语气的种类.doc

The Subjunctive Mood 一语气的种类 1语气：所谓的语气是指说话人对所指的动作或状态所持有的态度。英语中有三种语气： 1.陈述语气（The Indicative Mood）：表示用来陈述和提问的语气。陈述语气是英语中最常用的语气。例如： You are very friendly.你很友好。 When and where were you born?你何时何地出生的？ 2.祈使语气（the Imperative Mood）：用于第二人称的单数和复数；用于第一人称和第三人称时，一般情况用Let sb. do sth.这个句型。祈使语气表示提出请求、命令、建议、邀请等。例如： Close your books and Lets have a dictation. 把书合上，我们来听写。 Hand the book to me, please. 请把书递给我。 Help! Help! I am drowning. 救命啊！救命啊！我快淹死了。 Beat me again and I will call a policeman! 再打我，我就叫警察了！ 3.虚拟语气（the Subjunctive Mood）：表示一种愿望和假设的情况。例如： If I were you, I would go.如果我是你的话，我就去。 I wish I could fly like a bird.但愿我像鸟一样在空中飞翔。 二虚拟语气在条件句中的应用 2可以把条件句分为两类： 1.真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如： If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。 As long as I say anything wrong, you must point it out.只要我说了什么错话，你一定要指出来。 2.虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如： If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。 If he had come here yesterday, he would have seen his old friend.假如他昨天来这儿的话，就会看见他的老朋友。 4虚拟语气在条件句中的用法： 1.表示与现在事实相反的情况。现将主句和从句的谓语动词主要形式列表如下： 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 行为动词用过去时，be 一律用were should/ would/could/might +动词原形 例如： If the weather were fine, I would go there.如果天气好，我去那儿。（事实天气不好） If I were you, I would read it again.如果我是你的话，我再读一遍。（事实上我不是你） What would I do if I were in your place?要是我处于你地位我会怎么办？（事实上我不在你的位置上） If he hurried, he could catch the first bus. 他要是快点能够赶上头班公共汽车。（可是他不着急） 2.表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。现将主句和从句的谓语动词的主要形式列表如下： 从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式 had +过去分词 should / would/ could/ might +have + 过去分词 例如: If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告） I shouldnt have been able to write such good novels if I hadnt lived among the peasants for five years.如果我不是和农民生活了五年，就不可能写出这样好的小说。（事实上我和农民生活了五年） If you hadnt invited me, I shouldnt have come to the party.如果你不邀请我，我就不会来参加你的舞会。(事实上你邀请了我) If he hadnt broken the law, he wouldnt have been put in prison.如果他不违法的话，就不会被打入监狱。（事实上他违病，我是可能来上学的。（事实上我生病了） 3.表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句。现将谓语动词的主要形式列表如下： 从句谓语动词的形式 主句谓语动词的形式 (1)动词过去式 (2)(2) should +动词原形(3) (3) were to do should/ would/ could/ might+动词原形 如 If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习) If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。（根据天气情况，明天不可能下雨） If he should come, I could ask him for some advice.万一他来了，我就能够向他请教。（事实上他来的可能性很小） 4虚拟语气条件句的倒装：如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时，把它们放在if的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。例如： Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？ Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。 。 三虚拟语气的其它用法 5由if only引导句型通常表示愿望。表示要是.就好了.例如： If only you could live with me! 假如你能和我生活在一起，那该有多好！ If only the rain would stop!雨要是停了那有多好！ If only we knew where to find him.我们要是知道在哪里能找到他，那该有多好！ 6在动词wish之后的宾语从句表示不可能实现的愿望。从句的谓语用动词的过去式时，表示说话人当时存在的一桩遗憾的事情；如果用过去完成式时，表示以前所发生的一件遗憾的事情；如果用would / could / might +do表示将来不可能实现的愿望。现将三种 谓语形式列表如下。 现在 过去 将来 动词的过去式 ，be 通常用were had过去分词 would/ could/ might+ 动词原形 例如： I wish I knew his address.Im sorry I dont know his address.现在我知道他的地址该有多好！ I wish you could drive a car.= I am sorry you cant drive a car.我希望他会开汽车。 I wish I hadnt spent so much money. = I was sorry I had spent so much money.但愿我不花那么多的钱。7虚拟语气用在as if 和as though引导的方式状语从句中，与现在事实相反用动词的过去式（be用were），与过去事实相反用过去完成式。例如： She knew America very well as though she had been there.她对美国很了解，好像她去过似的。（实际上她没有去过） He orders me about as if I were his wife.他叫我做这做那，好像我是他的妻子似的。（实际上我不是他的妻子） 8 在某些动词之后的宾语从句中，用should +动词原形来表示虚拟，但should常常可以省略。常用的动词有：suggest, ask, order, demand, request, desire, insist , urge , propose等。例如： He suggested that we should put the meeting off . 他建议推迟会议。 She urged that he write and accept the post.她敦促他写信接受这个职位。 She asked that she should be sent to work in the countryside.她要求派她到农村工作。 【注意】使用ask, insist, suggest, demand等动词时，一定要注意，它们之后的宾语从句的谓语动词有时用陈述语气，有时用虚拟语气。所遵循的规律是：当主句主语和从句的主语是同一个人时用陈述语气，反之，用虚拟语气。例如： I insisted that I was right.我坚持我是对的。 Her white face suggests that she is not healthy.她那苍白的脸暗示她有病。（本句中的suggest表示暗示） 9在It is suggest / desired/ ordered / proposed/ requested等that引导的从句。从句中的谓语动词应是should+动词原形，should可以省略。例如： It has been decided that the sports meeting should be put off till next month.已经决定运动会推迟到下个月举行。 It is proposed that he should be put in prison. 有人提议把他关进监狱。 10在It is important/ necessary / strange / natural / a pity that引导的从句中用虚拟语气。that引导的从句的谓语动词应用should动词原形，should可以省略。例如： It is strange that he should not have learned English.真奇怪，他居然没有学过英语。 It is necessary that he be sent to the factory.必须马上派他到工厂去。 It is a great pity that he should be so careless.遗憾的是他那么粗心。 11同位语从句或者表语从句中虚拟语气的用法： 1.在suggestion, order, idea, request, proposal, advice等名词后面的表语从句和同位语从句中，谓语动词的形式为should动词原形，其中should可以省略。例如：His advice is that we should learn this poem by heart.他的建议是我们把这首诗背诵下来。 What do you think of my suggestion that we should go home？我建议回家，你觉得怎么样？ My proposal is that we should set up a spare time school for them. 我的提议是我们为他们成立一所业余学校。 12在Its (high,about) time that+从句中用虚拟语气，表示劝告或建议，其谓语动词形式用should动词原形, 但是should不能省略，或者用动词的过去式。例如： It is high time that we should go home.我们该回家了。 It is time that you should have a rest.现在你们该休息一下了。 13由that, so that, , in order that 引导的目的状语从句中用虚拟语气，其谓语动词的形式为may, might, can, could动词原形。例如： I got up early this morning in order that I might catch the first bus.今天早晨我起得，目的是能赶上头班公共汽车。 Speak louder so that you may make yourself heard.请大点 儿声讲话好让大家都听见。 【注意】当状语从句是否定时，状语从句的谓语也可以用should动词原形。例如： I took a taxi to the Capital Gymnasium so that I should not miss the football match. 我乘出租车去了首都体育馆免得误了足球比赛。 I am ready to lend him a helping hand so that he should finish the work in time.我愿意帮他一把好让他及时完成此项工作。 14.由连接词in case（万一）, lest（以免） ,for fear that（以免）引起的状语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即should(might, would)+动词原形，例如： She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold. 她在那个婴儿身上盖上了毯子以免他着凉。 Take a raincoat with you in case it should rain.大雨衣带上，万一下雨。15.would (had) rather, would as soon, would sooner和would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。例如： Id rather you posted the letter right away. 我倒希望你把这封信立刻寄出去。 I would prefer he didnt stay there too long.我倒希望他不要在那儿可得太久。 I would just as soon you had returned the book yesterday.我真希望你昨天把这本书还了（1）介词或介词短语，如but for（要不是）, without（如果没有）,with（如果有） in case of（如果）等。 如： But for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy today. 要不是共产党的领导，我们现在过着心腹的生活。Without air, we couldnt live. 没有空气，我们就无法生存。*16.在标语、口号的句型中，用动词原形表示虚拟语气，表示强烈的愿望或祝愿等。例如： Long live China! 中国万岁！ Long Live Teachers! 教师万岁！ *17.表示祝愿也可用may（might）动词原形，例如： May our friendship last forever! 愿我们的友谊万古长青！ All of us prayed that she might soon be well again.我们大家都祝愿她早日恢复健康。 强化训练：虚拟语气 1Were it not for the snowy weather, we _all right. A. would be B. would have been C. were D. may be 2._ more careful, his ship would not have sunk. A. If the captain were B. Had the captain been C. Should the captain beD. If the captain would have been 3. If he_me tomorrow, I would let him know. A. should callB. should not have been able C. were not able D. are not able 4. If you asked your father you_permission. A. may get B. might get C. should have called D. maybe get 5._today, he would get there by Friday. A. Would he leave B. Was he leaving C. Were he to leave D. If he leaves 6. _I you, I would go with him to the party. A. Was B. Had been C. Will be D. Were 7.The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by hand, _all practical value by the time they they were finished. A. could lose B. would have lostC. might lose D. ought to have lost 8. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he_our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. would be 9. If you_Jerry Brown until recently, youd think the photograph on the right was strange. A. shouldnt contact B. didnt contact C. werent to contact D. hadnt contacted 10._t he English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday A. In spite of B. But for C. Because of D. As for 11. Look at the terrible situation I am in! If only I_your advice A. follow B. would follow C. had followed D. have followed 12. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he_our chairman now. A. must have been B. would have been C. were D. hadnt contacted 13. If the horse won today, it_thirty races in five years. A. would have won B. won C. must have won D. did have won 14. There is a real possibility that these animals could be frightened, _a sudden loud noise. A. being there B. should there be C. there was D. there having been 15. The board deemed it urgent that these files_right away. A. had to be printedB. should have been printed C. must be printedD. should be printed 16. Jean Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference. A. is to be analyzed B. has been analyzedC. be analyzed D. should have been analyzed 17. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I _fully occupied the whole of last week. A. were B. had been C. have been D. was 18. I apologize if I_ you, but I assure you it was unintentional. A. offend B. had offended C. should have offended D. might have offended 19. If you hadnt taken such a long time to get dressed, wed_ there by now. A. be B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 20. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, so it seems as if the sun _round the earth. A. were circling B. circles C. is circling D. be circling 21. I wish that I _ with you last night. A. went B. have gone C. could go D. could have gone 22. I wish I_ with her. A. would be B. am C. was D. were 23. I wish that I_ the concert last night. A. could B. have attended C. could have attended D. attended 24. The picture exhibition bored me to death. I wish I_ to it. A. had not gone B. have not gone C. did not go D. can not have gone 25. I wish you_me to put these things away, he said. A. will help B. help C. are helping D. would help 26. If the Watergate Incident_Nixon would not have resigned from the presidency. A. did not occur B. had not occurred C. was not occurring D. be circling 27. I hadnt expected James to apologize but I had hoped_. . A. him calling me B. that he would call me C. him to call me D. that he call me 28. George would certainly have attended the proceedings . A. if he didnt get a flat tire B. if the flat tire hadnt happened C. had he not had a flat tire D. had the tire not flattened itself 29. The teacher suggested that her students_ experiences with ESP. A. write a composition on their B. to write composition about the C. wrote some compositions of his or her D. had written any compositions for his 30. He speaks Chinese as fluently as if he _a Chinese. A. were B. had been C. is D. has been 31. As usual, he put on a show as though his trip_ a great success. A. had been B. has been C. were D. was 32. Looking round the town, he felt as though he_away for ages. A. has been B. was C. is D. had been 33. John is so strongly built that he looks as if he_as elephant. A. lifts B. is lifting C. lifted D. could lift 34. He described the town as if he_ it himself. A. had seen B. has seen C. saw D. sees 35. At that thought he shook himself, as though he_ from an evil dream. A. woke B. wakes C. would wake D. had woke 36. Most insurance agents would rather you_anything about collecting claims the situation. A. do B. dont C. didnt D. didnt do 37. Although most adopted persons want the right to know who their natural parents are, some who have found them wish that they_ the experience of meeting. A. hadnt B. didnt have had C. hadnt had D. hadnt have 38. It is important that the TOEFL office_your registration. A. will confirm B. confirm C. confirms D. must confirm 39. Without electronic computers, much of todays advanced technology_. A. will not A.have been achieved B. have not been achieved C. would not have been achieved D. had not been achieved 40. He told her to return the book in time so that others_ a chance to read it . A. may have B. will have C. would have D. might have 41. It is time that the government _measures to protect the rare birds and animals. A. takes B. took C. has taken D. taking 42. Some people are too particular about school records, insisting that every applicant_all diplomas from _ elementary school to university. A. has B. will have C. should have D. must have 43. He was very busy yesterday, otherwise he_to the meeting. A. would come B. came C. would have come D. had come 44. I must say he reads very well, and I shouldnt be surprised if he_acting for a living one day. A. had taken up B. takes up C. have taken up D. would have taken up 45. If I had seen the movie, I_you all about it now. A. would tell B. will tell C. have told D. would have told 46. I hadnt expected Henry to apologize but I had hoped_. . A. him t call me up B. him calling me up C. that he would call me up D. that he will call me 47. I had hoped that John _a year in Africa, but he stayed there only for three months. A. spends B. spent C. would spend D. will spend 48. I had hoped that Jennifer_a doctor, but she wasnt good enough at science. A. will become B. became C. would become D. becomes 49. Id rather you_anything about it for the time being. A. do B. didnt do C. dont D. didnt 50. Id just as soon_ rudely to her. A. that you wont speak B. you not speaking C. you not speak D. you didnt speak 51. Its high time they_this road. A. mend B. mended C. must have mended D. will mend 52. Its about time people_ notice of what women did during the war. A. take B. took C. have taken D. will take 53. Everybody has arrived. Its time we the class. A. shall start B. would start C. had started D. start 54._ the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. A. In spite of B. But for C.