句子成分和主从复合句的导入.doc

句子成分和主从复合句的导入：句子成分的综述句子的成分指构成句子的各个组成部分，即词、词组或从句在句子中的各种语法意义。句子成分一般有实词充当，如：名词，代词，实义动词，形容词，副词，数词。虚词只起辅助和联系作用，不能单独充当句子成分，如：冠词，介词，连词，情态动词，助动词，系动词。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补语。另外，一些句子还有一些其他的成分如：同位语、插入语、呼语等。：各种成分在句子中的表示方法一：主语：subject 主语是指句子谈论的主题，也就是句子中的动作、行为、性质或状态的主题。表示所说的是谁或是什么。可作主语的结构有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词或分词、从句；常置于句首。表示方法“=”1：名词作主语： Every coin has two sides. Every cloud has a silver side. Failure is the mother of success A journey of thousand miles begins with a single step Blessed is the man who expects nothing ,for he shall not be disappointed.2：代词作主语： we are studying in No.1 senior high school, Luyi. He that travels far knows much . No one is born wise or learned. Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. I have nothing to offer but blood ,toil tears and sweet.3：数词作主语 Two will be enough . One and four is five .4：不定式作主语 To see is to believe . To idle away ones time amounts to killing oneself . It takes two to make a quarrel . Its great to be a great man , but its greater to be a true man. Its not easy to find happiness in ourselves , and its not possible to find it elsewhere.5：动名词作主语 Smoking is bad for you. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Setting a goal is half victory while you compete with others . Studying everything, studying any time and studying anywhere lead one to success. Its no need worrying about our future . Its no use doing what you like ;you have got to like what you do. Its murder wasting other peoples time ;its a slow suicide wasting ones own time.6：名词化的形容词或分词 The young should respect the old . The unemployed usually lead a hard life . The dead are dead ,but the living should remember and thank them for ever.7：从句作主语 When he will come back isnt known now . Its my belief that we should take part in after-school activities Well known is it that ambition can creep as well as soar .常见错误分析1：名词化的形容词或分词作主语时谓语常用复数选择： The rich becoming more and more rich ,but the poor becoming more and more poor . A ：is B：are 2：单个从句作主语谓语常用单数： What we need money and time . A：is B：are 3：单个不定式、动名词作主语时，谓语常用单数 Getting up early good to health A：do B：does To recite this text necessary for us .A： is B：are 二：宾语： object 表示动作、行为的对象或结果，分为直宾和间宾两种，只有及物动词，介词和形容词之后才可跟宾语。常置于谓语之后，用表示。常作宾语的结构有：名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词或分词、从句。有些动词需跟双宾语。1：名词作宾语 Students in the senior high school should have an English-Chinese dictionary . We shall defend ourselves to the last breath of man and beast . We can not always build the future for our youth ,but we can build our youth for the future .2：代词作宾语 I should apologize to him . This song reminded me of my hometown . God helps those who help themselves . Time gives up those who give up time . Optimists always picture themselves accomplishing their goals .3：数词作宾语 I need three more . Two heads are better than one . An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening . Better master one than engage with ten .4：不定式作宾语（及其短语） I would like to ask you a question . We consider it necessary to take part in after-school activities . I think it useless and wrong to carry a mobile phone in classroom . Be sure to make every effort to avoid frittering away a single day in a year ,and a single hour in a day .5：动名词作宾语（及其短语） I hate talking with him in this way . I feel it no use keeping pets at home . He was so lost in reading that he missed his train . To waste time is like killing oneself slowly . Tolerance means respecting others kinds of beliefs . Although the world is full of suffering ,it is also full of the overcoming of it . All the advantage isnt in running fast ,but rather in getting an early start .6：名词化的形容词或分词 He never did the unexpected . The followers of the rich and powerful can not be trusted indeed . To the wise and well educated ,the desire for knowledge is growing even stronger with the growing age .7：从句作宾语 I am afraid that I can not agree with you . Do you think who is to blame ？ All parents want to give what they have to their children . To live means that others live a better life . The world makes way for a man who knows where he is going . You must realize that plans are only dreams without action . We thought it a pity that he failed to come to the concert .常见错误分析1：介词后跟宾语时，必须为：名词、代词、ing 或wh型的连接词引导的从句。改错： I am fond of play basketball . Hes crazy about read story books . I am sorry for late .I felt terribly sad for absent from class.2：动词及其短语在作句子的主语或宾语时，只能使用其to do 或 doing 的形式。其中不定式强调具体的某一次的动作，-ing 强调经常发生的动作。改错： play computer games does no good to us . Have a walk in the street is her hobby . Go home at once is his decision Make more friends will do good to us . I enjoy make friends with everyone . He wanted go home at once .3：有些动词需要跟双宾（略）三：表语：predicative：表语表示主语的特征、类属，身份或所处的状态等。即主语是什么或怎么样。通常位于系动词之后，常由名词、代词、数词、形容词、动词的非谓语形式、副词、介词短语、从句来充当。用“双曲线”表示。1：名词作表语 She is a student from the USA . Friendship is love without his wings . Books are a flight of stairs for the human progress . When a dog bites a man that is not news ,but when a man bites a dog that is news .2：代词作表语 Thats all . Theres something wrong with him . Genius is nothing but continued attention .3：数词作表语 Im sixteen this year . She is the first to come here .4：形容词作表语 When your will is ready ,your feet are light . If winter comes ,can spring be far behind ? All things are difficult before they are easy . Men have sorrow and joy ;they meet or part again ;the moon is bright or dim and she may wax or wane .There has been nothing perfect since the older days.5：分词作表语 He is very disappointing . As far as I am concerned ,pandas are rare in the world . The dearest presents between friends are understanding and forgiveness. One of the most dangerous forms of human errors is forgetting what one is trying to achieve .6：不定式作表语 My wish is to become a teacher . The purpose of life is not to seek ease and pleasure but struggle for ideals . The principal thing in this world is to keep ones soul aloft . The important thing in life is to have an aim and determination to attain it .7：副词作表语 The light is still on . He is in/out .8：介词短语作表语 He is against the plan . Matter is in constant motion .9：从句作表语 China is no longer what it used to be . My belief is that he shouldnt quarrel with parents . If you wait ,all that happens is that you get older . Our life is what our thoughts make it .常见错误分析：1：动词及其短语在作句子的表语时，需用其非谓语形式，其中 to do 表将来的主动性动作，doing 表正在进行的主动性动作，有时也用作形容词表示主语所具有的特征；done 表示被动的已完成的动作，有时也用作形容词表示主语的状态和状况。选择： My hobby is basketball . A : play B: playing C: to play D: played The dog was so in that toy . A: interesting B: interested C: to interest D: interest My plan is home immediately . A: go B: to go C: gone D: going . Kity was at everything he saw .A: surprising B: surprise C: surprised D: to surprise Unluckily ,his wallet was .A: lose B: lost C ： losing D ： to lose I was at my grades .A: disappointed B: disappoint C: disappointing D: to disappoint 2：名词、代词做表语时，其数必须和主语保持一致。 改错： We are student . These are panda . Its birds .3：表语常用形容词，而不用其副词形式。 判断对错并改正： He is sadly . The girl is so lively . He is friendly to everyone . Tom remains warmly to everybody .4：英语中常见的系动词及其分类。 状态系动词：用来表示主语状态：即be 。常译为是 持续系动词：用来表示主语的继续或保持某种状况或态度，主要包括remain、keep、stay、 lie 、stand 、exist等。常译为保持，依然是 变化系动词：用来表示主语变成什么样，主要包括：become 、grow 、turn 、get 、fall 、 go 、 come 、run 等。常译为变得 结果系动词：表示主语对应的结果，主要有：prove to be ,turn out to be 。常译为结果是seem 、 appear 、look . 感官系动词：主要有feel 、smell 、sound 、 taste ， seem 、 appear 、look四：谓语 predicate 谓语说明主语的动作、行为或所处的状态。即主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词的各种形式来充当。并且必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致。谓语有广义和狭义之分，广义的谓语指主语之外的包括动词在内的部分，狭义的谓语仅指动词。也可分为简单谓语和复合谓语，简单谓语由一个实义动词或系表结构构成，复合谓语由助动词或情态动词+实义动词或系表结构构成用“”表示。 1：实义动词及其短语作谓语 A stitch in time saves nine . Genius only means hard-working all ones life . Man errs so long as he strives . I disapprove of what you say. but I defend to the death your right to say it . 2：系动词+表语作谓语 I am always fond of pandas . Progress is the activity of today and assurance of tomorrow . Life is like a play :Its not the length ,but the excellence of the acting that matters . The secret of being miserable is to have leisure to bother about whether you are happy or not . The world is like a mirror ,frown at it and it frowns at you ,smile ,and it smiles too.3：情态动词+动词原形作谓语 This meeting must be very important because of the attendance of president . To accomplish great thing ,we must dream as well as act . The law can not make all men equal ,but they are equal before the law . .He best can pity who has felt the worse Every minute is valuable .so we should be worthy of our youth4：助动词+实义动词或系动词（多为动词原形）作谓语 Youd better go now ,or youll be late for the interview . The man who has made up his mind to win will never say “impossible” . Do not boast of tomorrow ,for you do not know what tomorrow may bring forth . Do not ,for one repulse ,give up the purpose that you resolved to effect . Dont dawdle away your time ,or the young head will soon turn white ,then it will be in vain for you to moan and mourn for this 常见错误分析：1：系动词+表语（名、代、介、形、副、非谓语）才能构成完整的谓语。表达中易受母语的影响将系动词遗漏，导致汉语式句子的出现，尤以介词、副词、形容词的错误最多。注意谓语一定要有动词的参予来完成。翻译或改错。 He at home now . I against / for the plan . I in favor of this idea . The light on / off then . He dead now . I fond of pandas . He always interested in English . The book worth reading . I eager to get your help . The girl dressed in white then . My plan to do some shopping today . I into playing table tennis . My aim to teach you well . Tom devoted to his job then .类似的短语还有：be worried about ;be amazed / surprised /shocked at ;be satisfied with ,be strict with sb / in sth ; be absent from be skeptical of ,be convinced of 2： 情态动词和助动词虽有实义，但不能单独做谓语，必须和实义动词或系表结构一起构成复合谓语，尤其表语是形容词、副词、介词、时出现错误最多，形成汉语式句子，处理方式是在表语前添加合适的系动词，多为be的合适形式。改错： You cant late again . He may at home . He must away now . Tom may dead now . John must from the USA . In my opinion ,he will well soon . I will into classroom in 5 minutes . Mao has dead for 32 years . He didnt against the plan . We will by bus to go to school . They didnt through the forest .五：定语 attribute 表示人或事物的性质、特征、所属；用以修饰名词或代词，分为前置与后置两种，单个单词作定语前置，短语、副词及不定式作定语后置，用“（ ）”表示1：形容词及其短语作定语 Until death ,I would spare no effort in the performance of my duty . From small beginning comes great things . I am a boy fond of pandas . There is no paradise on earth equal to the union of love and innocence .2：代词做定语 Patience is bitter ,but its fruit is sweet . Have an aim in life ,or your energies will be wasted . Your teaching is warmer than spring ; your kindness is deeper than a sea .3：数词作定语 we have 4 lessons in the morning . The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant . Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration .4： 名词作定语 a vegetable garden . a shoe shop.5：不定式及其短语作定语 There are many things for us to do . The question to be solved is difficult . Those that make best use of their time have none to spare Everyone has an opportunity to be great because everyone has an opportunity to serve . We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it .6：分词及其短语作定语 Look at the man sitting on the rock . She is a disappointing girl . Ideal is the beacon lighting up our advance . Respect should be shown for knowledge and talented persons . A friendship founded on business is better than business founded on friendship Most of the trouble in the world is caused by people wanting to be important .7：介词短语作定语 Do you know the man under the tree ? The book on the desk is mine . Nothing in life is to be feared .It is only to be understood . Life without ideal is not different from death . Try not to become a man of success but rather try to become a man of value .8：副词作定语 The question above . The world today . There are long roads ahead ;I will explore all fronts in search of the destination .9：从句作定语 The value of life lies not in the length of days but in the use we made of them . He who laughs last laughs best . Life consist of two parts : the past ,which is a dream, and the future ,which is a hope . Happy is the man who is living by hobby. Anyone who conducts an argument by appealing to authority is not using his intelligence ;he is just using his memory .常见错误分析：1：单个形容词作定语修饰不定代词时，需要后置汉译英： 我的手表有毛病了。 门口有个受伤的人。2：表语形容词作定语时常后置如：awake 、afraid 、 asleep、 ashamed 、alike 等。汉译英： 他是当时唯一醒着的人（He was the only person awake at that time .） Tom是一个怕狗的男孩3：当else 作形容词修饰不定代词或疑问代词如：who 、what 、which等时要后置汉译英： 我还有一些别的东西要讲。（I have something else to say .） 我还有别的事情可以帮你吗？4：表示长、宽、 高、深等度量的形容词作定语时常后置。汉译英： 这个房间五米宽。（This is a room five meters wide .） Tom 六英尺高（Tom is six feet tall.）5：有些形容词如present 、adopted 、concerned 、 absent 、opposite等既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：英译汉： What do you think of the present government ? The people present are mostly famous scientists . present adj: 前置：目前的 现在的 后置：出席的 He is an adopted son . Whats your solution adopted ? adopted adj : 前置： 收养的 后置： 采用的 There is a concerned expression on her face . . The persons concerned are to be punished concerned adj: 前置 ：担心的 关心的 后置 ：有关的 Jack sat at the desk in an absent way . The workers absent must make up for the meeting . absent adj : 前置： 心不在焉的 后置： 缺席的 The bird flew away in the opposite direction . The shop opposite sells apples . opposite adj : 前置 ：相反的 后置 ：对面的6：overseas 既是adj 又是 adv 作定语时意义不同 Overseas students =students from overseas 外国留学生 Students overseas =students who are overseas 出国留学生 7:responsible前置意为“负责任的”，后置意为负责的，掌管的“。如：a responsible man 意为“一位负责任的人”，a man responsible则意为“一位负责人” 8：involved前置意为“复杂的”，后置意为“涉及的，相关的” 如：the people involved 意为“所涉及的人” ，the involved story意为“复杂的经历”六：补足语： 用于补充说明其他的句子成分。有主补、和宾补两种，用于补充说明主、宾所处的状态、性质、特征等用“ ”表示。 1：名词作补语 ： She was called Mary . We made him our monitor . Make work your happiness ,and make happiness your work ;that is my life exactly . 2：形容词作补语（及其短语） He died young , Please keep the room clean and tidy . There is only one birth and one death in life .Make your life meaningful and your death valuable . My great aspiration ideal never becomes weak with the old age .It still keeps me high among ghosts after death. 3：不定式作补足语（及其短语） The factory was ordered to be closed . He asked me to go out with him . The boss let the man stand up at once . Modesty makes one progress whereas conceit makes one lay behind 4：分词作补语（及其短语） He came home quite changed . I want to have my hair cut . He kept the machine running all night Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself . 5：介宾短语或副词作宾语。 I found her under a tree. Please keep your hands behind your back . Let the fresh air in .常见错误分析： 1： 可数名词在作句子的主、宾、表时，需在名词前加限定词如：冠词、代词等或使用其复数形式。汉译英：1 马有四条腿： 2大熊猫很滑稽：A panda is funny . The pandas is funny . Pandas are very funny .改错：1 I am very fond of pandas . 2 I like making pen friend 3 I need chance 4 This is museum . 名词作定语时，须用其单数形式，不可用其所有格或复数形式。在变为复数时，只变被修饰的名词，man 或woman 作定语时，则两者都变。1 a shoe / shoes / shoes shop 2 two man / men / mens teachers 在表示只有一人担任的头衔、职务的名词在作句子的表语、同位语、补足语、介词宾语时，不加冠词：常见的名词有： president , captain , monitor , headmaster , head-teacher , head , manager 等eg : 1 We elected Hu president of China . 2 Hu ,president of china is great . 3 Hu is president of china . 4 He was elected president of china . 5 I look up to president of china 2 ：to do , doing , -ed 作补语的区别。 -ing 作宾补表示正在进行的动作，强调动作的一部分；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式，若宾语是动作的承受者用其被动式。to do 作宾补强调动作的全过程，若宾语是动作的承受者，用其被动式；若宾语是动作的发出者，用其主动式。ed 作宾补表示已完成的动作，宾语是动作的承受者。选择：1 He raised his voice to make himself. A ：hear B : heard C : hearing D: to hear 2 I couldnt do my homework with all that noise on . A : go B going C gone D to go 3 I saw him nothing at the meeting from beginning to end . A say B said C saying D to say 4 The thief came in , with his hands . A tying B tied C tie D to tie 3：有些动词后跟不定式时需省去符号 to ： watch , observe , see , look , look at , notice ; hear ,listen to , make , have , let , feel ,help 可带可不带。七：状语： adverbial 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。说明动作行为的或状态发生的时间，地点，条件，目的，原因，结果，方式，程度等。用” ” 表示。 1： 副词及其短语作状语 Work hard ,and youll succeed some day . If you dont succeed at first .please try ,try and try it again . Today only comes once ,and never again returns . 2：介宾短语作状语 Lets sit under the tree. He left school in 1998. Man should have a noble objective in every inch of life . Achievements provide the only real pleasure in life . Have an aim in life ,or your energies will be wasted . 3 ：分词及其短语作状语 He worked all night , preparing the speech . Seen from the hill ,the village is beautiful . Seeing from the hill ,I found the village beautiful . Not having from received an answer ,he