从句语法.doc

从句从句的定义：从句指一个有主语有谓语和句子相似的结构。这种结构不是独立句子，而是构成句子的一个成分。1.That引起的从句2.连接代词或副词及whether（if）引起的从句3.关系代词型的what引起的从句4.由各种连词引起的从句5.关系从句（由关系代词或副词引起的从句）用用作定语。因此也称作定语从句。名词性从句名词性从句的定义在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。主语从句1、 由that引起的主语从句这是用的最广泛的主语从句，但真正放在句首的这类从句是比较少的，因为主语太长会显得头重脚轻。不过有时为了强调或谓语较长时也有这样安排的。eg: That we shall be late is certain. 我们将迟到是确定无疑的了。That they were in true sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.(从属连词that)很明显，他们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。绝大多数包含主语从句的句子都借助先行词it作为形式上的主语，而把主语置于句末，例如：It is a strange that he hade made a mistake.真怪，他竟然做错了。Its a pity that you should have to leave this place.你非离开这个地方真是件憾事。用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that从所周知It has been decided that 已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起2、由连接代词、连接副词或由连词whether引起的主语从句How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不知道。When we leave doesnt matter.什么时候离开没有关系。Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有等证实。3、由关系代词型what引起的主语从句What I want to tell you is that our company is a leading company for children clothes.我想告诉你的是我们公司是童装业的领头羊。What you have to do is to choose a company to invest in.你需要做的是选一家公司投资。Whatever，whoever，whichever都可引起主语从句Whatever she says goes.一切她说了算。Whoever comes is welcome.谁来都欢迎。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个，哪一个就是你的。Wherever you are is my home- my only home. 你所在的任何地方都是我的家我唯一的家。例题解析：P41/ 10_ is more important is not to lose the business, even though this price will leave us no profit at all.A. such B. It C. That D.What翻译：更加重要的是不失去这笔生意，即使该价格将使我们无利可图。表语从句表语从句在句子中作表语, 位于主句中的系动词之后。引导表语从句的连词主要有： that, whether, when, where, because, etc。1、 表语从句多数都由that引起（有时that可以省略）The fact is that I have lost his address. 事实上我把他的地址给丢了。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now.我的意见是我们马上就做准备开始工作。2、表语从句也可由连接代词、副词引起：The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。The problem is who can be sent to replace him. 问题是能派谁去顶替他。3、关系代词型的what也可引起表语从句：Thats what I want to tell you .这就是我想告诉你的。That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是他今天早晨上了阁楼干的。宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。1、 作动词的宾语1）由that引起从句做宾语的情况十分普遍：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。有些动词后的连词that常可省略，如believe，think，suppose，presume（假定，假设，认为），在say，see，know，hear，propose，understand和be told等动词后连词that可以用，也可以不用，在书面语中还是不省略为好。He told us that he felt ill. 他对我们说他感到不舒服。例题解析：P40/ 3. We find _ transshipment and partial shipment of the Printed Shirting are not possible.A. that B. what C. where D. there整句翻译：我们认为印花细布的转船和分批装运使不可能的。2）宾语从句也可以由连接代词、副词或连词whether（if）引起：She inquired how we are going on. 她问我们情况怎样？I wonder whats happened. 我想知道发生了什么事。You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的。I doubt whether he will succeed. 我怀疑他是否会成功。I dont know if you can help me. 我不知道你能否帮我。例题解析：P41/ 4. Bearing this in mind, we are inquiring _ we could now begin discussing the issue of sole agency.A. if B. that C. what D. whereInquire: ask about整句翻译：考虑到这一点，我们正在问我们是否现在可以开始讨论独家代理的问题。P41/ 9. In order to obtain the needed information, the inquirer should write simply, clearly, and concisely _ he wants to know.A. what B. that C. so D. because整句翻译：为了得到需要的信息，调查者应该把他想知道的东西写得简明扼要、一清二楚。外销员 作介词的宾语2、作介词的宾语Your success will largely depend on what you do and how you do it.你是否成功将主要取决于你做什么和怎样做。例题解析：P42/ 12. From _ you say it seems that some of the goods escaped the inspection we normally give to all our products.A. that B. what C. which D. it从你所说的来看，好像有些商品逃过了我们对所有产品的正常检查。P43/ 19. We are arranging for an inspection tour of _ the material was processed.A. place B. the place C. where D. there我们正在安排到加工原料的地方进行检查巡视。P46/ 44. To make profitable use of the Net, cyber-enterprises need to appreciate its uniqueness. Its more like direct marketing, but a lot of people try to apply existing skills to _ is an entirely new medium.A. that B. what C. which D. whenApply.to.: 把应用于整句翻译：为了充分使用网路，网际企业应该认识到它的独特性。网络更像直接市场营销，但是很多人试图把现有的技巧运用到一个完全崭新的媒介上去。3、作形容词的宾语I am afraid (that) Ive made a mistake. 恐怕我犯错了。I am glad that you are satisfied with my job. 你对我的工作满意我感到很高兴。That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语：Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。4、It 可以作为形式宾语It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：He made it quite clear that he preferred to study English. 他很明确的说他宁愿学习英语。例题解析：P40/ 1. We made it clear _ shipment will be effected in August.A. what B. that C. which D. when整句翻译：我们已经说明货物将于八月份运到。同位语从句同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。1、同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：They were all worried about the fact that you were sick. 对你生病这件事，他们都很担心。I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。例题解析：P41/ 7. We invite your attention to the fact _ the L/C covering your order No. 185 has not reached us in spite of our repeated requests.A. what B. that C. where D. there整句翻译：我们希望你们注意以下事实：尽管我方一再要求，支付了你方185号订单的信用证我们还是没有收到。2、同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：The suggestion came from the chairman that the new rule be adopted.定语从句定语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。1 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中做主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：The student who answered the question was John. 回答问题的那个学生是约翰。（who在从句中做主语） He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）例题解析：P44/ 31. If youre not yet online, youre dead. This may well be the fear of people _ have yet to connect to the global computer network.A. who B. which C. 0 D. those整句翻译：如果你还没有上网，你就死定了。这完全是不得不借助全球电脑网络连接的人们感到的恐惧。2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换), 例如：I would like a room whose window looks out over the sea.我想要一个窗户面临大海的房间。 Please pass me the book whose (of which) cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which，that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）关系代词的省略首先注意只有限定性定语从句才能省略，非限定性定语从句绝对不能省略。在下列情况下，可以省略关系代词。i. 当关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语的时候The people (who) we met at the party were very friendly to us.ii. 关系代词在从句中作介词，而介词在句尾时He is the man (that) you have been looking for.iii. 关系代词在从句中作表语时Shanghai is no longer the city (that) it used to be.iv. 在there be句型中，和先行词为way时，关系代词总是省略There is an old man ( who )wants to see you.I dont like the way (that) you talk to somebody else.注意，有些动词+介词所组成的短语动词，关系非常紧密，介词不能前置例题解析：P42/ 14. We regret the delayed delivery and the inconvenience _ it is causing you.A. 0 B. since C. which D. what对于交货延时及对你们造成的不便我们感到遗憾。P43/ 24. From the enclosed Invoice you will see that the price is well within the maximum figure _ you stated.A. what B. 0 C. who D. it整句翻译：从内附的发货单你将看到价格低于你们指定的最高价。P44/ 26. We are reconsidering those trade terms _ might be adverse to the interest of our principals.A. what B. which C. when D. where整句翻译：我们正在重新考虑那些可能对我们的本金利息不利的贸易条件。2 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why 关系副词when，where，why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如： There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。 Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。 Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？例题解析：P40/ 2. A database or data bank is a computer system _ a collection of records are stored for future use.A. what B. that C. where D. there整句翻译：数据库使收集的记录储存起来以备将来使用的计算机系统。P45/ 34. One of the hottest Net sectors is financial services, despite concerns about online security. “Financial instruments are _ the future is on the Internet,” experts say.A. that B. what C. when D. where尽管人们担忧网上安全，网络最热的部分还是金融服务。“金融工具是因特网的未来所在，”专家们说道。“介词关系代词“一个普遍使用的结构“介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in，on，about，from，for，with，to，at，of，without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。例题解析：P41/ 5. Your firm has been referred to us by the ABC Co., of Pakistan, _ we have done business for many years.A. which B. with that C. whom D. with whom整句翻译：巴基斯坦的ABC公司已经向我们提及你的公司，我们和它已有多年的贸易往来。P42/ 15. We can assure you that these suitings are very popular in the Far-East Markets, _ we have had some experience.A. which B. that C. of which D. of that整句翻译：我们可以向你保证这些衣料在远东市场非常流行，我们在这方面有一些经验。2）that代替关系副词 that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when，where，why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如： His father died the year (that / when / in which) he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。 He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。外销员外经贸英语精讲班第7讲讲义限制性和非限制性定语从句3 限制性和非限制性定语从句1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：I would like to chat with Mary, who is a clever girl. 我喜欢和玛利聊天，她是个聪明的女孩。Water, which is a clear liquid, has many uses. 是一种清澈的液体，有多种用途。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：I will ring him up at once so he should not wait for me. 我马上给他打电话，让他别等我了。You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. He wrote the name down for fear that(lest) he should forget it. Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.Take your umbrella with you, lest it should rain.Take your umbrella in case it rains.He took an umbrella with him for fear it might rain.带上你的伞，以防下雨。P45/ 38. Please do your utmost to expedite the covering L/C, _ we may execute the order smoothly.A. so as B. so that so C. so as to D. so that解析：D项，请尽最大努力把你们的信用证发出，以便于我们可以顺利完成订单。考点总结考点一：主语从句：主要考查主语从句的引导词；主句的谓语动词，一般用单数。如：1. That the earth goes around the sun is well-known to everybody.( = It is well-known to everybody that the earth goes around the sun. )2. Whether he will come to the meeting is up to his boss. (此时不能用if )3. Who will come to the dinner remains a question.4. What you have said is convincing.5. How the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids puzzled people for centuries.6. Why the murderer came back to the scene of crime is a psychological problem.同时，需要注意主语从句的一些常见句型。如：It is reported that It must be pointed out that It is likely that It is a good thing thatIt happens that 考点二：宾语从句：主要考查宾语从句的引导词和引导词的省略以及从句的语序。如：1 He believed that walking under a ladder brings bad luck.2. We can learn what we do not know from TV programs.3. Tell me which of the books is the right one.4. Your success will depend on how you present yourself.5. I wonder if/whether you can help me.考点三：表语从句：be动词或者系动词后面跟主语补足语。1.The assumption is that things will improv