磨床的类型#中英文翻译#外文翻译匹配

磨床的类型 1 磨床的类型 从最简单的磨床对最复杂 , 磨床可能被分类作为公共磨床、圆柱形磨床和表面磨床。一般的机械师将牵涉主要到地板镶嵌和长凳登上的公共磨床和交换表面磨床。 公共磨床 公共磨床意欲为临时 研制件支持在手和被利用反对转动的研的磨蚀轮子的地方。这类型 磨床取决于 准确性取决于操作机器的智慧 . 技能、知识和机械的性能和工作性质 .公共磨床包括一个水平地登上的马达与一个研的磨蚀轮子附有各个马达轴的末端。 电动发动机驱动器是简单而常见 。它也许长凳登上或地板镶嵌。通常 , 轴轴承的情况和设计并且马达规定值确定机器的轮子大小容量 。适当的轮子守卫并且工具休息为安全和操作方便被提供。磨床进来各种各样的大小和形状依照下面被列出。 地板镶嵌公共磨床 典型的地板镶嵌公共磨床站立齐腰高和绑住到地板螺栓。地板镶嵌公共磨床请见图 5-1 座 212 英寸口径的 2 英寸全磨料磨轮子 。 安排两个轮子 安装粗面转动为粗磨目的在轴的一个末端并且一个美好的五谷轮子为精整目的在另一边末端这节省否则会被消耗在改变轮子里的时间。 各个 砂轮 由 都有砂轮护罩保证 机器的安全。 每个砂轮磨床都有 透明 眼罩， 火花逮捕和可调整的工具 台 。工具 台 和 冷却台 在基地或垫座的边。 在磨削 碳钢切口事采用 冷却液冷却 。使用 12 英寸轮子 , 机器提供大约 5.500 SFPM 的最大切口速度。 2-HP 电动机这个机器 的最大速度 有 1.750 每分钟 /转 。 磨床的类型 2 例 1 地板镶嵌公共磨床 卧式实用磨床 象 卧式实用磨床 , 一个 劣质 砂轮 和一个 优质 的砂轮 通常 装在 在机器为操作便利。各个轮子带有可调整的 工具台 和眼 罩 为保护。 这个机器 ,装有发动机热过度负荷开关停止发动机如果采用过高的压力使砂轮焚烧了马达 . 马达旋转到3.450 转 最大切割速度最高为七英寸的机轮每分钟约 6300 英尺表面 (SFPM). 例 2 卧式实用磨床 磨床的类型 3 卧式实用钻磨床 卧 式实用钻磨床是为了磨削钻子准备的。 这类型准确性研磨机不依靠操作员的手巧和技巧因为钻子被安置在 保护装置 。 保护装置 安置钻子在正确位置为清除和包括的角度。对于更多信息关于这个机器参见章节 4 。 卧式实用磨床与抛光机 卧式实用磨床 和抛光的机器是 混合磨削和 清洗 , 并且抛光它不被推荐为工具研因为它不包含工具休息或 车轮挡板 ,。这个机器通常登上一个 4 条英寸直径导线轮子在一个末端。 钢丝轮 被使用为清洁并且磨蚀轮子被使用为一般研。二个轮子的当中一个可能被去除并且一个抛光的轮子登上在它的地方为抛光和擦亮。1/4-HP 电动机旋转 在 3,450 转每分钟最大值。 4 英寸直径轮子的最大切口速度是大约 3,600 SFPM。 例 3 卧式实用磨床与抛光机 卧式工具和切削刀研磨机 卧式工具和 切削刀研磨机 ，见图 5-4。 主要被设计研末端磨房。它以及切开可能并且研小木和钢切削刀大品种锯切削刀直径 12 英寸使用锯研的附件。典型磨床的类型 4 的 卧式工具 和切削刀研磨机的容量是如下 : 砂轮移动 7 l/2 垂直英寸 砂轮移动 5 l/2 垂直英寸 表面移动 6 英寸 距离中心 -14 英寸 . 回转中心 (直径 )直径 l/2-英寸直径 回转工作台 (直径 )l/2-英寸 直径 非常规圆柱磨床在大规 模维护系统包括加速磨削工具 工具库磨床 工具库 磨床 , 看图 5-5, 是机械工具附件被设计登上对引擎车床工具岗位。它被使用为内部和外在研圆柱形工作场所。参见章节 7 为这个机器的描述。 碾碎和研 磨 车床 装置 并且叫这个附件是一个 多功能 的机械工具附件 ， 它执行内部和外在圆柱形研在它的其它作用之中。参见章节 9 为这个机器的描述。 表面磨床 表面磨床被使用为 磨 平面。 工件 往复运动 和交换在 砂轮 之下的一张长方形 工作台 。交换表面磨床有水平的轮子纺锤和一般登上直接或圆筒类型研磨蚀轮子。 表面交换磨床 交换的表面磨床是水平的型表面磨 床。 工件 被紧固对桌 ,砂轮 用手或 自动进给移动 。 磁性卡盘用来把工件 紧固 在工作台上 。 这台磨床有一个内部泵浦和管道系统为 自动制动时的冷却 和 工件以及砂轮再次工作事的冷却 。 砂轮装配 对水平的轴 是平直的和 只 切开 它的 圆周 表面。 砂轮 速度是可调整的 砂轮 。 标准砂轮的类型 砂轮有着 许多不同的大小、形状 和 研磨剂 (图 5-7) 。一些各种各样的型下面是列出的 ： 盘 形 盘形砂轮 第 1, 5, 和 7 型 号 , 向内部 , 圆柱形 , 水平的纺锤、表面 , 工具和 即 时 磨 和粗磨共同地被应用。凹进处在 第 5 和 7 型号 容纳架置耳轮缘。第 1磨床的类型 5 型 号轮子从 0.006 英寸到 l/8 英寸厚 度 被使用为切除 棱角 和开槽。 圆筒形 圆筒 形砂轮 ,第 2 型号 ， 被安排研在或轮子的周围或边。 锥形 锥形砂轮 ,第 4 型号 , 当 粗磨 可以保证安全的挡住砂轮破损时的飞屑。 直杯形 直杯形砂轮 ,第 6 型号 ,主要 用在 表面 磨 削 , 但可能并且被使用为临时 磨 平面。简单或 斜 面孔是可利用的。 杯形砂轮 杯形砂轮， 第 11 型号 , 是常用 在 工具 磨 削 。以树脂状 粘结 , 它 在磨蚀 时 很有用 ， 它的 表面 也许是 平面 或成斜面。 蝶形 蝶形砂轮 ， 第 12 型号的首要用途 ,是在工具 修整 。它稀薄的边缘可能被插入入狭窄的地方 , 并且它是方便为 研磨 被解除的铣刀和 钻孔 的 表面 。 茶碟形 茶碟 砂轮 ,第 13 型号 , 是亦称 除毛刺机 因为它被使用为 清除毛刺 。 例 4 砂轮的各种标准类型 磨床的类型 6 研磨材料 磨粒 是 从砂轮切割式脱落的 。他们实际上切开小片断或芯片工作当轮子转动。 磨粒 形状是不规则以几锋利的先锋。当这些边缘增长愚钝 , 力量行动在轮子倾向于 碾 碎 磨粒 和 产生 新 刃口 。 研磨工具 多数研的轮子由碳化硅或氧化铝制成 , 其中之二是人为 (制作的 ) 研磨剂。碳化硅是极端坚硬但易碎的。氧化铝轻微地更软但比碳化硅坚韧的。它 默钝化 迅速 , 而是它容易地不破碎因此它更好适用与相对地高抗拉强度研 的材料 磨粒的大小 磨粒 被选择 是 根据他们 穿过 滤网 相啮合 。例如 ,第 40 号 磨粒 表明 , 磨粒 通过筛子有大约 40 个滤网对线性英寸。一个 磨料 被选定粗糙 , 中等 , 或 良 好根据各自的 磨粒 的大小做 砂轮 。 粘结材料 粘结剂 磨粒在一个 砂轮 由粘合剂 粘结 到位。 粘结 的百分比在轮子确定 , 到大规模范围 , 坚硬 或 等级 轮子。 砂轮 将是更加 高 的百分比和力量 , 更加坚硬的。 坚固的砂轮将保留磨粒更久 , 当 软性 轮子迅速 脱落磨粒 。如果一个 磨粒 是 太坚硬的 为工作 , 它将给上釉因为 粘结 防止 钝化 磨蚀微粒从被发布因此新 磨粒 可能 被暴露为切口。除控制坚硬和拿着研磨剂以外 ,粘结 并且提供适当的安全因素在高速时 。它使轮子结合在一起当离心力设法分开撕毁它。最共 普通粘结 被使用在 砂轮 里玻璃化 , 硅酸盐 , 紫胶 , 树脂状 , 和橡胶。 陶瓷 大多数研的轮子有玻璃化的 粘结 。玻璃化的 粘结 的轮子比其他 粘结 是热或寒冷 影响的 和被做 成比其他的粘结更加坚固 。他们适应实际所有类型 研磨。 有一著名的 例子 : 如果轮子不是足够浓厚 , 它不承受旁边压力和在稀薄的 情况下 切除轮子。 磨床的类型 7 硅酸盐 硅酸盐 粘结研磨颗粒比烧结粘合剂更容易脱落 。硅酸盐 粘结得砂轮 很好适用与 磨削温度必须保持在较 低的领域 , 譬如 磨削锋利 的切割工具。它不适用 重型磨削 。薄 片 切 断砂轮 用 有时 以虫胶结合 因为它 被用在快速冷切割 。 树脂 树脂状 粘结 是 牢固 的 和柔软的 。它广泛被应用在粗磨 砂轮 里 (为 磨削 不规则性 的粗糙 铸件 ), 操作 在 9,500 SFPM 。它并且被使用在 切断砂轮 。 橡胶 在橡胶 粘结 的 砂 轮里 , 纯净的橡胶 里混入了 硫磺。 它有非常灵活得切割速度和它被准许制造称 0.006 英寸薄的砂轮用以在大家伙上切割裂缝 。多数 切断机的砂轮都是由 有橡胶 粘结的 。 硬度的 等级 一个 砂轮 的等级 由粘结材料的硬度来决定 。下面列出 一 些 砂轮等级的例子： 一个 较 软的 砂轮在切削时切屑很容易飞溅出来但 是一个 较硬的砂轮切削时则能成功的 阻止切屑飞溅出来。 多数 砂轮 被 硬度等级辨别根据字母标明 。多数 砂轮 制造商使用一个信件代码范围从 A (非常软 ) 对 Z (非常 硬 ) 。 陶瓷 和硅酸盐 通常归类从 非常 软到非常硬 , 虫胶 和 树脂通常归类从 非常 软到非常硬 , 并且橡胶 粘结通常被限定在 硬范围 里 。 选择砂轮的硬度等级应该和选择磨粒的大小一样仔细 。 一个磨削砂轮得硬度太软会使它的磨损非常得迅速 ,它的磨粒会在它的使用寿命还没结束之前就脱落下来 。另一方面 , 如果 砂轮的硬度对于 工作 太硬 , 磨 粒将 会 变钝因为 粘结剂不会让磨粒脱落 , 并且 砂轮 的效率将被 降低 。 如果 磨粒的大小和粘结材料的软硬都相同，则磨粒之间距离大比磨粒间距离小的砂轮更软。 因而 , 砂轮的真正硬度取决于磨粒的 坚硬和磨粒之间距离或构造。 砂轮的结构符号 一个砂轮的粘结强度不止取决于磨粒的硬度等级还取决于磨粒之间的空间构造。即磨粒间的距离和密度 。结构和空间距离决定了每立方英寸磨粒的容量。磨床的类型 8 每个 砂轮 由制造商标记 用 蜡纸或 标签做了标记 。制造者制定出了 一套 标 记的 标准系统 , 用 一个 标记了 A36-L5-V23 的砂轮举个 例子。 A 提到是氧化铝的研磨剂。36 代表粒度。 L 显示等级或程度坚硬 , 是中等。 5 提到轮子的结构并且 V 提到粘结剂种类。 磨床的类型 9 TYPES OF GRINDING MACHINES From the simplest grinding machine to the most complex, grinding machines can be classified as utility grinding machines, cylindrical grinding machines. and surface grinding machines. The average machinist will be concerned mostly with floor-mounted and bench-mounted utility grinding machines, bufting machines. and reciprocating surface grinding machines. UTILITY GRINDING MACHINES The utility grinding machine is intended for offhand grinding where the workpiece is supported in the hand and brought to bear against the rotating grinding abrasive wheel. The accuracy of this type of grinding machine depends on the operators dexterity. skill, and knowledge of the machines capabilities and the nature of the work. The utility grinding machine consists of a horizontally mounted motor with a grinding abrasive wheel attached to each end of the motorshaft. The electric-motor-driven machine is simple and common. It may be bench-mounted or floor-mounted. Generally, the condition and design of the shaft bearings as well as the motor rating determine the wheel size capacity of the machine. Suitable wheel guards and tool rests are provided for safety and ease of operation. Grinding machines come in various sizes and shapes as listed below. Floor Mounted Utility Grinding Machine The typical floor-mounted utility grinding machine stands waist-high and is secured to the floor by bolts. The floor mounted utility grinding machine shown in Figure 5-1 mounts two 12-inch-diameter by 2-inch-wide grinding abrasive wheels. The two wheel arrangement permits installing a coarse grain wheel for roughing purposes on one end of the shaft and a fine grain wheel for finishing purposes on the other end this saves the time that would be otherwise consumed in changing wheels. Each grinding abrasive wheel is covered by a wheel guard to increase the safety of the machine. Transparent eyeshields. spark arresters. and adjustable tool rests are provided for each grinding wheel. A tool tray and a water pan are mounted on the side 磨床的类型 10 of the base or pedestal. The water pan is used for quenching carbon steel cutting took as they are being ground. Using the 12-inch wheel, the machine provides a maximum cutting speed of approximately 5.500 SFPM. The 2-HP electric motor driving this machine has a maximum speed of 1.750 RPM. Bench Type Utility Grinding Machine Like the floor mounted utility grinding machine, one coarse grinding wheel and one fine grinding wheel are usually mounted on the machine for convenience of operation. Each wheel is provided with an adjustable table tool rest and an eye shield for protection. On this machine, the motor is equipped with a thermal over-load switch to stop the motor if excessive wheel pressure is applied thus preventing the burning out of the motor. The motor revolve at 3.450 RPM maximum to provide a maximum cutting speed for the 7 inch grinding wheels of about 6,300 surface feet per minute (SFPM). 磨床的类型 11 Bench-Type Utility Drill Grinding Machine The bench-type drill grinding machine is intended for drill sharpening. The accuracy of this type of grinder is not dependent on the dexterity and skill of the operator because the drill is placed in a holding device. The holding device places the drill in the correct position for the clearance and included angle. For more information on this machine refer to chapter 4. Bench-Type Utility Grinding and Buffing Machine The bench-type utility grinding and buffing machine is more suitable for miscellaneous grinding, cleaning, and buffing It is not recommended for tool grinding since it contains no tool rests, eyeshields, or wheel guards. This machine normally mounts a 4 inch-diameter wire wheel on one end. The wire wheel is used for cleaning and the abrasive wheel is used for general grinding. One of the two wheels can be removed and a buffing wheel mounted in its place for buffing and polishing. The 1/4-HP electric motor revolves at a maximum of 3,450 RPM. The maximum cutting speed of the 4-inch-diameter wheel is approximately 3,600 SFPM. 磨床的类型 12 Bench-Type Tool and Cutter Grinder The bench-type tool and cutter grinder, see Figure 5-4, was designed primarily to grind end mills. It can also grind a large variety of small wood and steel cutters as well as slitting saw cutters up to 12 inches in diameter using the saw grinding attachment. Capacity of the typical bench-type tool and cutter grinder is as follows: Grinding wheel travel - 7 l/2-inch vertical. Grinding wheel travel - 5 1/2-inch horizontal. Table travel - 6 inches. Slitting saws with attachment - 12-inch diameter. Distance between centers - 14 inches. Swing on centers (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter. Swing in work head (diameter) - 4 l/2-inch diameter. Nonspecialized cylindrical grinding machines in the Army maintenance system include the tool post grinding machine and the versa mil attachment. Tool Post Grinding Machine The tool post grinding machine, see Figure 5-5, is a machine tool attachment designed to mount to the tool post of engine lathes. It is used for internal and external grinding of cylindrical workplaces. Refer to Chapter 7 for a description 磨床的类型 13 of this machine. Milling and Grinding Lathe Attachment Also called a Versa-Mil this attachment is a versatile machine tool attachment that mounts to the carriage of a lathe. It performs internal and external cylindrical grinding among its other functions. Refer to Chapter 9 for a description of this machine. SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE The surface grinding machine is used for grinding flat surfaces. The workpiece is supported on a rectangular table which moves back and forth and reciprocates beneath the grinding wheel. Reciprocating surface grinding machines generally have horizontal wheel spindles and mount straight or cylinder-type grinding abrasive wheels. RECIPROCATING SURFACE GRINDING MACHINE The reciprocating surface grinding machine is a horizontal- type surface grinding machine. Workpieces are fastened to the table and can be moved beneath the grinding abrasive wheel by hand or power feed. A magnetic chuck maybe used for fastening the workpiece to the table. This grinding machine has an internal pump and piping network for automatic application and recirculation of a coolant to the workpiece and wheel. The grinding abrasive wheel, mounted to the horizontal spindle is straight and cuts on its circumferential surface only. Grinding wheel speeds are adjustable GRINDING WHEELS STANDARD TYPES OF GRINDING WHEELS Grinding wheels come in many different sizes, shapes, and abrasives (Figure 5-7). Some of the various types are listed below. Straight Straight wheels, numbers 1, 5, and 7, are commonly applied to internal, cylindrical, horizontal spindle, surface, tool, and offhand grinding and snagging. The recesses in type numbers.5 and 7 accommodate mounting flanges. Type number 1 wheels from 0.006-inch to l/8-inch thick are used for cutting off stock and slotting. Cylinder 磨床的类型 14 Cylinder wheels, type number 2, may be arranged for grinding on either the periphery or side of the wheel. Tapered Tapered wheels, type number 4, take tapered safety flanges to keep pieces from flying if the wheel is broken while snagging. Straight Cup The straight cup wheel, type number 6, is used primarily for surface grinding, but can also be used for offhand grinding of flat surfaces. Plain or beveled faces are available. Flaring Cup The flaring cup wheel, type number 11, is commonly used for tool grinding. With a resinoid bond, it is useful for snagging. Its face may be plain or beveled. Dish The chief use of the dish wheel, type number 12, is in tool work. Its thin edge can be inserted into narrow places, and it is convenient for grinding the faces of form-relieved milling cutters and broaches. Saucer The saucer wheel, type number 13, is also known as a saw gummer because it is used for sharpening saws. Figure 5-4.Standard types of gringing wheels 磨床的类型 15 ABRASIVE MATERIALS The abrasive grains are the cutting took of a grinding wheel. They actually cut small pieces or chips off the work as the wheel rotates. The shape of each grain is irregular with several sharp cutting edges. When these edges grow dull, the forces acting on the wheel tend to fracture the abrasive grains and produce new cutting edges. ABRASIVES Most grinding wheels are made of silicon carbide or aluminum oxide, both of which are artificial (manufactured) abrasives. Silicon carbide is extremely hard but brittle. Aluminum oxide is slightly softer but is tougher than silicon carbide. It dulls more quickly, but it does not fracture easily therefore it is better suited for grinding materials of relatively high tensile strength. ABRASIVE GRAIN SIZE Abrasive grains are selected according to the mesh of a sieve through which they are sorted. For example, grain number 40 indicates that the abrasive grain passes through a sieve having approximately 40 meshes to the linear inch. A grinding wheel is designated coarse, medium, or fine according to the size of the individual abrasive grains making up the wheel. BONDING MATERIAL Bond The abrasive particles in a grinding wheel are held in place by the bonding agent. The percentage of bond in the wheel determines, to a great extent, the “hardness” or “grade” of the wheel. The greater the percentage and strength of the bond, the harder the grinding wheel will be. “Hard” wheels retain the cutting grains longer, while “soft” wheels release the grains quickly. If a grinding wheel is “too hard” for the job, it will glaze because the bond prevents dulled abrasive particles from being released so new grains can be exposed for cutting. Besides controlling hardness and holding the abrasive, the bond also provides the proper safety factor at running speed. It holds the wheel together while centrifugal force is trying to tear it apart. The most common bonds used in grinding wheels are vitrified, silicate, shellac, resinoid, and rubber. 磨床的类型 16 Vitrified A vast majority of grinding wheels have a vitrified bond. Vitrified bonded wheels are unaffected by heat or cold and are made in a greater range of hardness than any other bond. They adapt to practically all types of grinding with one notable exception: if the wheel is not thick enough, it does not withstand side pressure as in the case of thin cutoff wheels. Silicate Silicate bond releases the abrasive grains more readily than vitrified bond. Silicate bonded wheels are well suited for grinding where heat must be kept to a minimum, such as grinding edged cutting tools. It is not suited for heavy-duty grinding. Thin cutoff wheels are sometimes made with a shellac bond because it provides fast cool cutting. Resinoid Resinoid bond is strong and flexible. It is widely used in snagging wheels (for grinding irregularities from rough castings), which operate at 9,500 SFPM. It is also used in cutoff wheels. Rubber In rubber-bonded wheels, pure rubber is mixed with sulfur. It is extremely flexible at operating speeds and permits the manufacture of grinding wheels as thin as 0.006 inch for slitting nibs. Most abrasive cutoff machine wheels have a rubber bond. GRADES OF HARDNESS The grade of a grinding wheel designates the hardness of the bonded material. Listed below are examples of those grades: A soft wheel is one on which the cutting particles break away rapidly while a hard wheel is one on which the bond successfully opposes this breaking away of the abrasive grain. Most wheels are graded according to hardness by a letter system. Most manufacturers of grinding abrasive wheels use a letter code ranging from A (very soft) to Z (very hard). Vitrified and