江苏省常州市西夏墅中学高中英语 Unit4 Helping people around the world语法 牛津译林版选修6.doc

虚拟语气的其他情况subjunctive moodexpressing hypothetical and non-factual meanings.i wish i were a bird.he behaves as though he were the owner*subjunctive mood in unreal conditional clausescompare: if you dont hurry, you will miss the bus.if i were you, i would accept his offer.1. the form假设类型 条件从句谓语动词形式 主句谓语动词形式与现在事实相反 v.-ed (were) should (would, could, might +v.)与过去事实相反 had + v-ed should (would, could, might+ have +v-ed)与将来事实可能相反 v-ed (should +v; were to +v.) should (would, could, might +v.)1) if i knew the fact now, i would tell you. 2) if there were no gravity, we should not be able to walk.3) if i had not studied hard, i would have failed in the exam.all of us _ the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd of people there. a. would enjoy b. will have enjoyedc. would have enjoyed d. will be enjoying a. werent b. hasnt been c. hadnt been d. wouldnt been2. omission of “if”（formal style)a. were 提到从句主语的前面were i you, i would take an umbrella with me.were i to meet him tomorrow, i should ask him about it. b. should / had提到从句主语的前面should i have time, i would call her.had i had the money last year, i would have bought the house.1) _ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. a. had it not been b. hadnt it been c. was it not d. were it not 2) _, he would not have recovered so quickly. a. hadnt he been taken good care of b. had he not been taken good care of c. had not been taken good care of d. had he been not taken good care of 3. implied condition1) but for, without, under, with etc. but for electricity, there would be no modern industry.without your help, we could not have succeeded.under such circumstances i would probably have done the same.2) otherwise, but, or i ran all the way to school, otherwise i would have been late.he felt very tired yesterday, or he would have helped you.3) but that (要不是)but that he was short of money at the time, he would have come to help us.4) -ing phrases and to-infinitive you would have laughed to see him jump aside.this same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.5）if it were (had been) not for 要不是if it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.if it had not been for your advice, i would not have accepted the job.be-subjunctive mood: demand, suggestion, and command, etc.1. 用在宾语从句中：be/ should do he insisted that kate (should) do the job.we suggested that the meeting (should) not be postponed.verbs：ask、advise、determine、decide、command、insist、propose、move、prefer、urge、order、recommend、request、require、demand、suggest、desire、intendexe: she asked that she _ allowed to see her son in police custody.a. would be b. could be c. be d. was 2. 用在主语从句中it is necessary that you (should) be present at the discussion.it is essential that you (should) win the voters hearts. adj.：essential、necessary、important、advisable、appropriate、desirable、fitting、imperative （紧急的）、impossible、necessary、proper、urgent、insistent、strange ed- participle：desired、demanded、ordered、requested、suggested、recommended、required，etc.exe: it is imperative that students hand in their terms papers on time. 3. 用在同位语从句或表语从句中1) the suggestion that he be invited was rejected.2) their demand is that their wages be increased by 20%.nouns：advice、command、demand、desire、order、decision、decree（法令、判决） instruction、requirement、resolution（决定）、suggestion、recommendation、necessity、request、proposal，etc.3) he left orders that nothing be touched until the police arrived here. 这一用法中，be-型虚拟式可与“should+不定式”交替使用，也可与“to-不定式”交替使用。4) he ordered that the books be sent at once.=he ordered that the books should be sent at once.=he ordered that the books to be sent at once.were-subjunctive moodwere-型虚拟语气常用于wish, would rather, suppose, imagine之后的分句中，表示一种臆想的（通常不可能发生的）情况。 i wish it were spring all the year round. id rather i were not at the site of the accident. just imagine everyone were to give up smoking.上述were-型虚拟式在第一、第三人称单数主语之后可为was所取代。 if it was to rain, the game would be put off. if only i was not so nervous.但在if i were you这一分句中，通常用were，而不用was。另外倒装句中也只能用were。 if i were you, i should wait till next week. were i to do it (=if i were to do it), i should rely on you.在as it were（作so to speak解，即“宛如”、“好比”之意）结构中，也只用were，不用was。 he is my best friend, my second self, as it were.用动词的过去式表示假设意义1. subjunctive mood: it is (high/about) time that 1) it is time we had dinner.2) youve been working hard. its time you took a rest.3) it is high time we left this place.2. i would rather/ sooner (that) you / he / they 1) im told they are going by bus, but i would rather they went by train. 2) he didnt attend the meeting. i would rather he had been present.3. if only 1) if only the weather were finer!2) if only you hadnt offended him!4. as if /though1) she always talks to me as if she were my sister.2) he walks slowly as if he had hurt his leg.3) she looks as if she would cry.在某些语境中，如果不表示假设意义，就不必用过去式。 1) it looks as if it is going to rain. 2) the fish smells as if it has gone bad.5. subjunctive mood in wish-clauses1）wish (that) +s + v-ed (were)i wish i were as young as you.2）wish (that) +s + had done i wish that i had not met him yesterday.3）wish that +s + would/ could/might doisnt it your wish that you could buy a car like that? i wish和i hope都表示“希望”。但i hope并不表示假设意义，随后的动词形式除表示婉转口气外很少用过去形式。 i hope youre coming to our party. we hope you will be very happy.练习：1. everything _ if albert hadnt called the fire brigade.a. will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed b. would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed2. if you hadnt gone with tom to the party last night, _.a. you would meet john already b. you wont have missed johnc. you will have met john d. you would have met john3. supposing this ship _, do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk4. the insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if _ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not5. the teacher suggested that each student _ a plan for the vacation.a. made b. make c. makes d. will make6. frankly, id rather you _ anything about it for the time being.a. do b. dont do c. didnt do d. will not do7. after the way she treated you, if i _ in your place.a. be b. am c. was d. were8. the idea is that the nation _ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send9. its high time you _.a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work10. “if i hadnt practiced when i was younger,” the musician says, “i _ able to play so well now.”a. wouldnt be b. wont be c. wouldnt have been d. couldnt have been11. it is imperative that you _ there in person.a. are b. were c. be d. will be12. the atomic structure is, _, a miniature solar system.a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are13. we required that the machine parts _ cast iron.a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by14. the management urged that the cost of production _.a. to be further reduced b. was further reduced b. be further reduced d. should further reduced15. the business is risky. but _ we would be rich.a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed16. i wish our teacher _ to give another test. i havent got prepared yet.a. isnt going b. werent going c. will not going d. could have gone17. i wish i _ to the movies with you last night.a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone18. id just as soon _ rudely to her.a. that you wont speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didnt speak19. if i _ in the twenty-first century, i _ my vacation in a very different way.a. should live would spend b. will live should spendc. are living should have spent d. will be living would have spent20. it is required that the machine _ as frequently as necessary.a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil21. his english teacher recommends that he _ a regular degree program.a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning22. we prefer that the plan _ before being put into execution.a. is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed c. be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed23. what do you think of his proposal that improvements _ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made24. the doctors advice is that the patient _ about his real physical condition.a. be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told25. _, we could not have finished the work on time.a. if they do not help us b. was it not for their helpc. should they offer to help us d. but for their help26. if we had been more careful, we _ much better results now.a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got27. henry _ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.a. would be b. is c. will be d. was28. they thought it desirable that an armed guard _ in readiness.a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand29. all science students, _, should have a good foundation in basic sciences.a. whether they are future physicists and chemistsb. they are future physicists of chemistsc. they should be future physicists of chemistsd. be they future physicists or chemists30. sally cant have written tome, or _ the letter by now.a. ill get b. ill have got c. id have got d. id get31. i should very much like to have gone to the party but i _.a. am not invited b. was not invited c. shall not be invited d. am not being invited32. there is a general understanding among the members of the board of directors that chief attention _ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit. a. is given b. gives c. should be given d. must be given33. one of the requirements for a fire is that the material _ to its burning temperature.a. be heated b. is heated c. would be heated d. to heat34. “did you go to see the football match yesterday?”“no. i didnt feel well, but i would have gone if i _.”a. did b. have c. would d. had35. if we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we _ her at the bus station.a. may have met b. might meet c. may meet d. might have met36. were safer in a train than we would be if we _ any other way.a. traveled b. had traveled c. travel d. have traveled37. he told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which i _ of hunger and cold.a. would be died b. would have died c. would die d. will have died38. _ today, he would get there by friday.a. was he leaving b. if he is leaving c. were he to leave d. if he leaves39. had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight _.a. could be not solved b. could not be solvedc. could not have been solved d. could not have solved40. he is a poorly learnt man. but he acts as though he _.a. is b. were c. should be d. seems like41. the driver looked over the engine carefully lest it _