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辊式卷板机结构设计

摘   要

本设计是关于对称式三辊卷板机的设计,主要对卷板机上、下辊及减速器进行设计和计算。

   设计前部分详细阐述了卷板机上、下辊结构设计和受力分析。板机结构型式为三辊对称式, 在该结构中上辊下压提供压力,两下辊做旋转运动,为卷制板材提供扭矩。它具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻、经济、等优点。动力源则选择了YZ系列YZ160L—6型电机,其工作特性优于Y系列电机,适用于有轻微震动,正反转且转速不高的场合。

总体设计后部分所涉及的减速器采用了三级展开式圆柱齿轮结构。齿轮材料为40Cr,并经调质及表面淬火。校核齿轮、轴、键、轴承确保了设计的实际可行性。



关键词: 卷板机;电动机;减速器;键;齿轮

           Symmwtry rolling machine design

Abstract

This design is about the three-roller symmwtry rolling machine,mainly calcats the up and down roller and the decelerator

During the front process of the design,the rolling machine`s structucre design and the analysis of strength are described. The rolling machine` structure is three-roller symmetry. Pressure provides pressure under owing structure the above-average roller , the roller does revolution sport under two , sheet material provides moment of torsion to roll of system.It has a series of advantages such as simply structure,small volume,light weight,economical and so on.YZ type YZ-160L-6 motor is selected as the power source,which adapts situation such as slience quenching and light reverse velocity.

The last part of the paper is ahout decelerator which is choosing triple expanding columm gear constiuction .The material of gear is 40Cr which has been hardening surface.The gears, axes, keys, bearings are checked, so to confirm this design is practical


Keywords  Rolling machine;Motor;Decelerator;Key;Gear

不要删除行尾的分节符,此行不会被打印

目录

Symmwtry rolling machine designV

目录VI

第1章 绪论8

1.1 概述8

1.2 卷板机的原理9

1.2.1 卷板机的运动形式9

1.2.2 弯曲成型的加工方式9

1.3 卷板机的发展趋势10

第2章 方案的论证及确定12

2.1 方案的论证12

2.1.1方案1双辊卷板机12

2.1.1 方案2 三辊卷板机13

2.1.3 方案3四辊卷板机13

2.2 方案的确定14

2.3 本章小结14

第3章 传动设计15

3.1传动方案的分析15

3.1.1 齿轮传动15

3.1.1 皮带传动16

3.2 传动系统的确定16

3.2.1 主传动系统的确定16

3.2.1副传动系统的确定16

3.3 本章小结17

第4章 动力设计19

4.1 主电机的选择和计算19

4.1.1 上下辊的参数选择计算19

4.1.2 主电机的功率确定19

4.2 上辊的设计计算校核29

4.2.1 上辊结构设计及受力图29

4.2.3 上辊强度校核30

4.2.4 疲劳强度安全强度校核30

4.2.5 上辊在卸料时的校核31

4.3  下辊设计计算及校核32

第5章  减速器的设计计算37

5.1 传动方案的分析和拟定37

5.2 减速器传动装置总的传动比和各级传动比的分配38

5.3传动装置各轴的参数计算38

5.4 齿轮传动设计39

5.6轴的设计校核计算:51

a.轴I、轴II、轴Ⅲ轴承的选择57

5.7  轴承校核57

5.7.3验算轴承寿命:58

5.8  键的校核58

5.9  减速器箱体的结构设计和齿轮、轴承的润滑:58

2.轴承的润滑:因轴承的速度V≥1.5-2m/s,故采用飞溅润滑。59

结    论60

参考文献61

附录63




内容简介:
Analytical and empirical modeling of top roller position for three-roller cylindrical bending of plates and its experimental verification The charact type of level eristic of level adjust below three rollers Rolling Machine in thisinvestigation is as follows.Using the adjust,the end can be bendedwithout turn around and the whole process of plate coiling including entering、center adjusting、pre-bending、coiling、cylinder proofread can be completedcontinuously;due to whole hydraulic pressure driving protocol,the structure wassimplified,and speed and pressure was easily controlled in the process of platecoiling;The setup of the center adjusting and the equip of supporting,the preciseand quality of plate coiling was improved;owing to the simplified structure,theoperation and maintenance is easy to carried out. KeyWord: Bending Machine;the work rolls;mechanical analysis; the transmission system 1、Reported research on the forming of cylindrical shells mostly discusses the modeling and analysis of the process. reported the geometrical analysis of the single pass elasto-plastic bending of beams on the three-roller pyramid benders by assuming triangular moment distribution between the rollers. Developed model for the bending force and bending moment was based on the contact point shift between the plate and top roll from the vertical centerline of the top roll. described closed loop shape control of three-roller bending process. The presented scheme accomplishes the shape control by measuring the loaded shape, the loaded moment and effective beam rigidity of the material in real time. discussed the distribution of curvature and bending moment in accordance with the displacement and rotation of the rolls by simulating the deformation of work piece with U-shaped cross-section in a three-roller bending process. They reported the relationship between the bending moment and the curvature of the work piece by elementary method, which was further used to build up a process model combining the geometries for three-roller bending process. 2、Developed process model was further applied to the real time control system to obtained products with constant and continuously varying curvature. reported a process model for use in simulation of the manufacturing of cylindrical shells from the plates, which require sequential bending, by incorporating the prior bend history. They modeled the process with series of overlapping two-dimensional three point bends, where overlap includes the plastic zone from the previous bends. reported the mathematical model for determining the plate internal bending resistance at the top roll contact for the multi-pass four-roll thin plate bending operations along with the principle mechanisms of bending process for single pass and multi-pass bending. have reported a kinematics based symmetric approach to determine the region of the plate to be rolled, in order to form smoothly curved plates. developed the analytical model to estimate the top roller position as a function of desired radius of curvature, for multiple pass three-roller forming of cylinders, considering real material behavior and change of Youngs modulus of elasticity under deformation and shows that the springback is larger than the springback calculated with constant E. Literature review reveals that only limited studies are available on the continuous three-roller bending of plates. 3、With reported analytical models, it is difficult to find the top roller position explicitly as a function of the desired radius of curvature and hence it requires solving the set of equations by nonlinear programming. Use of the close loop shape control or adaptive control or CNC control system can improve the accuracy and the consistency of the process but acquisition and maintenance of such a system is costly and may not be affordable to the small scale to medium scale fabricators. Purpose of the present analysis is to develop the model for prediction of the top roller position as a function of the desired radius of curvature explicitly for cylindrical shell bending. Development of the model is based on analytical and empirical approach. Empirical model is developed based on the top roller position versus loaded radius of curvature plots, which is obtained geometrically for a set of data of center distance between bottom rollers and bottom roller radius. 4、Conclusion Developed analytical and empirical models were verified with the experiments on three-roller cylindrical bending. Following important conclusions were derived out of the reported work: (1) Analytical model based on concept 3, simplifies the calculation procedure for the machine-setting parameters as it expresses the top roller position as an explicit function of desired radius of curvature. (2) Agreement of empirical results with that of the experiments and analytical results based on concept 3 proves the correctness of the procedure. (3) For the small to medium scale fabricators, where the volume of production does not permit the acquisition of automated close loop control systems, developed models can be proved to be simple tool for the first hand estimation of machine setting parameters for required product dimensions. (4) Consideration of effect of initial strain and change of modulus of elasticity during deformation on spring back, in analytical/empirical model will further improve the accuracy of prediction of top roller position. (5) Further, empirical model based on the experimental loaded curvature distribution between roller supports would consider the top roller-plate contact point shift and will lead to more accurate prediction of top roller position.通过实验确认的三辊卷板机上辊位置的分析和经验模型 本文研究的水平对称式卷板机特点如下:采用水平下调式,即下 辊可作水平移动,可实现不用调头便可预弯端头,使进料、对中、预 弯、卷圆、矫圆整个卷板过程连续完成,利于提高生产效率,降低工 人劳动强度;设置板料对中装置和支承辊装置,利于提高卷板精度和 卷板质量;采用全液压驱动,使设备结构简化,便于卷板过程中的速 度和压力控制,起停、换向灵活,运行平稳,操作方便;结构简单, 便于操作和维护维修,符合现场技术工人的操作和维修水平,高效实 用。 关键词:卷板机;工作辊;受力分析;传动系统 1、本文是研究形成的圆柱壳的大多是讨论的建模和分析的过程。通 过几何分析对三辊对称式卷板机的弹塑性弯曲,假设三角力矩分配之 间的轧辊。发展模式的弯曲力和弯矩的基础上,上辊通过在两下辊对 称中央作上下移动,而两下辊的左、右旋转。所描述的闭环板形控制 的三辊弯曲的过程。由提出的计划,完成板形控制测量加载的形状, 加载和有效刚度的材料。 在讨论的分布曲率和弯矩在按照位移和旋 转的辊模拟变形的工件与 U 形截面的过程中和他们之间的关系,弯 矩和曲率的工件由初等方法。这是进一步用来建立相结合的几何构型 为三辊弯曲的过程。 2、对现有的控制系统的产品模型进一步开发,以获得与常数和连续 变曲率。模型的使用在模拟制造圆柱壳从板,这就需要连续弯曲,这 就得到了事先的弯曲资料。他们用重叠包括来自事先的弯曲的塑料的 地域的连续的交叠处理二维的三点弯曲做模型程序了。通过数学模 型,确定上辊对板内部弯曲阻力,多通过四辊薄板弯曲行动随的原则, 弯曲的过程中为单一通过和多次通过弯曲。基于对称的做法,以确定 该地区的板块推出,在顺利形成弯曲板。分析模型估计上辊位置作为 期望曲率半径功能,为多通过三辊形成圆筒,就弹性模量(e)而论实 际变动的变形之下可知,计算大于恒定值的。 3、总上所述仅有的研究是可利用在连续三辊卷制成形的板材。 试验 的分析是难明确地发现上辊位置作为期望曲率半径功能并且它通过 非线性规划要求对封闭环形控制或者CNC 的用途控制系统可能改进 准确性和过程的一贯性,但这样系统承购和维护是昂贵的,并且不是 中小规模的卷板制造者可能付得起的对。当前分析的目的将明确开发 模型为上辊位置作为期望曲率半径功能为圆柱形壳弯曲因此根据分 析和经验主义的方法。 经验模型被开发根据上辊位置对被满载的曲 率半径,中心距获得为两下辊半径之间的。在三辊弯曲的过程,在一 张或几张通过板材由两个侧辊和满载的曲率半径对通过调整中心上 辊。可以改变两侧辊之间的距离。 在变形期间,所有三辊轴被设置 互相平行。卷板机的大小由参数定义。例如最大的弯曲半径以板材的 最大间距和设计的厚度和相当数量平直的部分保留在板材的端部。 4、结论 对三辊卷板机分析与实证模型的实验验证,推导出以下重要结 论:(1)分析模型基于概念3,它体现了上辊位置是期望曲率半径 的函数,简化了计算过程。 (2)实证结果表明,基于概念3 的实验和分析结果,证明了有 关过程的正确性。 (3)对于中小型规模的生产厂家,由于其生产量小,所以不需要 购买自动闭环控制系统,发展模式被证明是估算所需产品机械参数的 最简便的工具。 (4)在回弹过程,初应变和弹性模量变化的影响,分析/实证模 型,将进一步提高上辊位置的计算精度。 (5)实证模型在实验研究的基础上,考虑辊之间加载时的曲率分布 及辊板接触点的偏移,将更准确地计算上辊位置。哈尔滨理工大学毕业设计(论文)任务书学生姓名: 学号:学 院: 专业:任务起止时间: 2013 年 2 月 25 日至 2013 年6 月 21 日毕业设计(论文)题目: 论文题目不要居中,缩进两个字,像段落开始一样毕业设计工作内容:1、 (第1-2周)资料:1、 参考书不一定非要写年份,有名称就行,应该要学生找最新的。2、 要是老师觉得什么资料特别好,就需要具体信息。指导教师意见:(签名下面的时间在22-24之间)签名:年 月 日系主任意见:签名:年 月 日教务处制表 毕业设计(论文)开 题 报 告学生姓名 学 号 专 业 班 级 指导教师 年 月 日课题题目及来源:课题题目: 课题来源: 课题研究的意义和国内外研究现状:通课题研究的主要内容和方法,研究过程中的主要问题和解决办法:课题研究所需的参考文献: 指导教师审查意见:指导教师签字: 20 年 月 日指导委员会意见审核意见:组长签字: 20年 月 日 毕 业 设 计 题 目: 院、 系: 姓 名: 指导教师: 系 主 任: 年 月 日 毕 业 设 计 题 目: 院、 系: 姓 名: 指导教师: 系 主 任: 年 月 日哈尔滨理工大学毕业设计(论文)评语学生姓名: 学号:学 院: 专业:任务起止时间: 年 月 日至 年 月 日毕业设计(论文)题目:指导教师对毕业设计(论文)的评语:指导教师签名: 指导教师职称: 评阅教师对毕业设计(论文)的评语:评阅教师签名: 评阅教师职称: 答辩委员会对毕业设计(论文)的评语:答辩委员会评定,该生毕业设计(论文)成绩为: 答辩委员会主席签名: 职称: 年 月 日教务处制表哈尔滨理工大学学士学位论文 毕 业 设 计 题 目: 院、 系: 姓 名: 指导教师: 系 主 任: 年 月 日哈尔滨理工大学毕业设计(论文)评语学生姓名: 学号:学 院: 专业:任务起止时间: 年 月 日至 年 月 日毕业设计(论文)题目:指导教师对毕业设计(论文)的评语:指导教师签名: 指导教师职称: 评阅教师对毕业设计(论文)的评语:评阅教师签名: 评阅教师职称: 答辩委员会对毕业设计(论文)的评语:答辩委员会评定,该生毕业设计(论文)成绩为: 答辩委员会主席签名: 职称: 年 月 日教务处制表 哈尔滨理工大学毕业设计(论文)任务书学生姓名: 学号:学 院: 专业:任务起止时间: 2013 年 2 月 25 日至 2013 年6 月 21 日毕业设计(论文)题目: 论文题目不要居中,缩进两个字,像段落开始一样毕业设计工作内容:1、 (第1-2周)资料:1、 参考书不一定非要写年份,有名称就行,应该要学生找最新的。2、 要是老师觉得什么资料特别好,就需要具体信息。指导教师意见:(签名下面的时间在22-24之间)签名:年 月 日系主任意见:签名:年 月 日教务处制表辊式卷板机结构设计摘 要本设计是关于对称式三辊卷板机的设计,主要对卷板机上、下辊及减速器进行设计和计算。 设计前部分详细阐述了卷板机上、下辊结构设计和受力分析。板机结构型式为三辊对称式, 在该结构中上辊下压提供压力,两下辊做旋转运动,为卷制板材提供扭矩。它具有结构简单、体积小、重量轻、经济、等优点。动力源则选择了YZ系列YZ160L6型电机,其工作特性优于Y系列电机,适用于有轻微震动,正反转且转速不高的场合。总体设计后部分所涉及的减速器采用了三级展开式圆柱齿轮结构。齿轮材料为40Cr,并经调质及表面淬火。校核齿轮、轴、键、轴承确保了设计的实际可行性。关键词: 卷板机;电动机;减速器;键;齿轮 Symmwtry rolling machine design AbstractThis design is about the three-roller symmwtry rolling machine,mainly calcats the up and down roller and the deceleratorDuring the front process of the design,the rolling machines structucre design and the analysis of strength are described. The rolling machine structure is three-roller symmetry. Pressure provides pressure under owing structure the above-average roller , the roller does revolution sport under two , sheet material provides moment of torsion to roll of system.It has a series of advantages such as simply structure,small volume,light weight,economical and so on.YZ type YZ-160L-6 motor is selected as the power source,which adapts situation such as slience quenching and light reverse velocity.The last part of the paper is ahout decelerator which is choosing triple expanding columm gear constiuction .The material of gear is 40Cr which has been hardening surface.The gears, axes, keys, bearings are checked, so to confirm this design is practicalKeywords Rolling machine;Motor;Decelerator;Key;Gear不要删除行尾的分节符,此行不会被打印- IV -目录Symmwtry rolling machine designV目录VI第1章 绪论81.1 概述81.2 卷板机的原理91.2.1 卷板机的运动形式91.2.2 弯曲成型的加工方式91.3 卷板机的发展趋势10第2章 方案的论证及确定122.1 方案的论证122.1.1方案1双辊卷板机122.1.1 方案2 三辊卷板机132.1.3 方案3四辊卷板机132.2 方案的确定142.3 本章小结14第3章 传动设计153.1传动方案的分析153.1.1 齿轮传动153.1.1 皮带传动163.2 传动系统的确定163.2.1 主传动系统的确定163.2.1副传动系统的确定163.3 本章小结17第4章 动力设计194.1 主电机的选择和计算194.1.1 上下辊的参数选择计算194.1.2 主电机的功率确定194.2 上辊的设计计算校核294.2.1 上辊结构设计及受力图294.2.3 上辊强度校核304.2.4 疲劳强度安全强度校核304.2.5 上辊在卸料时的校核314.3 下辊设计计算及校核32第5章 减速器的设计计算3751 传动方案的分析和拟定3752 减速器传动装置总的传动比和各级传动比的分配3853传动装置各轴的参数计算3854 齿轮传动设计395.6轴的设计校核计算:51a轴I、轴II、轴轴承的选择5757 轴承校核575.7.3验算轴承寿命:5858 键的校核5859 减速器箱体的结构设计和齿轮、轴承的润滑:582.轴承的润滑:因轴承的速度V1.5-2m/s,故采用飞溅润滑。59结 论60参考文献61附录63千万不要删除行尾的分节符,此行不会被打印。在目录上点右键“更新域”,然后“更新整个目录”。打印前,不要忘记把上面“Abstract”这一行后加一空行- VI -第1章 绪论1.1 概述机械加工行业在我国有着举足轻重的地位,它是国家的国民经济命脉。作为整个工业的基础和重要组成部分的机械制造业,任务就是为国民经济的各个行业提供先进的机械装备和零件。它的规模和水平是反映国家的经济实力和科学技术水平的重要标志,因此非常值得重视和研究。卷板机是一种将金属板材卷弯成筒形、弧形或其它形状工件的通用设备。根据三点成圆的原理,利用工件相对位置变化和旋转运动使板材产生连续的塑性变形,以获得预定形状的工件。该产品广泛用于锅炉、造船、石油、木工、金属结构及其它机械制造行业。卷板机作为一个特殊的机器,它在工业基础加工中占有重要的地位。凡是钢材成型为圆柱型,几乎都用卷板机辊制。其在汽车,军工等各个方面都有应用。根据不同的要求,它可以辊制出符合要求的钢柱,是一种相当实用的器械。在国外一般以工作辊的配置方式来划分。国内普遍以工作辊数量及调整形式等为标准实行混合分类,一般分为:1、三辊卷板机:包括对称式三辊卷板机、非对称式三辊卷板机、水平下调式三辊卷板机、倾斜下调式三辊卷板机、弧形下调式三辊卷板机和垂直下调式三辊卷板机等。2、四辊卷板机:分为侧辊倾斜调整式四辊卷板机和侧辊圆弧调整式四辊卷板机。3、特殊用途卷板机:有立式卷板机、船用卷板机、双辊卷板机、锥体卷板机、多辊卷板机和多用途卷板机等。卷板机采用机械传动已有几十年的历史,由于结构简单,性能可靠,造价低廉,至今在中、小型卷板机中仍广泛应用。在低速大扭矩的卷板机上,因传动系统体积庞大,电动机功率大,起动时电网波动也较大,所以越来越多地采用液压传动。近年来,有以液压马达作为源控制工作辊移动但主驱动仍为机械传动的机液混合传动的卷板机,也有同时采用液压马达作为工作辊旋转动力源的全液压式卷板机。卷板机的工作能力是指板材在冷态下,按规定的屈服极限卷制最大板材厚度与宽度时最小卷筒直径的能力。国内外采用冷卷方法较多。冷卷精度较高,操作工艺简便,成本低廉,但对板材的质量要求较高(如不允许有缺口、裂纹等缺陷),金相组织一致性要好。当卷制板厚较大或弯曲半径较小并超过设备工作能力时,在设备允许的前提下可采用热卷的方法。有些不允许冷卷的板材,热卷刚性太差,则采用温卷的方法。1.2 卷板机的原理1.2.1 卷板机的运动形式卷板机的运动形式可以分为主运动和辅运动两种形式的运动。主运动是指构成卷板机的上辊和下辊对加工板材的旋转、弯折等运动,主运动完成卷板机的加工任务。辅运动是卷板机在卷板过程中的装料、下料及上辊的升降、翘起以及倒头架的翻转等形式的运动。该机构形式为三辊对称式,上辊在两下辊中央对称位置作垂直升降运动,通过丝杆丝母蜗杆传动而获得,两下辊作旋转运动,通过减速机的输出齿轮与下辊齿轮啮合,为卷制板材提供扭矩。 图1.1 三辊卷板机工作原理图由图1.1:主运动指上辊绕O1,下辊分别绕O2、O3作顺时针或逆时针旋转。辅运动指上辊的上升或下降运动,以及上辊在O1垂直平面的上翘、翻边运动等。1.2.2 弯曲成型的加工方式在钢结构制作中弯制成型的加工主要是卷板(滚圆)、弯曲(煨弯)、折边和模具压制等几种加工方法。弯制成型的加工工序是由热加工或冷加工来完成的。滚圆是在外力的作用下,使钢板的外层纤维伸长,内层纤维缩短而产生弯曲变形(中层纤维不变)。当圆筒半径较大时,可在常温状态下卷圆,如半径较小和钢板较厚时,应将钢板加热后卷圆。在常温状态下进行滚圆钢板的方法有:机械滚圆、胎模压制和手工制作三种加工方法。机械滚圆是在卷板机(又叫滚板机、轧圆机)上进行的。在卷板机上进行板材的弯曲是通过上滚轴向下移动时所产生的压力来达到的。它们滚圆工作原理如图1.2所示。a) b) c)a)对称式三辊卷板机 b)不对称式三辊卷板机 c)四辊卷板机图1.2 滚圆机原理图 用三辊弯(卷)板机弯板,其板的两端需要进行预弯,预弯长度为0.5L(3050)mm(L为下辊中心距)。预弯可采用压力机模压预弯或用托板在滚圆机内预弯(图1.3) a) b)a)用压力机模压预弯 b)用托板在滚圆机内预弯图1.3 钢板预弯示意图1.3 卷板机的发展趋势加入WTO后我国卷板机工业正在步入一个高速发展的快道,并成为国民经济的重要产业,对国民经济的贡献和提高人民生活质量的作用也越来越大。预计“十一五”期末中国的卷板机总需求量为600万辆,相关装备的需求预计超过1000亿元。到2012年,中国的卷板机生产量和消费量可能位居世界第二位,仅次于美国。而其在装备工业上的投入力度将会大大加强,市场的竞争也愈演愈烈,产品的更换也要求卷板机装备工业不断在技术和工艺上取得更大的优势:1.从国家计委立项的情况看,卷板机工业1000万以上投入的项目达近百项;2.卷板机工业已建项目的二期改造也将会产生一个很大的用户群;3.由于卷板机的高利润,促使各地政府都纷纷投资(国家投资、外资和民间资本)卷板机制造。其次,跨国公司都开始将最新的车型投放到中国市场,并计划在中国加大投资力度,扩大产能,以争取中国更大的市场份额。民营企业的崛起以及机制的敏锐使其成为卷板机工业的新宠,民营企业已开始成为卷板机装备市场一个新的亮点。卷板机制造业作为机床模具产业最大的买方市场,其中进口设备70%用于卷板机,同时也带动了焊接、涂装、检测、材料应用等各个行业的快速发展。卷板机制造业的技术革命,将引起装备市场的结构变化:数控技术推动了卷板机制造企业的历史性的革命,数控机床有着高精度、高效率、高可靠性的特点,引进数控设备在增强企业的应变能力、提高产品质量等方面起到了很好的作用,促进了我国机械工业的发展。因此,至2010年,卷板机工业对制造装备的需求与现在比将增长12%左右,据预测,卷板机制造业:对数控机床需求将增长26%;对压铸设备的需求将增长16%;对纤维复合材料压制设备的需求增长15%;对工作压力较高的挤或冲压设备需求增长12%;对液压成形设备需求增长8%;对模具的需求增长36%;对加工中心需求增长6%;对硬车削和硬铣消机床的需求增长18%;对切割机床的需求增长30%;对精密加工设备的需求增长34%;对特种及专用加工设备需求增长23%;对机器人和制造自动化装置的需求增长13%;对焊接系统设备增长36%;对涂装设备的需求增长8%,对质检验与测试设备的需求增长16%。在今后的工业生产中,卷板机会一直得到很好的利用。它能节约大量的人力物力用以弯曲钢板。可以说是不可缺少的高效机械。时代在发展,科技在进步,国民经济的高速发展将对这个机械品种提出越来越高的要求,将促使这个设计行业的迅速发展。第2章 方案的论证及确定2.1 方案的论证一般情况下,一台卷板机所能卷制的板厚,既工作能力,是指板材在冷态下,按规定的屈服极限卷制最大板材厚度与宽度时的最小卷桶直径的能力,热卷可达冷卷能力的一倍。但近年来,冷卷的能力正日益提高。 结合上章卷板机的类型,拟订了以下几种方案,并进行了分析论证。2.1.1方案1双辊卷板机 双辊卷板机的原理如图2.1所示:132 1.上辊2.工件3.下辊图2.1 双辊卷板机工作原理图 上辊是钢制的刚性辊,下辊是一个包有弹性的辊,可以作垂直调整。当下辊旋转时,上辊及送进板料在压力作用下,压人下辊的弹性层中,使下辊发生弹性变形。但因弹性体的体积不变,压力便向四面传递,产生强度很高,但分布均匀的连续作用的反压力,迫使板料与刚性辊连续贴紧,目的是使它随着旋转而滚成桶形。上辊压人下辊的深度,既弹性层的变形量,是决定所形成弯曲半径的主要工艺参数。根据实验研究,压下量越大,板料弯曲半径越小;但当压人量达到某一数值时,弯曲半径趋于稳定,与压下量几乎无关,这是双辊卷板机工艺的一个重要特征。 双辊卷板机具有的优点:1.板料不需要预弯成形,因此生产率高;2.可以弯曲多种材料,机器结构简单。缺点:1.对于不同弯度的制品,需要跟换相适应的上棍,因而不适用多品种,小批量生产。 2.可弯曲的板料厚度系列受到一定限制,目前一般只能用于10mm以下的板料。2.1.1 方案2 三辊卷板机三辊卷板机是目前最普遍的一种卷板机。利用三辊滚弯原理,使板材弯曲成圆形,圆锥形或弧形工作。1.对称三辊卷板机特点 结构简单、紧凑,质量轻、易于制造、维修、投资小、两侧辊可以做的很近。形成较准确,但剩余直边大。一般对称三辊卷板机减小剩余直边比较麻烦。2.不对称三辊卷板机特点剩余边小,结构简单,但坯料需要调头弯边,操作不方便,辊筒受力较大,弯卷能力较小。所谓理论剩余直边,就是指平板开始弯曲时最小力臂。其大小与设备及弯曲形式有关。如图2.2所示:对称弯曲时不对称弯曲时t2t1图2.2 三辊卷板机工作原理图对称式三辊卷板机剩余直边为两下辊中心距的一半。但为避免板料从滚筒间滑落,实际剩余直边常比理论值大。一般对称弯曲时为板厚620倍。由于剩余直边在校圆时难以完全消除,所以一般应对板料进行预弯,使剩余直边接近理论值。不对称三辊卷板机,剩余直边小于两下辊中心的一半,如图2.2所示,它主要卷制薄筒(一般在323000以下)。2.1.3 方案3四辊卷板机其原理如图2.3图2.3 四辊卷板机 它有四个辊,上辊是主动辊,下辊可上下移动,用来夹紧钢板,两个侧辊可沿斜线升降,在四辊卷板机上可进行板料的预弯工作,它靠下辊的上升,将钢板端头压紧在上、下辊之间。再利用侧辊的移动使钢板端部发生弯曲变形,达到所需要。它的特点是:板料对中方便,工艺通用性广,可以校正扭斜,错边缺陷,可以既位装配点焊。但滚筒多。质量体积大,结构复杂。上下辊夹持力使工件受氧化皮压伤严重。两侧辊相距较远,对称卷圆曲率不太准确,操作技术不易掌握,容易造成超负荷等误操作。2.2 方案的确定通过上节方案的分析,根据各种类型卷板机的特点,再根据三辊卷板机的不同类型所具有的特点,最后形成我的设计方案,122000对称上调三辊卷板机。双辊卷板机不需要预弯、结构简单,但弯曲板厚受限制,只适合小批量生产。四辊卷板机结构复杂造价又高。虽然三辊卷板机不能预弯,但是可以通过手工或其它方法进行预弯。2.3 本章小结 通过几种运动方案的分析,双辊卷板机虽然不需要预弯,但只适合小批量生产,而且弯曲板厚受限制。四辊卷板机通用性广,但其质量体积大而且操作技术不易掌握。对称三辊卷板结构简单、紧凑、质量轻、易于制造等优点。经过相比较下最终决定采用三辊卷板机。 第3章 传动设计对称上调式三辊卷板机如图3.1所示:图 3.1 对称上调式三辊卷板机 它是以两个下辊为主动轮 ,由主动机、联轴器、减速器及开式齿轮副驱动。上辊工作时,由于钢板间的摩擦力带动。同时作为从动轴,起调整挤压的作用。由单独的传动系统控制,主要组成是:上辊升降电动机、减速器、蜗轮副、螺母。工作时,由蜗轮副转动蜗轮内螺母,使螺杆及上辊轴承座作升降运动。两个下辊可以正反两个方向转动,在上辊的压力下下辊经过反复的滚动,使板料达到所需要的曲率,形成预计的形状。3.1传动方案的分析 卷板机传动系统分为两种方式:3.1.1 齿轮传动电动机传出的扭距通过一个有保护作用的联轴器,传人一个有分配传动比的减速器,然后功过连轴器传人开式齿轮副,进入带动两轴的传动。如图3.2所示。 图3.2 齿轮式传动系统图这种传动方式的特点是:工作可靠,使用寿命长,传动准确,效率高,结构紧凑,功率和速度适用范围广等。3.1.1 皮带传动由电动机的转距通过皮带传人减速器直接传人主动轴。如图3.3所示:图3.3 皮带式传动系统图这种传动方式具有传动平稳,噪音下的特点,同时以起过载保护的作用,这种传动方式主要应用于具有一个主动辊的卷板机。3.2 传动系统的确定鉴于上节的分析,考虑到所设计的是三辊卷板机,具有两个主动辊,而且要求结构紧凑,传动准确,所以选用齿轮传动。3.2.1 主传动系统的确定传动系统如图3.4所示:上辊传动压下系统下辊住传动系统图 3.4 传动系统图所以选用了圆柱齿轮减速器,减速比i=134.719,减速器通过联轴器和齿轮副带动两个下辊工作。3.2.1副传动系统的确定 为调整上下辊间距,由上辊升降电动机通过减速器,蜗轮副传动蜗轮内螺母,使螺杆及上辊轴承座升降运动,为使上辊、下辊轴线相互平行,有牙嵌离和器以备调整,副传动系统如图3.4所示。 需要卷制锥筒时,把离和器上的定位螺钉松开,然后使蜗轮空转达到只升降左机架中升降丝杆的目的。3.3 本章小结收集资料对各种运动方式进行分析,在结合三辊卷板机的运动特点和工作的可靠性,最后主传动采用齿轮传动,副传动采用蜗轮蜗杆传动。第4章 动力设计4.1 主电机的选择和计算4.1.1 上下辊的参数选择计算 1. 已知设计参数加工板料:Q235-A1 屈服强度:s=235MPa 抗拉强度:b=420MPa辊材:Mn 屈服强度:s=930MPa 抗拉强度:b=1080MPa硬度:HBSHB板厚:mm 板宽:b=2000mm 滚筒与板料间的滑动摩擦系数: 滚筒与板料间的滚动摩擦系数:f =0.8无油润滑轴承的滑动摩擦系数: 板料截面形状系数: 板料相对强化系数: 板料弹性模量: E=2.06106MPa卷板速度:m/min2. 确定卷板机基本参数14下辊中心矩:=390mm上辊直径:=300mm下辊直径:=240mm上辊轴直径:=180mm下辊轴直径:=130mm最小卷圆直径:=600mm筒体回弹前内径:=506.607mm 4.1.2 主电机的功率确定因在卷制板材时,板材不同成形量所需的电机功率也不相同,所以要确定主电机功率,板材成形需按四次成形计算:1成形40%时(1)板料变形为40%的基本参数 mm mm (2)板料由平板开始弯曲时的初始弯矩M1 kgfmmW为板材的抗弯截面模量。(3)板料变形40%时的最大弯矩M0.4 kgfmm(4)从 kgfmm上辊受力: kgf下辊受力: kgf(5)消耗于摩擦的摩擦阻力矩 = kgfmm(6)板料送进时的摩擦阻力矩 kgfmm(7)拉力在轴承中所引起的摩擦阻力矩 kgfmm(8)卷板机送进板料时的总力矩 kgfmm(9)卷板机空载时的扭矩::板料重量G1: kg:联轴器的重量8 : 选ZL10,=180.9kg:下辊重量:kg kgfmm(10)卷板时板料不打滑的条件: kgfmm kgfmm因为,所以满足。(11)驱动功率: kgfmmkw2. 成形70%时(1)板料成型70%的基本参数 mm mm (2)板料变形70%时的最大弯矩M0.7 kgfmmkgfkgf(3)板料从 kgfmm(4)消耗于摩擦的扭矩 kgfmm(5)板料送进时的摩擦阻力矩 kgfmm(6)拉力在轴承中所引起的摩擦损失 kgfmm(7)机器送进板料时的总力矩 kgfmm(8)卷板机空载时的扭矩 kgfmm(9)板料不打滑的条件 kgfmm因,所以满足。(10)驱动功率 kgfmmkw3.成形90%时(1) 板料成型90%的基本参数 mm mm (2)板料变形为90%时的最大弯矩M0.9 kgfmmkgfkgf(3)板料从 kgfmm(4)消耗于摩擦的扭矩 kgfmm(5)板料送进时的摩擦阻力矩 kgfmm(6)拉力在轴承中所引起的摩擦损失 kgfmm(7)机器送进板料时的总力矩 kgfmm(8)卷板机空载时的扭矩kgfmm(9)卷制时板料不打滑的条件:kgfmmkgfmm因,所以满足。(10)驱动功率kgfmmkw4成形100%时(1)板料成型100%的基本参数 mm mm (2)板料变形为100%时的最大弯矩M1。0kgfmm(3)板料从kgfmmkgfkgf(4)消耗于摩擦的扭矩 kgfmm(5)板料送进时的摩擦阻力矩 kgfmm(6)拉力在轴承中所引起的摩擦损失kgfmm(7)机器送进板料时的总力矩kgfmm(8)空载时的扭矩kgfmm(9)板料不打滑的条件kgfmmkgfmm因为,所以满足。(10)驱动功率 kgfmm kw 成形量计算结果40%70%90%100%简体直径(mm)1266.518723.724562.899506.607简体曲率半径R(mm)639.259367.862287.45259.304初始变形弯矩M1(kgfmm)1.692107村料受到的最大变形弯矩M(kgfmm)1.8151071.9051071.9651071.995107上辊受力Pa(kgf)2.3251052.3761052.5031052.972105下辊受力Pc(kgf)1.1971051.2891051.4191051.281105村料变形弯矩Mn1(kgfmm)3.2921061.8691061.7661068.972105摩擦阻力扭矩Mn22.3211062.4281062.6151062.725106材料送进时摩擦阻力扭矩MT1.3811061.4231061.5091061.727106空载力矩Mn49.88103拉力引起摩擦扭矩Mn31.5191051.3081051.0641058.529104Mn1+MT+ Mn44.6821064.0331063.2851062.634106总力矩Mp5.1711065.5681064.9641065.534106驱动力矩Mn5.7691065.1191064.4971064.485106驱动功率Nqc(kw)7.9547.4087.1517.019综合上述的计算结果总汇与表4.1表4.1 计算结果总汇5主电机的选择:由表4.1可知,成形量为40%时所需的驱动功率最大,考虑工作机的安全系数,电动机的功率选11kw。因YZ系列电机具有较大的过载能力和较高的机械强度,特别适用于短时或断续周期运行、频繁起动和制动、正反转且转速不高、有时过负荷及有显著的振动与冲出的设备。其工作特性明显优于Y系列电机,故选YZ160L6型电机,其参数如下:kw; r/min; ; kw。升降电动机选择YD系列变极多速三相异步电动机,能够简化变速系统和节能。故选择YD90S6/4,其参数如下:N=0.65kw; r=1000r/min; G=15kg。4.2 上辊的设计计算校核4.2.1 上辊结构设计及受力图由上部分计算可知辊筒在成形100%时受力最大:kgf kgf故按计算,其受力图4.1:图4.1辊筒受力图4.2.2 刚度校核挠度1: 确定公式各参数:mm4 (Ia为轴截面的惯性矩)kgf kgf/m mm mm 得: 因为,所以上辊刚度满足要求。4.2.3 上辊强度校核危险截面为、,因、 相同,且,所以只需校核、处: kgfmmkgf/mm2W为抗弯截面系数。mm3kgf/mm2 : kgfmmkgf/mm2 故安全,强度合乎条件。4.2.4 疲劳强度安全强度校核1: Mpa=108kgf/mm2 kgf/mm2kgf/mm2在截面、处 5所以采用斜齿=152.按齿面接触强度计算和确定齿轮尺寸15 mm (5.1) (1)确定公式内各参数a)试选载荷系数:Kt=1.3 b)小齿轮传递扭矩:T1=1.093105 Nmmc)齿宽系数15:材料的弹性影响系数15: 取=20 e)按齿面硬度中间值52HRC查得大小齿轮的接触疲劳强度极限15:MPaf)计算应力循环次数: N1=60n1JLn=609531(2830015)4.117109 N2=4.117/6.2=6.64108g)查得接触疲劳寿命系数15:ZN1=1.0 ZN2=1.0h)计算接触疲劳许用应力15:安全系数S1 MPa MPa所以: MPa(2)计算a)试算小齿轮分度直径d1t 由5.1得: mmb)计算圆周速度V: m/sc)齿宽b: mm d)齿宽与齿高之比b/h:模数: mtd1t/Z152.53/242.195mm 齿高: h2.25mt2.252.1954.939mm齿高之比 : b/h47.407/4.9399.599e)计算载荷系数:根据v=2.621m/s,7级精度动载荷系数15:Kv=1.11 KH=KF=1.4 使用系数:KA=1 KH=1.41KF=1.46故载荷系数: K=KHKVKHKH=11.111.411.4=2.191f)按实际载荷系数校正分度圆直径: mm 取:mmg)计算模数m: m=d1/Z1=52.23/24=2.666mm3.按齿根弯曲强度设计15 (5.2) (1)确定公式内的各计算数值a)查大小齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度极限15: MPab)查得弯曲疲劳寿命系数15: c)计算弯曲疲劳许用应力: 取安全系数S1.4MPa MPa d)计算载荷系数K: e)查取齿形系数15: f)查取应力校正系数15: g)计算大小齿轮的并加以比较: 故小齿轮数值较大。(2)模数设计算mm 因为齿轮模数m的大小是由齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力决定的,而齿面接触疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力仅与齿轮直径有关,又因齿面接触疲劳强度计算的模数m大于齿根弯曲疲劳的计算模数,故取弯曲强度算得模数m1.68mm,圆整后m2mm。校正后的分度圆直径d1=64mm。齿数Z1、Z2: Z1=d1/m=64/2=32 取Z1=32 Z2=Z1=200确定: 取=241mm 4.几何尺寸计算a)两齿轮的分度圆直径:mm mmb)中心距: mmc)齿宽: mm 故取:b1=65 ,b2=60。5.验算 N N/m 故:假设合适,设计合理。 5.4.2 第二级传动设计:1齿轮参数选择 (1)选用圆柱直齿传动2)材料热处理:因此级传递功率校大,磨损严重,考虑磨损对齿轮强度的削弱,齿轮材料为40Cr,表面需调质处理,齿面硬度为4855HRC。 3)选取精度等级:选7级精度(GB10095-88)。4)选小齿轮数:Z1=24, Z2=iZ1=4.824=115. Z2取116 齿数比:u= 4.82按齿面接触强度设计由公式5.1 (1)确定公式内各参数a)试选载荷系数:Kt=1.3 b)小齿轮传递扭矩:T1=6.432105 Nmmc)齿宽系数15: 材料的弹性影响系数:d) 按齿面硬度中间值52HRC,查得大小齿轮的接触疲劳强度极限15:MPae)计算应力循环次数:N1=60n1JLn=60153.711(2830015)6.64108 N2=6.64108/4.8=1.383108f)接触疲劳寿命系数15: ZN1=1.0 ZN2=1.0g)计算接触疲劳许用应力15:安全系数S1MPa MPa所以: MPa(2)计算a)试算小齿轮分度直径d1t:71.44mmb)计算圆周速度: m/sc)齿宽b: mm d)齿宽与齿高之比b/h:模数:mtd1t/Z171.44/242.99mm 齿高:h2.25mt2.252.996.723mm齿高之比:b/h64.57/6.7289.597e)计算载荷系数:动载荷系数15:Kv=1.03 KH=KF=1.1 使用系数:KA=1 KH=1.323 KF=1.39故载荷系数: K=KHKVKHKH=11.031.11.323=1.499f)按实际载荷系数校正分度圆直径:mm d1取76mmg)计算模数m: m=d1/Z1=75.232/24=3.167mm3.按齿根弯曲强度设计根据公式5.2 (1)确定公式内的各参数a)查大小齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度极限15:MPab)弯曲疲劳寿命系数15: c)计算弯曲疲劳许用应力15:取安全系数S1.4MPa MPad)计算载荷系数K:e)查取齿形系数15: f)查取应力校正系数15: g)计算大小齿轮的并加以比较: 因为: 所以小齿轮的数值较小。(2)模数设计计算mm因为齿轮模数m的大小是由齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力决定的,而齿面接触疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力仅与齿轮直径有关,又因齿面接触疲劳强度计算的模数m大于齿根弯曲疲劳的计算模数,故取弯曲强度算得模数m3.227mm,圆整后m4mm。校正后的分度圆直径d1=71.744mm。齿数Z1、Z2:Z1=d1/m=71.744/4=21.7 取Z1=25 Z2=Z1=1204. 几何尺寸计算a两齿轮的分度圆直径:mm mmb)中心距: c)齿宽: mm 故取b1=90 ,b2=85。5. 验算: N N/m 故:假设合适,设计合理。5.4.3 第三级传动设计:1齿轮参数选择1)选用圆柱直齿传动2)材料热处理:因此级传递功率校大,磨损严重,考虑磨损对齿轮强度的削弱,齿轮材料为40Cr,表面需调质处理,齿面硬度为4855HRC。 3)选取精度等级:选7级精度(GB10095-88)。 4)选小齿轮数:Z1=28, Z2=iZ1=4.52728=126.76 Z2取127齿数比:u= 4.5272按齿面接触强度设计由公式5.1(1) 确定公式内各参数a)试选载荷系数:Kt=1.3 b)小齿轮传递扭矩:T1=2.935106 Nmmc)得齿宽系数15: 材料的弹性影响系数:d) 按齿面硬度中间值52HRC查得大小齿轮的接触疲劳强度极限15:MPaf)计算应力循环次数: N1=60n1JLn=6032.0231(2830015)1.383108 N2=1.383108/4.527=3.06107g)接触疲劳寿命系数15:ZN1=1.0 ZN2=1.02h)计算接触疲劳许用应力15:安全系数S1MPa MPa所以 MPa(2)计算a) 试算小齿轮分度直径d1t:=118.08mmb)计算圆周速度: m/sc)齿宽b: mmd)齿宽与齿高之比b/h:模数: mtd1t/Z1118.09/284.217mm 齿高: h2.25mt2.254.2179.488mm齿高之比: b/h119/9.48811.2e)计算载荷系数:动载荷系数15:Kv=1.02 KA=1 KH=1.329 KF=1.39故载荷系数: f)按实际载荷系数校正分度圆直径:mmg)计算模数m: m=d1/Z1=123.6/28=4.41mm3. 按齿根弯曲强度设计15(1) 确定公式内的各参数 a) 查文献15大小齿轮的弯曲疲劳强度极限: b) 查文献15得弯曲疲劳寿命系数: c)计算弯曲疲劳许用应力15: 取安全系数S1.4MPa MPa d)计算载荷系数K: e)查取齿形系数15: f)查取应力校正系数15: g)计算大小齿轮的并加以比较: 故小齿轮数值较大。2)模数设计计算 mm因为齿轮模数m的大小是由齿根弯曲疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力决定的,而齿面接触疲劳强度计算所得的承载能力仅与齿轮直径有关,又因齿面接触疲劳强度计算的模数m大于齿根弯曲疲劳的计算模数,故取弯曲强度算得模数m4.976mm,圆整后m5mm。校正后的分度圆直径d1=124mm。齿数Z1、Z2:Z1=d1/m=124/5=25 取Z1=25 Z2=Z1=1144. 几何尺寸计算a)分度圆直径:mm mmb)中心距: c)齿宽: mm 故取b1=115 b2=1105. 验算 N N/m 故:假设合适,设计合理。 5.5 蜗轮、蜗杆的传动设计蜗杆传递名义功率8.35kw,转速n1=100r/min,传动比i=40。蜗杆传动的主要参数有模数、压力角、蜗杆头数、蜗轮齿蜗杆中圆直径及蜗杆直径系数。按照蜗杆的形状,蜗杆传动可分为圆柱蜗杆传动、环面蜗杆传动和锥蜗杆传动等。环面蜗杆传动具有的特点:同时齿合的齿的对数多,轮齿受力情况得到较大改善,其承受能力高于普通圆柱蜗杆传动。由于传动三辊卷板机上辊的上下运动需要较大的强度,所以我选择包络环面蜗杆传动。5.5.1 材料选择:蜗杆:40Cr,表面淬火,HRC50齿面粗糙度Ra0.8蜗轮:ZCuSn10P1,传动选用8级精度,标准侧隙,三棍卷板机间隙工作。5.5.2 参数的设计:1. 求传动的中心距书1:kw 式中,K1、K2、K3、K分别为: 1、1.0、0.8、1 由1得a=175mm,取成标准值a=180mm2. 主要几何尺寸计算1 mm, mm,mm,mm,mm,mm其余项目由1:蜗轮端面模数: mm径向间隙和根部圆角半径: mm齿顶高: mm 齿根高: mm蜗轮分度圆直径 :mm蜗轮齿根圆直径 :mm蜗杆分度圆直径 :mm蜗杆喉部齿根圆直径 :mm蜗杆喉部齿顶圆直径 :mm蜗杆齿顶圆弧半径 :mm蜗杆齿根圆弧半径 :mm周节角 : 蜗杆包容蜗轮齿数 : 蜗杆工作包角之半 :蜗杆工作部分长度 :mm蜗杆最大根径: mm蜗杆最大外径 :mm 蜗杆喉部螺旋导角 : 分度圆压力角 : 蜗轮法面弦齿厚: mm蜗轮弦齿高 : =5.78mm蜗杆喉部法面弦齿厚 : =10.629mm蜗杆弦齿高 : mm确定蜗杆螺旋修形量及修缘量1:mm mm mm 5.6轴的设计校核计算:5.6.1 四个轴的结构设计:各轴材料为40Cr1, A=104.5mm。I轴:P=10.89kw n=953r/min d104.5=23.538mm取mm,故I轴可设计为齿轮轴。轴I的结构如图5.1图5.1 轴结构图轴II: P=10.352kw n=153.71r/min A=104.5mmdA=42.516mm 取d=45mm轴结构如图5.2 图5.2 轴结构图轴III:P=9.841kw n=32.023r/min A=104.5mm dAmm 取d=80mm轴III的结构图5.3图5.3 轴结构图轴: P=9.355kw n=7.071r/min 由材料40Cr查表15-3取得:A0=104.5 mm 取d=120mmAB轴的结构简图5.4:图5.4 轴图因小轴直径d与联轴器的孔径相配合的,故需先选定联轴器。计算联轴器转矩:Tca=KAT3=1.1841.262104=14942.08 Nm。选用ZL10(GB501585 ),其公称转矩为31500Nm。 5.6.2 轴的校核计算:1. 轴的弯矩计算由于轴的作为输出轴其转速最小,扭距最大故只对轴进行校核计算。轴的支承跨距L=155+14+108+60=337mm。由轴结构图5.4和弯距的计算得出截面B是轴的危险截面,根据受力图绘出轴的弯矩、扭矩图和当量弯矩图5.6。B面受力分析: a) 转矩:T1.26107 Nmm b) 直径:已知d=570mmc) 求圆周力:Nd) 求径向力Fr: Fr=Ft.tan=44211tan200=16091.316Ne) 求支反力:RV1 、 RV2 、 RH1 、 RH2 RV111579.063N RV24512.253N RH131813.555N RH212397.455Nf)弯矩: MH=3.706106 N.mm MV= 1.349106 Nmmg)总弯矩: Nmmh)扭矩: Nmm (0.6)i) 计算当量弯矩: NmmFtMca(N.mm)T(N.mm)M(N.mm)MV(N.mm)RV1FtRV2RH1FtRH1RV1RH2RV2RH2MH(N.mm)Fr图5.6轴弯扭距图将上述结果列表5.2: 表5.2 轴弯扭距计算结果载荷水平面H垂直面支反力R(N)RH1=31813.553N RH2=12397.455NRV1=11579.063N RV2=4512.253N弯矩M(Nmm)MH=1.094106 NmmMV= 3.006106 Nmm总弯矩(Nmm)M3.199106 Nmm扭矩T(Nmm)T7.56106 Nmm当量弯矩McaMca8.527106 Nmm2. 轴强度校核1 MPa -1=70MPa,因-1=70MPa,所以安全。3. 轴疲劳强度校核(1) 确定危险截面因截面A、受力要比、处小,所以截面A、无需校核。因截面、处采用过盈配合,所以应力最集中,但截面不受扭矩作用,轴径也比截面处大,故只对截面校核。截面B处虽受力很大,但应力集中明显校截面小,轴径也比截面大,所以截面B处不需校核。(2) 截面左侧a抗弯截面系数: mm3b抗扭截面系数: mm3c左侧弯矩: Nmm d扭矩: Nmm e弯曲应力:MPaf剪切应力:MPag轴材为40,查文献1得:Mpa Mpa MPa应力集中系数:( 插值)材料敏感系数: 尺寸系数: 轴表面质量系数: 轴未经表面强化处理: 材料特征系数, 则: 故安全。(3)截面IV右侧 a抗弯截面系数: mm3b抗扭截面系数: mm3c右侧弯矩: Nmm d扭矩: Nmm e弯曲应力: MPaf剪切应力: MPag查文献1得:,于是:, h轴按磨削加工,质量系数1 :i轴IV右截面处的安全系数为: 则: 故安全。因在传动时无较大的瞬间过载和严重的应力循环不对称,故无须静强度校核。 (5)轴承的选择选择轴承类型的依据:安装轴承处的最小直径和轴承所受负荷的大小、方向及性质;轴向固定形式;调心性能要求;刚度要求;转速与工作环境等。a轴I、轴II、轴轴承的选择因为轴的轴向载荷几乎没有,径向载荷远大于轴向载荷,故轴向载荷可忽略不计,且转速较高,由1选择同类型的深沟球滚动轴承如表5.3。表5.3 轴承参数轴号轴承型号(新)外形尺寸(mm)安装尺寸(mm)额定动载荷(kN)额定静载荷(kN)DDB轴I60063055133649113.28.30轴II60094575165161121.014.8轴6016801252287118147.539.8b轴轴承的选择因为齿轮传动采用直齿传动,故轴向力几乎为零,仅受径向作用力,选用单列圆柱滚了轴承,参照工作要求并依据d126mm,选用32126,其尺寸:dDT=13020033,Cr=152,Cor=125kN,N=2400r/min。57 轴承校核因为输出轴IV传递的扭矩、受力比其它轴承大,所以只对与输出轴IV配合的轴承进行校核即可。5.7.1参数: Cr=152kN Cor=125kN N=2400r/min 预期寿命:;实际参数:n=7.071r/min Nmm P=9.355kw5.7.2求轴承受到的径向力 因,所以只对轴承左侧校核即可。载荷系数1: 。则有当量载荷: 5.7.3验算轴承寿命:h故可达到预计寿命要求,安全。58 键的校核平键传递扭矩时,其主要失效形式是工作面压溃,因此,通过计算工作面上的压力进行条件性强度校核。许用压力1=150MPa,计算公式。 MPa IV轴联轴器端平键: Nmm m mm mm 故合适。对齿轮轮毂上平键: mm mm则有: 采用双键: ,则双键合适。59 减速器箱体的结构设计和齿轮、轴承的润滑:5.9.1 箱体参数箱体是减速器结构和受力最为复杂的零件,目前尚无完整的设计理论,因此在满足刚度、强度的前提下,同时考虑结构紧凑,制造方便,重量轻而做经验设计。减速器各部分尺寸如表 减速器齿轮、轴承的润滑1.齿轮的润滑:因低速级的速度V12m/s,故采用浸油润滑。高速级采用带油轮润滑。2.轴承的润滑:因轴承的速度V1.5-2m/s,故采用飞溅润滑。5.10 本章小结根据卷板机所需传动比大,所以采用了三级减速器。根据所选电动机输出功率和转速和三辊卷板机的最后转速,确定各级的传动比,在计算确定减速器的各参数,最后对输出轴、键和轴承的校核都合格。表5.4 减速器参数代号名称计算公式结果箱座壁厚16mm箱盖壁厚14mm箱座加强肋厚14mm箱盖加强肋厚12mmB箱座凸缘厚度b=1.524mmb1箱盖凸缘厚度b1=1.521mmb2,b3,b4平台凸缘厚度斜台凸缘厚度b2=2.35, b3=1.5b4=(2.25-2.75) 38mm,14mm40mmdfd1d2d3d4d5地脚螺栓轴承螺栓连接分箱面的螺栓轴承盖螺钉检查孔盖螺钉吊环螺钉d1=0.7d2=(0.6-0.7)无无27mm20mm18mm44N地脚螺栓数6l8轴承座孔边缘至轴承轴线的距离l8=(1-1.2) d1mm19轴承座孔外端面至轴箱外壁的距离19=C1+R1+(2-3)58mmHd箱座的深度Hd=ra+30402mmR3箱体内壁圆角半径R3=16mm结 论本次设计的是小型三辊卷板机,通过对现状三辊卷板机的优缺点分析,最终采用了三辊对称式结构,考虑到三辊卷板机的卷制工作都是通过三个辊轴来完成的,所以辊轴的材料采用50Mn。通过计算得出其传动比较大,因此采用三级减速器。为了减少设备的占地面积三级减速器采用同向输入输出。本次设计都是采用机械传动的方式,避免了采用液压方式容易漏油的缺点。本次设计的创新点是:这台小型三辊卷板机设备可以卷制锥型的圆筒。通过离和器把下传动轴断开,使上辊轴单边上升达到所需的锥度。然后驱动设备运动就可以卷制锥型圆筒。 参考文献1机械工业部主编.机械设计手册(新版)S.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.2濮良贵,纪名刚主编.机械设计M. 北京:高等教育出版社,2004.3华楚生等主编.机械制造技术装备M.重庆:重庆大学出版社,2004.4刘朝儒等主编.机械制图M. 北京:高等教育出版社,2002.5范钦珊主编.材料力学(上、下)M.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.6史美堂主编.金属材料及热处理M. 上海:上海科学技术出版社,2003.7范钦珊主编.理论力学M.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.8汪信远主编.机械设计课程设计M.北京:高等教育出版社,1999.9郑文纬,吴克坚主编.机械原理M.北京:高等教育出版社,2003.10王世刚,张春宜,徐起贺主编.机械设计实践M. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工程大学出版社,2000.11王昆,何小柏主编.机械设计基础M.北京:高等教育出版社,1999.12机械工程手册编委会.机械工程手册(第二版)S.北京:机械工业出版社,2005.13范宏才.现代锻压机械M.北京:机械工业出版社,1994.14苏联莫施宁.卷板机(第一版)M.北京:机械工业出版社,1970.15王三民,诸文俊.机械原理与设计M.北京:机械工业出版社,2001.16AGMA Standards and Techmical publieations for Bevel Gear.1964-1969.17M.H.Jones and D.Scott,Industrial triboloy the practical aspects of friction lubrication and wear,ELSE VIER,1983.致 谢 附录Technical development in CAD trend outlookCAD technique R&D hotspot1. calculator assistance concept designOn the other hand, according to relevant of the covariance data expresses,70% of the product processing fee designs what stage decide in the product.At the same time, once the concept design were made sure 60% 70% that come down, product design too is made sure down.Need to be mentioned particularly of is, the even detailed design is again good, and also hard make up the concept the design the stage a blemish for appearing.Still there is product creative and its a competition for having ability basic the top also designs the stage in the concept drive certain next of.The past concept design is to designs a count for much stage of process inside, it have become the business enterprise the competition of a the system is a little bit high.The for this reason calculator assistance concept design is more and more valued.But on the other hand, design the period in the concept, all kinds knowledge that a design for involving need peace treaty tie, is usually not accurate and look like of or unknown, and also is to say the complexity very high, this bring the technique of CAD the very big difficulty.Concept design of process primarily is price function, dependable, safety etc. that process that evaluation with decision, it involve the product function, action construction etc. factor, it rises to the product decision influence function.Positive because should the factor of the consideration is various with the target.Therefore evaluation with make policy the process is a very complex, very big process in difficulty.The current calculator lends support to the method that concept design can is divided into the two major type:Namely automatic born project with hand over the with each other born project.Certainly, apply these two kinds of methods can mix with usage. (1) automatic build projectAdopt the artificial intelligence technique primarily now.For making calculator supported the concept design activity availably, the demand solves two greatest hard nut to cracks.Set up the mold problem namely with reason logically the problem:A. the former proceeds to set up mold or expressions with the construction various factor a complicacy for mutually affecting relation to the function, action of the product.For example the steam valve door of the boiler, it is actual a result for of layout and its conjunctions relating to, setting up mold offering to be to examine the certain pressure bad, it will open automatically, but its construction is an use that the function of ground is an action to keep boiler from exploding, it reason logically to use;B. but reason logically the problem in reality is born with choose the fit project.Set up the mold problem primarily is to set up the mold mean the method, having put forward now every kind of each kind mean the method.Such as the language, several why model, sketch, object, knowledge model with portrait method etc., the language means that the method belongs to a kind of form describes the method, it can guarantee the calculator to proceed to reason logically availably, calling to face to the machine mean the method.But the portrait means that the method is a kind of high seeing to turn of mean the method( can immediately see to turn the thought model), it lay emphasis in provide a kind of is beneficial to the assistance design the personnel sets up to work of set up the mold environment, call it as to face to the person mean the method, but the above mentioned other means the method one by one in order boundary in this both it.Though there has been a lot of set up differently the mold mean the method, they usually support to describe only the concept design some on the other hand, be in need of a kind of describe the concept the design every kind of factor unify to mean the method, this is exactly next move of target. The point that reason logically the problem is converting the process, mapping the customer the need to the realizes an actual construction in some for gathering the need top.It is a little bit difficult to consist in the creation with choose the fit mapping method. The same also has a lot of reason logically the method the support concept design activity, such as nerve network, base on the solid example reasons logically the method, according to the knowledge reasons logically the technique, excellent turn, worth an engineering with settle the sex reasons logically the etc.But current too an example for can designing some particular realm, leave the applied still having the margin completely.But from many works that take the long view, this aspect should still continue proceeding.For example it is design warehouse that knowledge obtain that artificial intelligence realm inside a big hard nut to crack, for resolving this problem, can then the adoption data scoops out the technique obtain the interested in realm knowledge automatically from there has been. (2) hand over with each other build project in technique Because of the complexity of the concept design, the of oneself born and fit project is very difficult.The auto is born with choose for instance case still immaturity before, hand over with each other the technique is an important means.Design in the concept the stage can make use of the multi-media technique well, if include the valid information manhunt technique, in order to can check large quantity to design the useful design example to the concept on the net.Be in conjunction with the concept the design the technique such as the research again, make community the member apts to participate the concept designs, combining to make the positive contribution.2. the calculator supports of be in conjunction with the designDesigning the work is a typical community work.Current cent in member in community work, there is cooperation again.The work of the for this reason community be constituted by two parts:While ising an individual work, community the member should complete each from the mission of the work of the cent;Another on ising a problem to be in conjunction with the work, because community work impossible decomposition as mutual independent individual work, community member exsits mutually connection.Call to connect a problem generally, connect is difficult to do not need to will appear the antinomy with conflicts, such as can not compare with hour discover harmoniously the intermediation is definitely, will result in to return the work with lose.The traditional the system of CAD supports only each after dividing the work it will of course complete of concrete mission, as to member indirect a problem, the calculator cant support, ising proceeded by interview or a certain means of communications primarily discussion and take into the solution.But these wayses hard to do on time combine to negotiate adequately with speak the discussion.As a result a big design mission pick up a people the problem is difficult to do not need to to be away on official business mistake, this design exactly and why the work will appear to modify this process continuously and again and again and continuously of main reason.The calculator supports of be in conjunction with the design is a calculator to support of be in conjunction with a kind of application of work( CSCW) technique at design realm.Used for the support design community the member the exchanges design thought, speak the discussion the design the result and discovers indirect and oscular antinomy in member with conflict, take into in time the coordination definitely reach agreement, reducing with to avoid the design again and again, from but further increases efficiency that design the work with quantity. Be in conjunction with to design times is concern by people, thering has been not a few prototypes system, also having the some product to have sold on the market.There has been the work inside, some belong to the foundation work, if set up the mold, system construction and be applicable to the CSCW prop up the environment etc.But from establish practical be in conjunction with the angle that design the system say, facing primarily as follows three greatest problem:(1) community member a multi-media information deliversCurrent on the bureau area net the communication method is already more mature, but on the long range net, commutation data, the asynchronism delivers, current network terrace problem not very, but the solid hour commutation data problem is more.The initial is a choice to deliver the medium problem, then according to the public uses the net( such as WWW) still according to appropriation net.( if the speech deliver and can use telephone special line, again if rent the total line in ISDN)Current most researches is to concentrates in pub using the net Internet with the Intranet.But merchandise development last more considerations appropriation line.Saying from practical result, the public uses the net result worse, but appropriation line although result a good many, the price is too high.(2) the isomerous platform Participating the member who be in conjunction with design is asunder in every locality, and equipments term various variety.Therefore, be in conjunction with to design practically the system must can circulate in the environment of isomerous, including the data delivers, the tool gathers, still have the cross-platform hand over with each other interface, this depend on to standardize the work to resolve the isomerous environment problem primarily, current common adoptive of is correspondence realm that CORBA, the technique of JAVA with standard etc.However this type of technique is current to still there is not enough place to CSCWs supports, treating to strengthen the function.The as to cross-platform hands over with each other the interface researches to manufacture, although have not a few progresses, but not yet see the industry standard that support it up to now.(3) person the person hands over with each otherShould say the support design community a technique for of person person handing over with each other is one of the core to be in conjunction with the design problems, especially now automatically discovering antinomy with conflicting, combining proceeding automatically being in conjunction with reaching agreement definitely still not mature, the alternant means in person in in in for this reason person especially is an importance.Front, the most widespread is to makes use of the electronics meeting( include the white plank, speech and video frequency etc. tool) support the member proceed the discussion, it compare to be applicable to the exchanges design thought, discussing the design result with it however very difficult, common modification design result more impossible.Current discussion design result primarily is to depends on the application shares this tool, this tool cans attain the one person to proceed the operation to a CAD tool, the other member is all and can see the operation process in from already of terminal with result.This tool also can gather with electronics meeting system, proceed the discussion with speech etc. tool, but the application shares the biggest problem consist in allowing the tool of CAD that without source procedure, a time very much an individual operates, other person hope that the operation must apply for in advance, permitting and operate at the front withdraw the rear can operate, so inconvenient, a problem for cant directly and with each other operating, this is needing further solution. To sum it up, be in conjunction with the present condition that design the system is a bureau area net already practical stage, work in the asynchronism way next, the long range is in conjunction with to design the problem too smaller, but solid hour in long range work method next, especially according to the public uses the net, still place experiment stage, certainly whole is in conjunction with to design the system leaves the mature stage to have still certain distance, a lot of problems treats to resolve.3. the sea measures information saving, management with inspectionalThe information that the system of CAD handles is more and more, and is a multi-media information.Though the disk capacity increases the speed very quickly, still cant satisfy far the information measures the need that fleetness increase.The sea measures information of saving, management with fast index problem that have become people of this worlds focus attention.This is in addition to depending on the hardware to solve problem, DBMS is an important technique, fulfillment proof, the traditional relation database management system EDBMS is already difficult to have adapted to the request but the adoption face to the object to combine together to may be a transitional solution with the model that relate to.4. design method research and its related problemsDesigning the work is a complicated and intensive community in knowledge activity, for lifting the high-efficiency following a certain and right design method, although the research that design method learn thered has been a many centuries of halfs, aim at the CAD design however the method just has recently of, call the regular design process method, it is not only let us knowing that the design is a kind of process, but also for develop the tool of CAD provided the basis, therefore different from identify to design the process of aspect( namely different design activity) in understanding, is a key to develop the new generation CAD system. Have appeared many designs process method now.Past in common use is from a nature for getting down, from bottom headinging up can a method, but this kind of method be applicable to the stage in detailed design only.Now for the sake of support whole design work, design the research point of the method should at support the concept the design the method to design the method harmoniously and together on.For example, the new the system of CAD can dissolve many because of distance with time a restrict for resulting in to work method with buildup, be in conjunction with the not only someone or other the machine of that design face hand over with each other, return the someone or other the person of hand over with each other, as a result the CAD process even sophisticated, though people all at expect to provide a kind of vivid, can move of, the safe and dependable long range is in conjunction with to design the environment, if without right method to guide, will can hardly attain the anticipant result. The basic top in buildup of the current business enterprise is a kind of very careful level of structure construction to organize, in this kind of buildup the democracy is limited, although it can prevent to appear the babel of voices with have no the endless controversial phenomenon, it tie up the intelligent wisdom and ability in people again to develop well.Press current circumstance, adopt this kind of the construction of buildup is necessary.But along with work method with the changes of the way, organize the construction also can change the development constitutes, as long as community a practical ability for can mutually understanding, apting to cooperation, perhaps this kind of not careful the construction of buildup is viablely, can betterly developping everybody. So far should say, design the work still from design the personnel dominate everything, but in fact design a for concerning very wide, include the need of the market, produce whether can line, the price can accept to wait the problem, therefore while being in conjunction with design, design the community should include
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