词源字典 G.doc

-gatesuffix attached to anything to indicate scandal involving, 1973, abstracted fromWatergate,Washington, D.C., building complex, home of the National Headquarters of the Democratic Party when it was burglarized June 17, 1972.-gencomb. form meaning something that produces or causes, from Fr.-gne, from Gk.-genesborn, fromgenosbirth (seegenus).-genicsee-gen+-ic.-genoussee-gen+-ous.-gramsuffix fromtelegram(1857), first abstracted 1979 (inGorillagram,a proprietary name in U.S.), and put to wide use in forming new words, such asstripagram(1981). The construction violates Gk. grammar, as an adv. could not properly form part of a compound noun.-graphycomb. form meaning “process of writing or recording” or “a writing, recording, or description,” from Gk.-graphia, fromgraphein“to draw, write,” originally to scratch (on clay tablets with a stylus), from PIE base*gerbh-to scratch, carve (seecarve).g spotalsog-spot, 1981, short forGrfenberg spot, named for German gynecologist Ernst Grfenberg, who described it in 1950.G-manFBI agent, 1930, shortening ofgovernment man;used earlier in an Irish context (1917), but the abbreviation is perhaps the same one.G-string1878,geestring,loincloth worn by American Indian, originally the string that holds it up, etymology unknown. The spelling withG(1891) is perhaps from influence of violin string tuned to a G (in this senseG stringis first recorded 1831). First used of womens attire 1936, with reference to strip-teasers.G.I.alsoGI, 1936 as an adj. meaning U.S. Army equipment, Amer.Eng., apparently an abbreviation ofGovernment Issue, applied to anything associated with servicemen. Transferred sense to soldiers during World War II (first recorded 1943) is from the jocular notion that the men themselves were manufactured by the government. An earlierG.I.(1908) was an abbreviation ofgalvanized iron, especially inG.I. can, a type of metal trash can; the term being picked up by U.S. soldiers in World War I as slang for a similar-looking type of German artillery shells. But it is highly unlikely that this G.I. came to mean soldier. I probably get more e-mail about this entry than any other. No two sources I have agree on the etymology, but none backs the widespread notion that it stands for*General Infantry.GI Joe“any U.S. soldier” attested from 1943.gabc.1200, via Scottish and northern England dialect, from O.N.gabbato mock, or O.Fr.gabbermock, boast, both probably ultimately imitative.Gabbyfirst attested 1719;gabfestsession of conversation is 1897 Amer.Eng. slang.Gift of the gabtalent for speaking is from 1680s.gabardine1590s, dress, covering, variant ofgaberdine. Meaning closely woven cloth is from 1904.gabble1570s, frequentative ofgab(q.v.).gabbrotype of igneous rock, 1837, from It. (Tuscan), from L.glaberbare, smooth, bald.gabbygarrulous, talkative, 1710, originally Scottish, fromgab+-y(2).Gabemasc. proper name, usually short forGabriel.gaberdinelong, loose outer garment, 1510s, from Sp.gabardina, from M.Fr.galverdine, which is perhaps from M.H.G.wallevartpilgrimage, in the sense of pilgrims cloak. The Spanish form perhaps influenced bygabnovercoat andtabardinacoarse coat.gablemid-14c., from O.Fr.gable, from O.N.gafl(in north of England, directly from O.N.), probably from a P.Gmc. root meaning fork (cf. O.E.gafol, geafelfork, M.H.G.gabelpitchfork), from PIE*ghebhel(cf. O.Ir.gabulforked twig). So called from the Y-shaped timber supports of the roof at gable ends. Related:Gabled;gables.Gabrielname of an archangel in O.T., from Heb.Gabhri el,lit. man of God, fromgebherman +ElGod. First element is from base of verbgabharwas strong (cf. Arabicjabrstrong, young man;jabbartyrant).gad (v.)to rove about, mid-15c., perhaps a back-formation of O.E.gdelingwandering, or associated withgad(n.) a goad for driving cattle (seegadfly). Related:Gadding.gadabout (n.)1837, from earlier noun phrasegadder about(1560s); seegad(v.) +about.gadfly (n.)1620s, fly which bites cattle, probably fromgadgoad, metal rod (early 13c.), here in the sense of stinger, from O.N.gaddrspike, nail, from P.Gmc.*gadazpointed stick; but sense is entangled withgad(v.) and an early meaning ofgadflywas also someone who likes to go about, often stopping here and there. Sense of one who irritates another is from 1640s (equivalent of L.oestrus).gadget1886,gadjet(but said to date back to 1850s), sailors slang word for any small mechanical thing or part of a ship for which they lacked, or forgot, a name; perhaps from Fr.gchettecatchpiece of a mechanism, dim. ofgchestaple of a lock.gadzooks1690s, from some exclamation, possiblyGods hooks(nails of the cross) or evenGods hocks. The use ofGadforGod(cf.egad) is first attested 1590s. Among other similar phraseological combinations (all from 17c.) weregadsbobs, gadslid,andgadsniggers.GaeaseeGaia.Gael1810, from Scottish GaelicGaidhealmember of the Gaelic race, from O.Ir.Goidhel. The native name in both Ireland and Scotland,Gaelwas first used in English exclusively of Scottish Highlanders.Gaelic1774, earlierGathelik(1590s), fromGael(ScottishGaidheal); seeGael.gaff (1)iron hook, 1725,gaffe, from Fr.gaffeboat hook (seegaffe). Specifically of the hook on a fishing spear from 1650s.gaff (2)loud, rude talk, 1825, from Scottish dialect, perhaps a survival of O.E.gafspraecblasphemous or ribald speech, or fromgaff(1), and cf.gaffe.gaffeblunder, 1909, perhaps from Fr.gaffeclumsy remark, originally boat hook, from O.Fr.gaffe,from O.Prov.gaf, probably from W.Goth.*gafahook, from P.Gmc.*gafa. Sense connection is obscure. Thegaffwas also used to land big fish. Or it may derive from Brit. slanggaffto cheat, trick (1893); orgaffcriticism (1896), from Scot. dial. sense of loud, rude talk, which ultimately may be from O.E.gaf-sprcblasphemous or ribald speech.gaffer1580s, elderly rustic, apparently a contraction ofgodfather;originally old man, it was applied from 1841 to foremen and supervisors, which sense carried over 20c. to electrician in charge of lighting on a film set.gag (v.)mid-15c., to choke, strangle, possibly imitative or influenced by O.N.gaghalswith head thrown back. The sense of stop a persons mouth is first attested c.1500. Related:Gagged;gagging. The noun is 1550s, from the verb.gag (n.)joke, 1823, probably related to theatrical sense of matter interpolated in a written piece by the actor (1847), or from slang verbal sense of to deceive, take in with talk (1777), both on notion of stuff, fill (seegag(v.).gagacrazy, silly, 1905, probably from Fr.gagasenile, foolish.gage (n.)pledge, c.1300, from O.Fr.gage, from Frank.*wadja-, related to Goth.wadipledge, from P.Gmc.*wadjon(seewed).gage (v.)seegauge. The spelling variantsgaugeandgagehave existed since the first recorded uses in Middle English, though in American Englishgageis found exclusively in technical uses Barnhart. Related:Gaged;gaging.gagglelate 15c.,gagyll, with reference to both geese and women. Barnhardt says possibly from O.N.gaglgoose; OED calls it one of the many artificial terms invented in the 15th c. as distinctive collectives referring to particular animals or classes of persons. Possibly of imitative origin (cf. Du.gagelento chatter; M.E.gaggleto cackle, used of geese, attested from late 14c.).GaiaEarth as a goddess, from Gk.Gaia,personification ofgaiaearth, a collateral form ofge(Dorianga) earth, of unknown origin. The Roman equivalent goddess of the earth wasTellus(seetellurian), sometimes used in English poetically or rhetorically for Earth personified or the Earth as a planet.gaiety1640s, from Fr.gaiet, fromgaigay (seegay).gailylate 14c., from M.E.gai(seegay) +-ly(2).gainlate 15c. (n.), 1520s (v.), from M.Fr.gain, from O.Fr.gaaigne, fromgaaignierto gain, also cultivate land, from Frank.*waidanjanhunt, forage, also graze, pasture, from P.Gmc.*warthohunting ground (cf. Ger.weidepasture, pasturage, O.N.veirhunting), from PIE*weito strive after. The original O.Fr. sense enfolded the notions of profit from agriculture and booty, prey. Related:Gained;gaining.gainful1540s (implied ingainfully), fromgain+-ful.gainsayto contradict, c.1300, lit. say against, from O.E.gegn-against +say.Solitary survival of a once common prefix Weekley, which was used to form such now-obsolete compounds asgain-takingtaking back again,gainclapa counterstroke,gainbuyredeem, andgainstandto oppose. Related:Gainsaid;gainsaying.gaitc.1200,gatea going or walking, departure, journey, earlier way, road, path, from O.N.gataway, road, path. Meaning manner of walking is from c.1500. Modern spelling developed before 1750, originally in Scottish.gaiterleather cover for the ankle, 1775, perhaps from Fr.gutrebelonging to peasant attire, from M.Fr.*guestre,probably from Frank.*wristinstep, from P.Gmc.*wirstizfrom*wrig-, *wreik-to turn (seewry). Related:Gaiters.galslang pronunciation ofgirl, 1795, execrated as a Cockney vulgarism.Gal Fridayis 1940, in reference to Robinson Crusoe.gala1620s, festive dress or attire, from Fr.en gala, from It.gala(as in phrasevestido de galarobe of state), perhaps from Arabickhilafine garment given as a presentation. Sense of festive occasion (characterized by display of finery) first recorded 1777.galactic1839, from L.L.galacticus, fromgalaxias(seegalaxy).Galapagosislands named for the tortoises (Sp.galapagos) who live there; discovered by Europeans in 1535.galavantvariant ofgallivant. Related:Galavanting.galaxylate 14c., from L.L.galaxiasMilky Way, from Gk.galaxis(adj.), fromgala(gen.galaktos) milk (seelactation). The technical astronomical sense emerged 1848. Figurative sense of brilliant assembly of persons is from 1580s.Milky Wayis a translation of L.via lactea.See yonder, lo, the Galaxy Which men clepeth the Milky Wey, For hit is whyt. Chaucer, House of FameGalbraithsurname, from O.Gael.Gall-Bhreathnachstranger-Briton, a name given to Britons settled among Gaels.galestorm at sea, 1540s, fromgailewind, origin uncertain, perhaps from O.N.golbreeze, or O.Dan.galbad, furious (often used of weather), from O.N.galinnbewitched. Or perhaps it is from O.E.galanto sing (the second element innightingale), orgiellanto yell. In technical meteorological use, a wind between 32 and 63 miles per hour.Galileenorthernmost province of Palestine, late 12c., from L.Galilaea, Gk.Galilaia, from Heb.Haggalil, lit. The District, a compressed form ofGelil haggoyimthe District of Nations (cf. Isa. viii:23). The adj.Galileanis used both of Christ (1630s), who was born there, and of the It. astronomerGalileo(1727) who so shook the Christian Church.gall (1)bile, O.E.galla(Anglian),gealla(W. Saxon), from P.Gmc.*gallon-(cf. O.N.gall,O.H.G.galla), from PIE base*ghol-/*ghel-gold, yellow, yellowish-green (cf. Gk.khole,seecholera;L.fel;perhaps also O.E.geoloyellow, Gk.khloros). Informal sense of impudence, boldness first recorded Amer.Eng. 1882; but meaning embittered spirit, rancor is from c.1200.Gall bladderrecorded from 1670s.gall (2)sore spot on a horse, O.E.geallapainful swelling, from L.gallagall, lump on plant, originally oak apple, of uncertain origin. Perhaps from or influenced bygall(1) on notion of poison-sore. The verb meaning to make sore by chafing is from mid-15c.; figurative sense of harass, irritate is from 1570s. Related:Galled;galling.Gallaghersurname, from Ir.Gallchobharforeign-help.gallant (adj.)early 15c., from O.Fr.galantcourteous, earlier spirited, dashing, prp. ofgalermake merry, fromgala(q.v.). Sense of politely attentive to women was adopted 17c. from French. The noun, man of fashion and pleasure, is from late 14c.gallantly1550s, fromgallant+-ly(2).gallantry1590s, fine appearance, from Fr.galanterie, from O.Fr.galant(seegallant). Meaning gallant behavior is from 1630s.galleon1520s, from O.Fr.galion, from Sp.galengalleon, armed merchant ship, from Byzantine Gk.galeagalley (seegalley) + augmentive suffix-on.galleriaIt. form ofgallery.galleryc.1500, from M.Fr.galeriea long portico, from M.L.galeria,of uncertain origin, perhaps alteration ofgalileachurch porch, which is probably from L.GalilaeaGalilee, the northernmost region of Palestine; church porches sometimes were so called from being at the far end of the church. Sense of building to house art first recorded 1590s; that of people who occupy a (theater) gallery (contrasted with gentlemen of the pit) first by Lovelace, 1640s, hence toplay to the gallery(1872).Super altare Beat Mari in occidentali porte ejusdem ecclesi qu Galil a vocatur.c.1186 charter in Durham Cathedralgalleyc.1300, from O.Fr.galie,from M.L.galea,from Late Gk.galea,of unknown origin. The word has made its way into most Western European languages. Originally low flat-built seagoing vessel of one deck, once common in the Mediterranean; meaning cooking range on a ship dates from 1750. The printing sense is from 1652, from Fr.galein the same sense, in reference to the shape of the oblong tray that holds the type. As a short form ofgalley-proofit is attested from 1890. To knock something or someonegalleywestis Amer.Eng. slang (1875, originally in Mark Twain), a corruption of western England dialectalcollyweston,name of a village in Northamptonshire that somehow came to signify askew, not right.Gallic1670s, from L.Gallicuspertaining to Gaul or the Gauls, from L.GalliaGaul andGallusa Gaul from a native Celtic name (seeGaelic), though some connect the word with prehistoric W.Gmc.*walkhozforeigners (seeWelsh). Originally used in English rhetorically or mockingly for French.GallicismFrench word or idiom, 1650s, fromGallic+-ism.gallimaufrya medley, 1550s, from Fr.galimafrehash, ragout, from O.Fr.calimafreesauce made of mustard, ginger, and vinegar; a stew of carp; origin unknown, perhaps from O.Fr.galerto make merry, live well + O.N.Fr.mafrerto eat much, from M.Du.maffelen. Others see the proper nameMaufr.gallivant1819, probably a playful elaboration ofgallantin an obsolete verbal sense of play the gallant, flirt, gad about. Related:Gallivanting.gallonc.1300, from O.N.Fr.galon,corresponding to O.Fr.jalonliquid measure, related to M.L. dim. formgalletabucket, pail, also a measure of wine, perhaps from Gaul.gallavessel.gallop1520s, from M.Fr.galoper, from O.Fr.galop(11c.), cognate of O.N.Fr.waloper, from Frank.*wala hlaupanto run well (seewallop). Related:Galloped;galloping.gallowsing. ofgallows.Gallowaydistrict in southwestern Scotland, M.L.Gallovidia,from WelshGallwyddel,Ir.Gallgaidhil,lit. foreign Gaels.gallowsearly 13c., pl. of M.E.galwegallows, from O.N.galgi, or from O.E.galga(Mercian),gealga(W. Saxon); all from P.Gmc.*galg-pole (cf. O.Fris.galga, M.H.G.galgegallows, cross), perhaps cognate with Lith.zalgapole, perch, Armeniandzalkpole. Originally also used of the cross of the crucifixion. Plural because made of two poles.Gallup poll1940, from George H.Gallup(1901-1984), U.S. journalist and statistician, who in 1935 set up the American Institute of Public Opinion.galootawkward or boorish man, 1812, nautical, raw recruit, green hand, originally a sailors contemptuous word for soldiers or marines, of uncertain origin. Dictionary of American Slang proposesgalut,Sierra Leone creole form of Sp.galeotogalley slave. Perhaps rather Du. slangkloottesticle,klootzakscrotum, used figuratively as an insult.galore1675, from Ir.go ler,corresponding to Gael.gu leirsufficiently, enough.galoshesc.1300, perhaps from O.Fr.galoche, from L.L.gallicula, dim. ofgallica (solea)a Gallic (sandal). Alternative etymology is from V.L.*galopia, from Gk.kalopodion, dim. ofkalopousshoemakers last, fromkalonwood +pousfoot (seefoot).galumphto prance about in a self-satisfied manner, 1872, coined by Lewis Carroll in Jabberwocky, apparently by blendinggallopandtriumph. Related:Galumphing.galvanic1797, fromgalvanism+-ic.galvaniseBritish spelling ofgalvanize; for suffix, see-ize. Related:Galvanised;galvanising.galvanismelectricity produced by chemical action, 1797, from Fr.galvanismeor It.galvanismo, from It. physicist LuigiGalvani(1737-1798) who discovered it while running currents through the legs of dead frogs.galvanize1802, from Fr.galvaniser, fromgalvanisme(seegalvanism). Figurative sense of excite, stimulate (as if by electricity) first recorded 1853. Meaning to coat with metal by means of galvanic electricity (especially to plate iron with tin, but now typically to plate it with zinc) is from 1839.Hell swear that in her dancing she cuts all others out,Though like a Gal thats galvanized, she throws her legs about.Thomas Hood, Love has not Eyes, 1845Related:Galvanized;galvanizing.galvanometer1802, from comb. form ofgalvanism+-meter.gama leg, seegams.gambitchess opening in which a pawn is risked for advantage later, 1650s,gambett, from It.gambetto