【优化方案】高考英语一轮复习 第二部分专题十五 主旨大意 人教版.doc

专题十五主旨大意passage 3(2012高考浙江卷)two friends have an argument that breaks up their friendship forever，even though neither once can remember how the whole thing got started.such sad events happen over and over in high schools across the country.in fact，according to an official report on youth violence，“in our country today，the greatest threat to the lives of children and adolescents is not disease or starvation or abandonment，but the terrible reality of violence”given that this is the case，why arent students taught to manage conflict the way they are taught to solve math problems，drive cars，or stay physically fit?first of all，students need to realize that conflict is unavoidable.a report on violence among middle school and high school students indicates that most violent incidents between students begin with a relatively minor insult(侮辱)for example，a fight could start over the fact that one student eats a peanut butter sandwich each lunchtime.laughter over the sandwich can lead to insults，which in turn can lead to violence.the problem isnt in the sandwich，but in the way students deal with the conflict.once students recognize that conflict is unavoidable，they can practice the golden rule of conflict resolution(解决)：stay calm.once the student feels calmer，he or she should choose words that will calm the other person down as well.rude words，namecalling，and accusations only add fuel to the emotional fire.on the other hand，soft words spoken at a normal sound level can put out the fire before it explodes out of control.after both sides have calmed down，they can use another key strategy(策略)for conflict resolution：listening.listening allows the two sides to understand each other.one person should describe his or her side，and the other person should listen without interrupting.afterward，the listener can ask nonthreatening questions to clarify the speakers position.then the two people should change roles.finally，students need to consider what they are hearing.this doesnt mean trying to figure out whats wrong with the other person.it means understanding what the real issue is and what both sides are trying to accomplish.for example，a shouting match over a peanut butter sandwich might happen because one person thinks the other person is unwilling to try new things.students need to ask themselves questions such as these：how did this start？what do i really want？what am i afraid of？as the issue becomes clearer，the conflict often simply becomes smaller.even if it doesnt，careful thought helps both sides figure out a mutual solution.there will always be conflict in schools，but that doesnt mean there needs to be violence.after students in atlanta started a conflict resolution program，according to educators for social responsibility，“64 percent of the teachers reported less physical violence in the classroom；75 percent of the teachers reported an increase in student cooperation；and 92 percent of the students felt better about themselves”learning to resolve conflicts can help students deal with friends，teachers，parents，bosses，and coworkers.in that way，conflict resolution is a basic life skill that should be taught in schools across the country.1this article is mainly about _athe lives of school childrenbthe cause of arguments in schoolschow to analyze youth violencedhow to deal with school conflicts2from paragraph 2 we can learn that _aviolence is more likely to occur at lunchtimeba small conflict can lead to violencecstudents tend to lose their temper easilydthe eating habit of a student is often the cause of a fight3why do students need to ask themselves the questions stated in paragraph 5?ato find out who is to blame.bto get ready to try new things.cto make clear what the real issue is.dto figure out how to stop the shouting match.4after the conflict resolution program was started in atlanta，it was found that _athere was a decrease in classroom violencebthere was less student cooperation in the classroomcmore teachers felt better about themselves in schoolsdthe teacherstudent relationship greatly improved4the writers purpose for writing this article is to _acomplain about problems in school educationbteach students different strategies for school lifecadvocate teaching conflict management in schoolsdinform teachers of the latest studies on school violencepassage 4(2012高考新课标卷)grownups are often surprised by how well they remember something they learned as children but have never practiced ever since. a man who has not had a chance to go swimming for years can still swim as well as ever when he gets back in the water. he can get on a bicycle after many years and still ride away. he can play catch and hit a ball as well as his son. a mother who has not thought about the words for years can teach her daughter the poem that begins “twinkle, twinkle, little star” or remember the story of cinderella or goldilocks and the three bears.one explanation is the law of overlearning, which can be stated as follows: once we have learned something, additional learning trials increase the length of time we will remember it. in childhood we usually continue to practice such skills as swimming, bicycle riding, and playing baseball long after we have learned them. we continue to listen to and remind ourselves of words such as “twinkle, twinkle, little star” and childhood tales such as cinderella and goldilocks. we not only learn but overlearn. the multiplication tables(乘法口诀表)are an exception to the general rule that we forget rather quickly the things that we learn in school, because they are another of the things we overlearn in childhood.the law of overlearning explains why cramming(突击学习)for an examination, though it may result in a passing grade, is not a satisfactory way to learn a college course. by cramming, a student may learn the subject well enough to get by on the examination, but he is likely soon to forget almost everything he learned. a little overlearning, on the other hand, is really necessary for ones future development.1what is the main idea of paragraph 1?apeople remember well what they learned in childhood.bchildren have a better memory than grownups.cpoem reading is a good way to learn words.dstories for children are easy to remember.2the author explains the law of overlearning by _apresenting research findingsbsetting down general rulescmaking a comparisondusing examples3according to the author, being able to use multiplication tables is _aa result of overlearningba special case of crammingca skill to deal with math problemsda basic step towards advanced studies4what is the authors opinion on cramming?ait leads to failure in college exams.bits helpful only in a limited way.cits possible to result in poor memory.dit increases students learning interest.passa