虚拟语句.doc

虚拟语句虚拟语气是一种动词形式，表示说话人的一种愿望，假设，怀疑，猜测， 建议等含义，虚拟语气所表示的含义不是客观存在的事实。在条件句中的应用，条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。 一、虚拟语气在从句中的使用 虚拟语气即表达不可能发生或与预期相反的情况。首先我们应熟悉它在三种时态里的使用情况，这是正确使用虚拟语气的基础。这三种时态是：现在；过去；将来。 1、表示现在的虚拟式 时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词 现 在 did would + do If I were a bird, I would fly to you. 如果我是只鸟，我就会飞到你身边去。 If it were not for their help, we should be in a very difficult position. 如果不是他们的帮忙，我们就会处于一个非常困难的境地。2、表示过去的虚拟式 时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词 过 去had + donewould + have + done If we had started earlier, we should not have missed the train. 如果我们早一点动身的话，就不会误车了。 If she hadnt been ill, she might have come.如果她不是病了，可能会来的 3、表示将来的虚拟式 时 态从 句 动 词主 句 动 词 将 来should + do were to + dowould + do If Professor Li should have time tomorrow, we could ask him some questions. 如果李教授明天有空的话，我们可以问他点问题。 If there should be no air, there would be no living things. 如果没有空气，就不会有生物。二、错综时间的虚拟句 通常情况下,在非真实条件句中主句和从句的谓语动词所指时间是一致的, 但有时也可能指不同的时间,这时要根据上下文的意思采用不同的谓语动词形式. If I were you, I would have taken his advice. (从句指现在, 主句指过去)。 换成我是你，我就会听从他的建议。 If I had taken my raincoat with me this morning, I would not be wet now. (从句指过去,主句指现在)。如果我今天早上带了雨衣，现在就不会被淋湿了。 If we hadnt been working hard in the past few years, things wouldnt be going so smoothly. (从句指过去，主句指现在)。如果过去几年里不努力工作，现在的情况就不会如此顺利了。 If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句指过去，主句指现在)。如果当时的天气更好点，现在的庄稼就会长得更好。 If we had not got everything ready by now, we should be having a more terrible time tomorrow. (从句指现在，主句指将来) 如果现在一切还没准备好，明天情况就更糟了。三、含蓄条件句 有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来,二是暗含在上下文中,比如通过介词短语来表示。这些介词常是：but for, without, otherwis等。如： But for your advice, I could not have done it so successfully. 如果不是听了你的建议，我就不会做的如此成功。 The change could not have taken place without the open-door policy. 没有开放的政策，就不会有如此大的变化。 I was so busy then, Otherwise, I would have told him the answer. 我当时很忙，否则，我就会把答案告诉他的。 四、虚拟语气在某些从句中的应用 1、wish后的宾语从句(would rather (sooner) 后也是如此) I would rather they came tomorrow. 我宁愿他们明天来。 How I wish it wasnt raining now. 如果现在不下雨该多好呀！ I wish I had not been to yesterdays party. 我要不去参加昨天的宴会就好了！ 但would rather 后没有主语则应使用零不定式. 2、suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, desire, insist 等动词后的宾语从句 They demanded that the aggressor troops (should) be withdrawn immediately. 他们要求侵略者立刻撤退。 I propose that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan. 我提议应该制定一个交计划的最后期限。 3、it is desired, its suggested, its requested, it was ordered that, it was proposed that, it is necessary that, it is important that, it has been decided that 等之后的主语从句： It is necessary that he (should) be sent there at once. 有必要立刻派他前往。 Its required that Mr. Lee (should) give a performance at the party. 要求李先生在晚会上出个节目。 Its desired that we (should) get everything ready by tonight. 要求我们在今晚前把一切准备好。 4、在suggestion, motion, proposal, order, recommendations, plan, idea 等后面引出的表语从句和同位语从句中： The order came that all villagers evacuate from the village. 要求所有村民撤退的命令下达了。 I second Xiao Lis motion that we set up a special board to tackle the problem. 小李提议成立一个特别委员会处理此问题，我附议。 5、在下列句型中要用 should +动词原形。如：it is a pity, it is a shame, it is incredible, it is strange, it is no wonder It is a great pity that he should be so conceited. 很可惜，他这个人竟然这么自大。 Its strange that she should have failed to see her own shortcomings. 奇怪的是他竟看不到自己的缺点。 6、as if, as though 引起的从句，其用法同 wish 构成的宾语从句一样 I remember the whole thing as if it happened yesterday. 我清楚地记得这件事就象昨天刚刚发生的。 It seems as if it were spring already 似乎现在已经是春天的样子了。 7、以 lest, for fear that, in case 引出的从句，动词多用 should + 动词原形，表示 “惟恐”的意思。 He took an umbrella with him lest it should rain. 他带上雨伞以免下雨。 He burned all the important documents for fear that they should fall into the enemys hands. 他把所有的重要文件全部烧毁以免落入敌人的手中。 Heres some money in case you should need it. 这是点钱以免你用地着。 8、在 if only 引出的感叹句中 If only I hadnt lost it! 如果我要不丢该多好！ If only I could see him once! 再能看到他一次该有多好！ Oh, if he only knew how we miss him! 噢，希望他能知道我是多么思念他！ 9、在 it is high time that 之后的定语从句中，谓语动词常用过去式表表示虚拟语气。 It is time that we went (should go) to bed. 现在该上床了。 Its high time that we (should) put an end to this controversy. 现在该是结束这场争辩的时候了。 10、用于expect, believe, think, suspect 等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中。 I never expected that the new apartment should be so small. 没料到这桩新公寓竟这么小。表示祈愿的句1 I wish I had2 I wish he were3 I wish he would4 If only5 Would that6 Good luck toCHAPTER 3 表示要求、建议、决定等动词后的that从句1 The teacher nisists that2 May I suggest that3 They had decided that4 I advise that5 They recommend thatCHAPTER 4 虚拟语气用在important,necessary等形容词后的从句中1 It is important/necessary that2 It is amaxzing/astonishing that3 It is best that4 Its unthinkable that5 It is required thatCHAPTER 5 在遗憾、盼望等表示人的感情的词后1 I marvel that2 We regret that3 They were anxious thatCHAPTER 6 混合条件句CHAPTER 7 含蓄虚拟条件句CHAPTER 8 无条件的虚拟语气CHAPTER 9 表示宁愿的句子CHAPTER 10 在表示万一、为了等的目的状语从句中CHAPTER 11 在as if引导的从句中CHAPTER 12 虚拟让步句CHAPTER 13 用本来可以表示责备、劝告、后悔等CHAPTER 14 在表示判断和感情的形容词作宾补的宾语从句中CHAPTER 15 suppose等词后的虚拟语气CHAPTER 16 expect等动词表示“惊讶、失望、不满”等情绪CHAPTER 17 in your position后句子的用法CHAPTER 18 情态动词在虚拟句中的含义和用法CHAPTER 19 虚拟条件句的倒装CHAPTER 20 在其他句型中真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表： 句型 条件从句 主句 一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 祈使句 情态动词一般现在时 例如：If he comes， he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained答案B.真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall， will.（错） If you leave now， you are never going to regret it.（对） If you leave now， you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。非真实条件句 1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ： 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you. b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。 句型： 条件从句 主句 过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded. The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful. If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going. If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it. If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress. c. 表示对将来的假想 句型： 条件从句 主句 一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形 If you succeeded, everything would be all right. If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.22. If he _ to the teacher attentively, he _ the answer to the problem now。A. had listened, would have known B. listened, would know C. listened, would have known D. had listened, would know 为什么选D不选A.27. It seems as if it _ rain. A. will to B. is going to C. is to D. were going to 为什么选B不选D29. He is working hard for fear that he _. A. fails B. failed C. would fail D. fail 怎么就选了D呢？31. Supposing I _ this gift, what would he say? A. accept B. accepted C. should accept D. would accept34. He insisted that he _ me before. A. see B. should see C. had seen D. saw 不是说suppose、insist的虚拟后面是接should 动词原形么？为什么选了B?选了C呢？38. He wishes _ mistakes. A. he doesnt always make B. he isnt always making C. he didnt always make D. he wouldnt always makingIt was required that the manufacturer _ out the design immediately.A. worked B. works C. would work D.workD.work 省略了should 前面有动词 required，后面用should + do should 可以省略。 名词性从句中的虚拟语气 第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clasue)中的虚拟语气 一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。 一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）： 从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例： 1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道) 2. I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around.(wish, were)但愿我的家乡四季如春。(事实上不可能) 3. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能) 4. When she was at the party,she wished she were at home.(wished,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不在家) 5. Now that he is in China, he wishes he understood Chinese.(wishes,过去虚拟动词understood) 现在他在中国，他希望能懂得中文。(事实上并不懂) 6. When we begin the trip, they will wish they were with us.(will wish,过去虚拟动词were)(事实上并不和我们在一起) 二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）： 用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例： 1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了) 2. He wishes he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。(其实已失去) 3. We wished he had spoken to us. (wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲) 4. I wish you had called earlier. (wish, had + called)(事实上已迟了) 5. They will wish they had listened to us sooner. (will wish,had + listened)(事实上并不如此) 例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class. A. could have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept 动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案 三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)： 从句动词would/should/could/might + 动词原形(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例： 1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop) 我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢) 2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be) 我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢) 3. You wished she would arrive the next day.(would + arrive) 你希望她第二天会到。(事实上她还没到) 4. I wish she would change her mind.(would + change) 我希望她会改变主意。(呵呵，女孩子可没那么容易就改变主意喔) 5. He will wish we would join him the following week.(would + join) (只是希望我们和他在一起，实际上还没在一起) 四）、注意： 1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如： I wished I hadnt spent so much money. 我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。 2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求 I wish he would answer my letter. I wish prices would come down. I wish you would help me. I wish you would stop asking silly questions. 二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有： 表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg 表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, prpose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote 表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order 表示“主张”的：maintain, urge 表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist 例如： 1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight. 2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news. 3.When I suggested that he try shaving cream, he said, “The razor and water do the job. ”(当我建议他用刮胡膏时，他说“剃刀和水就行了”。) 4.He pursued various theories for several days until I suggested we take the toy apart to see how it did work. (他费了几天功夫寻找理论根据，直到我建议拆开看看它是如何转动的。) 5.One can suggest that students should spend two or three years in an Englishspeaking country. (我们建议学生应在说英语的国家呆上两三年。) 在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中虚拟语气很普遍，其结构如： order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +. (should) do 6.I suggest that we (should) hold a meeting next week. 7.He insisted that he (should ) be sent there. 但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气. 8.she insists that she is right. 9.she insisted that I should finish the work at once. 或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。 10.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules. 判断改错: (错)11.You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对)12.Your pale face suggests that you are ill. (错)13.I insisted that you ( should) be wrong. (对)14.I insisted that you were wrong. 例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night. A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play 全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是C) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项B) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。 练习： 16). The chairman requested that . Athe members studied more carefully the problem Bthe problem was more carefulnessly studied Cwith more carefulness the problem could be studied Dthe members study the problem more carefully 17). The committee recommends that the matter at the next meeting . Awould be discussed Bwill be discussed Cbe discussed Dmay be discussed 18). The doctor insisted that his patient . Athat he not work too hard for three months Btake it easy for three months Ctaking it easy inside of three months Dto take some vacations for three months 三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。 I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。 练习： 1) that the time will soon be ripe for intervention in Iran，they would be faced by a large army? AIt is believed BShould they believe CThey would believe DIf they would believe 2) I think it advisable that he for Tokyo soon. Awill leave Bmay leave Cleave Dleaves 四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过去做的事的懊悔。 (1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today. (2).John would rather that she had not gone to the party yesterday evening. (3).Don t live in the world, I would rather( I would just as soon) you die. (4).I would rather you go tomorrow. (5).I would rather everything hadn t happened in the past. (6).The manager would rather his daughter did not work in the same office.经理宁愿她女儿不与他在同一间办公室工作。 (7).To be frank，Id rather you were not involved in the case.坦率地说，我希望你不要卷入这件事。 (8).You dont have to be in such a hurry.I would rather you went on business first.你没有必要这么着急，我宁愿你先去上班。 (9).Id rather you didnt make any comment on the issue for the time being.我倒希望你暂时先不要就此事发表意见。 (10).Frankly speaking ，Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being.坦白地说，我宁愿你现在对此事什么也不要做。 (11).Wouldnt you rather your child went to bed early？为什么你不愿让你的孩子早点上床呢？ (12).I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了。 注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形 I would rather stay at home today. would rather.than.中用动词原形 I would rather stay at home than go out today. 五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气 用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。 I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。 第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气 一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气 在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其表达形式为should 动词原形或省略should直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should） 常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的）