环境科学专业英语考试资料.doc

第一单元：环境科学的定义：Environment (from the French environner : to encircle or surround) can be defined as(1) the circumstance or conditions that surround an organism or group of organisms, or(2) the complex of social or cultural conditions that affect an individual or community.(环境(从法国environner:环绕或包围)可以被定义为(1)周围环境或条件有机体或一组生物,或(2)复杂的社会或文化环境影响个人或社区。) Environmental science, then, is the systematic study of our environment and our proper place in it. (环境科学,是我们的环境和我们的系统研究合适的位置。)The study of human social development activities and environmental evolution, the interaction relationship between seeking co-evolution of human society and environment and sustainable development way and the method of science.(环境科学是一门研究人类社会发展活动与环境演化规律之间相互作用关系，寻求人类社会与环境协同演化、持续发展途径与方法的的科学。)As distinguished economist Barbara Ward points out, for an increasing number of environmental issues, the difficulty is not to identify remedies,remedies are now well understood. （作为杰出的经济学家芭芭拉沃德指出,越来越多的环境问题,困难并不是确定补救措施,补救措施现在很好理解。)Perhaps the most amazing feature of our planet is the rich diversity of life that exists here. (也许最惊人的特点我们的星球是生活的丰富多样性存在。)While there are many things to appreciate and celebrate about the world on which we live, many pressing environmental problems cry out for out attention. Human populations have grown at alarming rates in this century. Nearly 6000 million people now occupy the earth and we are adding 100 million more each year. In the next decade, our numbers will increase by nearly as many as are now alive in China. Most of the growth will be in the poorer countries where resources and services are already strained by present populations.(虽然有很多事情要欣赏和庆祝我们生活的这个世界,许多紧迫的环境问题迫切需要关注。本世纪人类以惊人的速度增长。近60亿人占领地球,我们现在每年增加1亿多。在未来十年,我们的数量将增加近现在在中国活着。大部分的增长将在贫穷国家资源和服务已经紧张的人群。)Some demographers believe that this unprecedented growth rate will slow in the century and that the population might eventually drop back below its present size. 一些人口统计学家认为,这一前所未有的增长速度将放缓的世纪,人口可能最终回落低于目前的规模。Food shortages and famines already are too familiar in many places and may increase in frequency and severity if population growth, soil erosion, and nutrient depletion continue at the same rate in the future as they have in the past.粮食短缺和饥荒已经太熟悉的在很多地方,可能增加的频率和严重程度如果人口增长,土壤侵蚀和养分耗竭继续以同样的速度在未来,因为他们过去Water deficits and contamination of existing water supplies threaten to be critical environmental issues in the future for agricultural production as well as for domestic and industrial use.水赤字和现有水源的污染可能是至关重要的环境问题在未来农业生产以及国内和工业使用How we obtain and use energy is likely to play a crucial role in our environmental future. Fossil fuels (oil, coal, and natural gas) presently supply about 80% of the energy used in industrialized countries. Supplies of these fuels are diminishing at an alarming rate and problems associated with their acquisition and use-air and water pollution, mining damage, shipping accidents, and political insecurity-may limit where and how we use remaining reserves. Cleaner renewable energy resources-solar power, wind, and biomass-together with conservation, may replace environmentally destructive energy sources if we invest in appropriate technology in the next few years.我们如何获得和使用能源很可能起到至关重要的作用在我们的环境的未来。化石燃料(石油、煤炭和天然气)目前供应约80%的能源用于工业化国家。这些燃料的供应以惊人的速度递减和问题相关的收购和use-air和水污染,采矿破坏,运输事故,和政治insecurity-may限制,以及我们如何使用剩余的储备。清洁可再生能源resources-solar力量,风,和biomass-together保护,可能取代对环境破坏性的能源,如果我们投资于适当的技术在未来几年。This and other similarly serious problems illustrate the importance of environmental science and environmental education for everyone. What we are doing to our world ,and what that many mean for our future and that of our children is paramount concern as we enter the twenty-fist century.这和其他同样严重的问题说明了环境科学和环境教育的重要性。我们正在做我们的世界,许多对我们的未来意味着什么,我们的孩子是最重要的问题,当我们进入twenty-fist世纪。第二单元All too often, overpopulation is thought of simply as crowding: too many people in a given area, too high a population density.人口过剩是常常认为仅仅是拥挤:太多的人在一个给定的地区,人口密度过高。There would be a rapid aging of the worlds population. In the past, the median age for the worlds population has been between 20 and 25 years. 会有一个迅速老龄化的世界人口。在过去,世界人口的平均年龄20到25年。Population growth is at the root of virtually all environment problems, including pollution and resources depletion, and indirect social disruptions.人口增长是几乎所有环境问题的根源,包括污染和资源消耗,和间接的社会混乱。Population grown would have to be stopped; family planning and limited economical development are ways to bring the human population back in liner.人口增长必须停止;计划生育和有限的经济发展方式将人口班轮。To be effective, programs in such countries must take into account the effects of religious beliefs, psychological factors, and educational levels.有效,项目在这些国家必须考虑宗教信仰的影响,心理因素和教育水平。第四单元Erosion is an important natural process, resulting in the redistribution of the products of geologic weathering, and is part of both soil formation and soil loss. 侵蚀是一种重要的自然过程,导致地质风化的产物的再分配,和是土壤形成和土壤流失的一部分In some place, erosion occurs so rapidly that anyone can see it happen.在一些地方,侵蚀发生如此迅速,任何人都可以看到它发生。Wind and water are the main agents that move soil around. Thin, uniform layers of soil are peeled off the land surface in a process called sheet erosion. 风和水是主要的代理移动周围的土壤。薄,均匀土壤的层剥落的地表过程称为表面侵蚀。Wind can equal or exceed water in erosion force, especially in a dry climate and on relatively flat land.风可以等于或超过水的侵蚀力,特别是在干燥的气候和相对平坦的土地上。Although data on soil condition and soil erosion in the world are not complete and difficult to access, it is evident that many places have very severe problems.尽管世界上土壤条件和土壤侵蚀数据不完整,难以访问,很明显,许多地方有很严重的问题名词解释：生物多样性是指在一定时间和一定地区所有生物（动物、植物、微生物）物种及其遗传变异和生态系统的复杂性总称。它包括基因多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性三个层次。（Biodiversity is to all creatures in a certain time and certain areas (animals, plants, microorganisms) species and their genetic variation and the complexity of the ecosystem. It includes genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity in three levels.）臭氧空洞：臭氧空洞指的是因空气污染物质，特别是氧化氮和卤化代烃等气溶胶污染物的扩散、侵蚀而造成大气臭氧层被破坏和减少的现象。（Ozone hole is due to air pollution, especially the nitrogen oxide and halogenated hydrocarbon generation of aerosol pollutants such as diffusion, erosion caused by the atmospheric ozone layer destruction and reduce the phenomenon.）土壤侵蚀：土壤侵蚀是指土壤及其母质在水力、风力、冻融或重力等外营力作用下，被破坏、剥蚀、搬运和沉积的过程。（Soil erosion is soil and its parent material in the hydro, wind, freezing and thawing or battalion force under the action of gravity thereof, are destroyed, erosion, transportation and deposition process）酸雨；酸雨正式的名称是为酸性沉降，它可分为“湿沉降”与“干沉降”两大类，前者指的是所有气状污染物或粒状污染物，随着雨、雪、雾或雹等降水型态而落到地面者，后者则是指在不下雨的日子，从空中降下来的落尘所带的酸性物质而言。Acid rain is the name of formal for acidic deposition, it can be divided into wet settlement and dry fall two categories, the former refers to all or particulate pollutants and gaseous pollutants, such as rain, snow, fog or hail precipitation patterns and fell to the ground, the latter refers to the day, it doesnt rain in the fallout came down from the air with acid.环境容量：环境容量是指某一环境区域内对人类活动造成影响的最大容纳量。Environmental capacity is to point to a particular environment affect human activities within the regions largest accomodation可持续发展：可持续发展，系指满足当前需要而又不削弱子孙后代满足其需要之能力的发展。可持续发展还意味着维护、合理使用并且提高自然资源基础，这种基础支撑着生态抗压力及经济的增长。Sustainable development refers to meet the current needs and not weaken the development of the ability of future generations to meet their needs. 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