九年级（上）知识点总结.doc

初三英语语法主要句式知识点1-41 一) 知识概要初中所学的句型一般要分为陈述句、疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。?陈述句中有肯定句与否定句之分。其中可以分为以下五种： 主语+不及物动词。如：I arrived at six last night. 主语+及物动词+宾语，如：I bought a good English?Chinese Dictionary yesterday. 主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语，如：Please tell me a story before I go to bed. 这样可加双宾语的句子有buy,tell, give,ask, pass, teach. 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语，如：I found it impossible to do it. Please keep the classroom clean and tidy. 主语+系动词+表语，如：Tom is an American boy. The grass turned green in spring.在初中常见的句型中有There be句型，表示存在某种事物，如：There is a map on the wall?其be动词的形式要与其后面相近的那个名词相一致。要注意的是这种句型加入助动词后，也要保持be动词，不要换用have,如：There is going to be a meeting tomorrow.?在句子结构中要注意主谓一致的问题，即句子的主语与谓语动词要相呼应。要注意的有如下几点： 用and连接两个主语时一般应视为复数，但如一人身兼两职时则要用单数谓语动词形式，如：A singer and dancer is coming to our party. a singer and dancer 既歌唱又可舞的演员。而 a singer and a dancer 则要译为：一位歌唱家和一位舞蹈家。有些以 s 结尾的名词谓语动词要用单数，如： The news is good (news 为不可数名词)。 有量词时应按量词的数量计算;如： This pair of glasses is good? My glasses are broken.有些形单却意为复数的名词，如： People are coming here? 这样的词还有 Police， 如果要讲一个警察时，应讲 a policeman。 两个警察为 two policemen。 又如 a policewoman, two policewomen?所有不定代词 each， either， neither， one， the other， nobody， nothing， anyone， anything， someone， something 要作为单数如： Someone is waiting for you?在并列句中表示联合关系的连词有： and not only but also，neither nor，either or? 如: My sist er and my parents are going to the cinema。 表示转折关系的并列连词有： but 和 yet， 如： She is a good student, but she didnt pass the final exam. 又如： I think the news is strange, yet it is true? 表示选择关系的连词有：or， either or，如： Hurry up, or you will be late for school? 表示因果关系的并列连词有： for， so 如： They studied very hard， so they all passed the exam?2 在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种，而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述，为了使同学阅读文章方便，我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语，如： I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语，如： I knew that he was a good man? 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用，不在句中充当语法成分，既不是主语也不是宾语，所以在口语中常常被省略。如： I am sure (that) she has passed the exam?if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用，不起语法作用，当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时，要用 whether, 如： I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch? I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not?what 它在宾语从句中除了作连接词外，还要作主语或宾语成份，如： I dont understand what you said? (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如： I asked him what made himsick(what 在宾语从句中作主语)。who，它也和what一样，在句中除作连接词外，可以充当句中的成份，如：I know who she is looking for?whose 如： I want to know whose book thisis?which 如： Do you know which book is mine?在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词，how 它的应用最广，如： how much, how many, how long, how soon, how ol d 。如： How much does it cost?when 它只是连接时间状语，如： Please tell me when the meeting will begin?where 它连接地点状语，如： Where are you from?why 它要连接的是原因状语从句，如： The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school.3 在考试中常见到的考点是：?宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的时态可以是任何所需要的时态， 如： I know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow? 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London? 我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时，宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如： 一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时，不能用现在时态。如： I wanted to know when he would come? The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun?状语从句主要有时间状语从句，其连接词有：after， before， when， as， as soon as， until (till)， while， since， by?其中较难掌握的有以下几点：?until (till) 直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如： I studied hard until 12 oclock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如： He didnt go to bed until his mother came back? ?由?since， for， by， before 来引导的时间状语从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如： I have studied English since 1990? 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如： I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term? 而before 则多用于完成时， ago 则多用于一般过去时，如： He had finishedhisworkbefore twelve yesterday? I left my hometown two years ago?在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如： If it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday? 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用一般过去进行时，如： He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park? 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如： I want to know if he will come here tomorrow? 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如： I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow?在原因状语从句中主要是because， 应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强，如： He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard?since 应译为既然，如： Since you were ill yesterday? I left some notes on your desk?as 应译为由于，如： As it is toohotwed better go swimming? since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首，如： He studies hard, for he wants to go to college?在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as as， 如： Thisbookis as good as that one?要注意的有两点：as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词，如： Mary writes as carefully as Tom? 而其否定句为 not as (so) as， 如： They didnt work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如： He is younger than I am?要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型：比较级+and+比较级，如： The days are getting longer and longer? The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful?定冠词 the + 比较级+ the + 比较级，如： The harder you study, the more you can learn?方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句，如： Please do it as I did it? 但后面的句子 常作省略，如： Please do it as I? 而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如： Please do it like me?结果和目的状语从句主要有 so that， so that， in order that等几种用法。so that?用在单数可数名词前，so + 形容词 + a + 名词 + that，如： She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her? 或用 such + a + 形容词 + 名词 + that, 如： She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her?在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such， 如： It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic? 又如： They are such good players that they should win the game.在much， many， few， little 之前只能用so， 如： I have so little money that I cant buy it?so that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such， 如： It is so good that I want to buyso that 其后接从句，如： I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus?4 正误辨析 ?误 The stories in that book was written many years ago? ?正 The stories in that book were written many years ago. ?析 作主语的名词、代词或不定式、动名词，它们往往要带有修饰词，这些词可能是形容词，也可能是短语，但谓语动词还是要取决于这个主语的数，要记住的是一个名词不可能在同一句中作两个不同的语法成份，如： book 作了 of 的介词宾语则不可能再作主语了。?误 To read many books are good for you? ?正 To read manybooks is good for you? ?析 不定式作主语应该看作单数主语。 ?误 What he said are right? ?正 What he said is right? ?析 从句作主语一定要按单数主语看待。 ?正 The rich is not always happy? ?误 The rich are not always happy? ?析 形容词+定冠词表示一类人，谓语动词应用复数，如： The young are very interested in study and sports?误 The school master and writer are coming? ?正 The school master and writer is coming? ?析 本句应译为：校长兼作家就要来了。而 The schoolmasterand the writer are coming? 则要译为：校长和一个作家要来了。在英语表达法中确实有 The girl and boy are playing on the grass? 这应译为：一个女孩，一个男孩在操场上玩。因为不可能这样两个概念作用在一个人身上。又如： the husband and wife? 夫妻二人。?误 You or she go to get some w