从句的先行词是those speakers,为复数,因此从句中的指示代词应为复数,应把his改为their。 2. whom do you think has left the lights on?放在疑问句特殊疑问词后的do you think/believe/guess/imagine/suppose等都不作句子成分,把它们去掉后,疑问词在句中作主语用主格,作宾语用宾格。本句中去掉do you think后缺的是主语,应把whom改为who。 3. the boss pretended not to see john and i.john和i在句中都是作宾语,应把i 改为me。 4. these books are mine; those in the bag are her.her是形容词性物主代词,后面应该加名词books,或把her 改为hers。 (四) 数词 1. there are fourteen hundreds students in our school.hundred, thousand, million, score和dozen等词前有具体数字时后不加-s,前面没有具体数字时在其后加-s 和of,表示大约几百几千的概念。如: two hundred students两百个学生,hundreds of students成百上千个学生。例句中应把hundreds 改为hundred。 2. their school is twice as larger as our school.表倍数关系的as.as中间只能用形容词或副词的原级。因此应把larger改为large。 3. todays homework is a five-hundred-words composition.几个单词由连字符连接而组成的复合形容词中的名词只能用单数,所以把five-hundred-words改为five-hundred-word。4. two third of the students in our school are from america.英语表达中分数的分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于一时分母后要加-s,所以就把third 改为thirds。(五) 形容词和副词形容词和副词容易被误用,形容词和副词的比较级和最高级也是应注意的重点。 1. the patient appeared nervously when he talked to the doctor.appeared在此是个系动词,其后应接形容词作表语。所以把nervously改为nervous。 2. the artist worked hardly to finish his drawings on time.此句需要一个副词来修饰动词worked,hardly是副词,但意为“几乎不”;hard 也可以作副词,意为“努力地”,因此把 hardly 改为hard。3. this shirt is more cheaper than that one.more只能构成比较级,不能修饰比较级。因此把more去掉或改为much。 4. he is the most successful of the two businessmen.两者相比较时,比较级前用定冠词,比较三者或三者以上才用most,因此把most改为more。5. he works less harder than he used to.表“不如”时用less加上形容词和副词的原级,因此把harder改为hard。 6. the book is fairly more interesting than that one.fairly只能修饰形容词和副词的原级,可以修饰比较级的副词或短语有:much, even, still, far, a lot, a little, a bit, any, no, by far, rather等,因此把fairly改为rather。 7. this is as an interesting a story as the one in the magazine.as.as中间的词序是“形容词+a(n)+名词”,因此应改为this is as interesting a story as the one in the magazine.8. the weather here is nicer than xizang. 同样的事物才能相比较,weather和xizang不具有可比性,因此应改为the weather here is nicer than that of xizang.9. i would rather take a train than went by bus.这个词组为would rather do.than do.,因此把went改为动词原形go。 10. is there interesting anything at the meeting?修饰anything, something, everything, nothing的形容词都要放在它们的后面。 因此把interesting anything 改为anything interesting。11. i never have seen such a person before.像never之类的副词在句中应放在be动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。因此应改为i have never seen such a person before.12. the book is worth to be read.be worth doing 意为“值得做”。因此应改为the book is worth reading. 13. it is sure that he will succeed.sure 的主语只能为人,而certain的主语可为人或物,因此把sure改为certain。 14. he is regarded as one of the best alive writers at present.alive为表语形容词,偶尔也作后置定语。因此把alive改为定语形容词living,或把alive 放在writers后面。 15. i dont know that he has finished the work yet.yet 用于否定句和疑问句,already用于肯定句。因此把yet 改为already。16. he said nearly nothing at the meeting.nearly 不与否定词用在同一个句子中,而almost可以。因此把nearly 改为almost。 (六) 介词 1. he usually goes to school by his fathers car.“by+名词”表示一种交通方式,中间什么都不加,如by car, by bus, by plane等;如果名词前有其他的词修饰,则应用by以外的其他介词,此处把by改为in。 2. please wait me at the school gate.wait为不及物动词,需加介词for后才能再跟名词或代词作宾语。3. he has been married with betty for more than twenty years.marry不跟 with连用,应把with改为to。4. i finished the work on time under the help of him.表示“在的帮助下”,介词用with而不用under。 (七) 情态动词 1. he can be at home now because the light in his room is still on.表特别有把握的肯定判断时用must,表特别有把握的否定判断时用can, can表判断时只用在否定句中。因此把can 改为must。 2. he need come here before the meeting begins.作情态动词时,need用在否定句、疑问句和条件句中,不能用于肯定句中,而作实义动词时则可以。所以应改为:he needs to come here before the meeting begins. 3. he used to get up very early in the morning, and now he is still doing so.used to 用来表示过去常常做某事而现在不了,所以应把后半句改为:but now he is not doing so。4. i neednt come yesterday because all the work had been finished.由于情态动词本身不体现时态,所以在谈论过去的事情时在情态动词后加 have done,因此在 neednt 后加have。 5. you hadnt better stay up too late because you have to get up early tomorrow.had better 的否定式是在 better 后面加not。 (八) 动词的时态 英语中常用的时态有十六种,一般根据上下文和时间状语来确定时态。 1. i will tell her when she will come tomorrow.主句为将来时,其时间、条件、方式和让步状语从句中用一般现在时。因此将will come改为comes。 2. the meeting is about to begin in ten minutes.be about to 一般不与具体的时间状语连用。因此把 in ten minutes 去掉。 3. the boy opened his eyes for a moment, looking at the captain and then died.此处look并非作伴随状语,而是与opened和died并列的谓语动词,因此把looking 改为looked。 4. i have bought this bike for ten years and i am still using it now.当句中有“for+一段时间”作状语时,谓语动词必须为延续性动词,此处把bought改为kept。 5. i havent learnt any english before i came here.“我来这儿”已经是过去的动作,在此之前发生的事应该用过去完成时。因此应把havent改为hadnt。 (九) 动词的语态 及物动词用在主动语态时要有宾语,因此可以变为被动语态;不及物动词用于主动语态时不能接宾语,因此无被动语态。 1. the two thieves have been disappeared.disappear 为不及物动词,因此不能用于被动语态。所以把 been去掉。 2. the building built now will be our teaching building.表“现在正在建的”应用被动语态的进行时,因此在built 前加being。 3. he is being operated by the famous doctor.i wonder if the doctor has been sent.主动语态变为被动语态时,应注意短语动词的完整性,别漏了介词或副词。“给某人做手术”应为operate on sb.,所以第一句在operated 后加上on; send for意为“派人去请”,所以第二句在sent 后加上for。4. the book written by him is sold well.说一本书畅销是指书本身的属性,因此不用被动语态。本句应改为:the book written by him sells well. 5. this history book is worthy reading.“值得做”可以有如下几种说法:be worth doing, be worthy of being done, be worthy to be done。因此本句应该为:this history book is worthy to be read. (十) 非谓语动词 1. we are going to talk about the problem discussing at the last meeting.此处为分词作定语,问题应该“被讨论”,所以把discussing改为discussed。 2. the girl dressed herself in red is my sister.dress为及物动词,意为“给穿衣服”,此处为分词作定语修饰girl, girl应是它的逻辑宾语,因此把herself去掉。 3. being seriously ill, his classmates sent him to hospital.seeing from the space, the earth looks like a ball.分词作状语时,其逻辑主语为这句话的主语。第一句应为“因为他病了,他的同学才把他送到医院去”,逻辑主语和真正的主语并不一致,因此需把前半句改为:he being seriously ill;第二句中,分词的逻辑主语the earth应该“被看”,所以把seeing 改为seen。4. having not seen her for many years, we could hardly recognize her.现在分词的否定应把not放在现在分词前面,所以前半句应改为:not having seen her for many years。5. english is easy to learn it.此句是不定式作状语修饰easy, english应该是learn的逻辑宾语,所以把it去掉。 6. i will get somebody repair the recorder for you.“让某人做某事”可以有以下几种表达法:make sb. do sth., have sb. do sth., get sb. to do sth.。 因此在repair 前加to。 7. she decided to work harder in order to not fall behind the others.不定式的否定式中把not放在to前面。因此应改为:she decided to work harder in order not to fall behind the others.8. its better to laugh than crying.表比较时比较的双方应为同样的结构,或都是名词或都是不定式。因此有两种改法:its better to laugh than to cry. 或 its better laughing than crying. 9. its no use to send for the doctor.表示“做某事是没用的”要用its no use doing sth.,所以把to send 改为sending。 10. she practices to play the piano after school every day.practice 后只跟动名词作宾语,因此把to play 改为playing。 11. when the teacher came in, he stopped listening to the teacher.stop doing sth.表示停止做某事,而stop to do sth.表示停下正在做的事去做某事。所以后半句应该为:he stopped to listen to the teacher。 (十一) 名词性从句 1. we are talking abo