定 语 从 句 定稿.doc

9 定 语 从 句（1） 一、定义和作用在复合句中修饰某一名词、代词或某一句子的从句叫定语从句（Attributive Clauses）。定语从句在句中做定语，被修饰的名词,词组或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词（关系代词或关系副词），定语从句通常出现在先行词之后。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。关系副词有：when, where, why等。The man who talked to you just now is an engineer.The man 叫先行词，who为关系词，who引导的句子who talked to you just now为定语从句。Ex:MissWangistakingcareofthechildwhoseparentshavegonetoBeijing. _是先行词, _为关系词，_为定语从句。 构成:先行词+关系词(关系代词、关系副词)+从句关系词有三个作用：1 连接作用 连接主句2 替代作用 代替某一名词或代词内容3 成分作用 在定语从句中充当一定的成分，如主、宾、状、定等 The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect. Which为关系代词， 代替前一句话的内容， 连接定语从句与主句， 并在定语从句中充当主语。 二、分 类定语从句分为两大类，即限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。前者不用逗号与主句隔开，而后者必须用逗号隔开。1. 限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如： This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2. 在下列情况下，通常用非限制性定语从句 1) 当先行词为人称代词时。I, who am your friend, like playing basketball. 2) 表示补充概念时，用非限制性定语从句。 My brother, who lives in New York, has six children.我弟弟有六个孩子，他住在纽约。（补充说明只有这一个兄弟） 比较：My brother who lives in New York has six children. 我住在纽约的那个兄弟有六个孩子。（可能还有其他兄弟） 3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。注意：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。 限制性定语从句的关系代词which, whom在从句中作宾语时可以省略，非限制性定语从句的which, whom作宾语时，则不可省略。 三、关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。 1. who,whom,that 这些词代替的先行词是_(人/物)的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下： Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作_成份,不能省） He is the man who/whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（who/whom/that在从句中作_成份，能省）当人在从句中做表语的时候，通常用that而不用who. He is not the one that he used to be before. 2. whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。 Please pass me the book whose cover (the cover of which/of which the cover) is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。当whose代替指物的名词时可以与which进行替换。 whose+名词= the +名词 + of which = of which + the +名词 例如：the price of which= of which the price = whose price例1. Recently I bought an ancient Chinese vase, _was very reasonable. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 答案：B例2 There is a mountain_ the top is always covered with snow. A. of that B. of which C. its D. that 答案：B注意：“介词 + whose + n”结构，代表先行词的所有格引出定语从句，whose是后面名词的定语。E.g.: The residents, all of whose homes had been damaged by the flood, were given help by the Red Cross.3. which,that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作_成份） The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作_成份）4. that 与which 在定语从句中的区别 1). 在下列情况下只能用which A. 在非限制定语从句中 He often helps us, which is very kind of him. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. B. 在由“介词关系词”这一形式中 Here is the car about which I told you yesterday. Knowledge is a deep sea, of which there cant be enough. C. 为避免重复 Thats the college which just opened six months ago. D. 在定语从句中出现了I think 或I guess 等时 This dictionary which I think is the best one among all my dictionaries, is new. The man is singing highly his goods which I guess are not good enough. 2). 在下列情况下, 只能用that A. 当先行词为不定代词all, much, little, anything, everything, nothing, some, one, something 等词时. Is there anything in the world that can frighten him? Everything that you say to him goes in one ear and out the other. My aunt told me something that sounded reasonable. All (that) we have to do is to wait for the news. B. 先行词是序数词或是形容词最高级时 This train is the last that will go to Shanghai. This is the best that has been used against pollution.C. 先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时 The first lesson (that) I learned will never be forgotten. This is the best novel (that) I have ever read. D. 先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some 等修饰时 I have read all the books (that) you gave me. E. 先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last所修饰时 He is the only person that I want to talk to. The last place (that) we visited was the chemical works. This is the very book that I want to look for. F. 先行词既有人又有物时 They talked of things and persons that they remembered. G.当主句的主语是疑问词who或which 时 Who is the person that is standing at the door? Which is the bike that you lost? Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk? H. 如有两个定语从句, 其中一个关系词已用which另外一个用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before.I. 当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也在从句中作表语时Beijing is no longer the city that it used to be. 四、关系副词引导的定语从句 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1when 表示时间，在从句中作状语，其先行词一般是表示时间的名词。 Gone forever are the days when we were oppressed. 我们受压迫的日子一去不复返了。 2. where 表示地点，在从句中作地点状语， 其先行词一般为表示地点的名词。 Two years ago I was taken to the village where I was born.3. why 在定语从句中原因状语，先行词是reason. We dont know the reason why she didnt come to the party. 4. 关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于介词+ which结构，因此常常和介词+ which结构交替使用，例如：There are occasions when (on which) one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？5. the way 作先行词时，不能用how引导定语从句，引导词常为in which 或that或不用 I never forget the way in which/that/不填 he treated me ago.注意：选择关系副词作引导词，必须弄清以下三个概念a. 先行词必须是表示时间，地点和原因的名词b. 关系副词必须在定语从句中作相对应的状语c. 若先行词是时间，地点和原因，而代替这些词的引导词在定语从句中作宾语或主语时，必须用关系代词。区别：Ill never forget the days that/which we spent together. 五、“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which(指物)和whom（指人）， 即：介词+which/whom1.当介词放在关系代词的前面时，介词宾语只用which或whom,关系代词不能省略。如：This is the hero of whom we are proud. (whom不能省略，不能用who代替)This is the pen with which I wrote the letter. (which不能省略，不能用that代替) 2当介词位于定语从句的末尾时， 可用that/which（指物），that/whom/who（指人）作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词往往省略。如： that This is the hero who we are proud of. whom (可省略) that This is the pen I wrote the letter with.which (可省略) 3“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开， 定语从句常用倒转语序。如： He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree. 注意：在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，由于动词和介词不可分割， 因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前。如： This is the pen which Im looking for. 不可以说：This is the pen for which Im looking. 类似的词组（动词+介词或副词）有： be fond of 喜欢 care for 喜欢 get off 下车 get on 上车 live on 靠生活 go over 复习 look forward to 期待 hear of 听到关于 catch up with 赶上 hear from 收到来信 get up 起床 deal with 处理 take up 开始，从事 add up to 合计达 make up for 补偿 worry about 担心 look for 寻找 get along with 和.相处 4. 关系代词前面的介词使用情况： 1）根据与前面名词的搭配关系选择。如： Ill never forget the day on which I first met him. (表示具体的某一天，介词用on) Can you find a proper situation in which the expression can be used? (在场合，用介词in) 2) 根据定语从句后面动词和介词的搭配关系选择。如： The man to whom you spoke just now is a relative of my aunts. (spoke to 意为“对说话”) The two things of which they felt proud were Jims gold watch and Dellas hair. (be/feel proud of 为固定搭配，意为“以为自豪”) 3）有时须同时考虑动词和介词的搭配关系及介词和名词的搭配关系。如： The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which he could see what was happening inside the house.练习：1 Ill never forget the lesson _ last year. A.that I learnB.that I learned C.what I learnD.what I learned2 The young lady _is interviewing Lin Zhixuan about the program I am a singer is from 21st Century Talent Net. A. who B. whom C. which D. whose3What are you looking for? Im looking for the watch _ I bought yesterday. AwhichBwhoCwhose4I love the school I have studied in for three years. A. where B. when C. that5The movie_ we saw last night was fantastic. A. that B. what C. whose D. who6Teenagers like reading the books _ are written by Guo Jingming. A. who B. what C. whoseD. that7 - Do you know Mo Yan? Of course. He is the famous writer _ won the Nobel Prize in 2012. A. who B. whom C. which8Most students like the teachers understand themwell. A. which B. who C. where D. when9I still remember the college and the teachers _ I visited in London years ago. A. what B. who C. that D. Which10The Palace Museum is the best place _Ive ever visited. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what11Thisis the school _ we visited last year. A. that B. where C. who D. Whose12Do you know the girl_ with our English teacher often? Yes, her name is Helen. A. whom to talkB. who talksC. who is talkingD. whom talks13Amy has_ . Along brown hair Bbrown long hair Clong brown hairs Dbrown long hairs14 Being blind is something _ most people cant imagine. A. who B. whatC. thatD. whom15 Yesterday Li Ming went to the village_hisfamily lived ten years ago. A. when B. which D. where D. that16A friend is someone _ says, “What! You too? I thought I was the only one!” A. who B. which C. what D. whose17I know a place _ we can have a big meal. A. that B. where C. which D. what18-Who do you think is the man _ first flew into space in China? - Yang Liwei is. A. / B. whoC. that D. whom19-There are many volunteers _ are helping the children in Sichuan. - And most of them are college students. A. which B. when C. whose D. who20 -Look，its the most beautiful park_ Ive ever visited before.- -Really？How I wish to go to see it for myself!. A. that B. which C.whom D. who21We dislike people _ talk much but never do anything. A. whomB. whichC. whoD. whose22A government is a group of people _ make decisions about the way people live. A. who B. which C. whom D. whatever23There are many volunteers _ are helping the children in Sichuan. A.which B.when C.who D.why24Who do you want to talk with at the end of the speech? The man_Mr White. A. they callB. called himself C. calls himself D. is called25The Palace Museum is the best place _Ive ever visited. A. thatB. whichC. whereD. what26. She likes the music _ she likes to sing along with. A. that B. in which C. what D. Who27. Take the advice _ is given by Dr. White. A. who B. which C. Whose28. John is the boy _legs were badly hurt in the accident. A. whoseB. thatC. Who29Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school _ I met in the English speech competition last year. A. whoB. where C. whenD. Which30One of the most delicious drinks _ I like is orange juice.A. which B. that C. whose D. whom1 B 【解析】句意：我永远不会忘记去年上的一堂课。本句中先行词the lesson为下文定语从句的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which或者that，结合所给选项，可知选B。2 A【解析】句意：这位正在就我是歌手这个电视节目采访林志炫的年轻女士来自21世纪天才网。结合语境可知本句中先行词the young lady为下文定语的逻辑主语，指人，故选A。考点：定语从句3A【解析】句意：你正在找什么？我正在找我昨天买的手表。下文中先行词the watch为定语从句中的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用that或者which，根据所给选项，可知选A。考点：定语从句4C【解析】我喜欢那所我在那儿学习了三年的学校。结合语境可知本句中先行词the school为下文定语从句中介词in的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which或者that，选项中之后that，故选C。5 A【解析】句意：昨晚我们看得这部电影太不可思议了。本句中先行词the movie我为下文定语从句中的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which或者that，结合所给选项可知选A。6D【解析】句意：青少年喜欢莫言写的这些书。本句中先行词the books为下文定语从句的逻辑主语，指物。故用引导词用that或者which，结合所给选项，可知选D。7A【解析】who谁，做引导词指人；whom 谁，做引导词指人，作宾语； which哪一个，做引导词指物。句意：你知道莫言吗？当然了。他是在2012年获得诺贝尔奖的著名作家。结合语境可知本句先行词the famous writer为下文定语从句的逻辑主语，指人，故选A。8B【解析】which先行词指物；who先行词指人；where 先行词表示地点；when先行词表示时间。句意：大部分学生喜欢很了解他们的老师。本句中先行词the teachers为下文定语从句的逻辑主语，指人，故引导词用who，选B。考点：定语从句9C【解析】what一般不用于定语从句；who在定语从句中指人； that既可指人，也可指物；which指物。句意：我仍旧记得几年前去伦敦访问的大学和老师们。结合语境可知本句中先行词the college and the teachers中既有人，又有物，故引导词只能用that，选C。10A【解析】句意：故宫博物院是我曾经参观过的最好的地方。本句中先行词the best place为下文定语中的逻辑宾语，指物，前后限定性修饰词the best，故引导词只能用that，选A。11 A 【解析】这就是我们去年参观的学校。结合语境可知本句先行词the school为下文定语从句的逻辑宾语，指物，故引导词用which或者that，结合所给选项，可知选A。考点：定语从句12B【解析】句意：你认识这个经常和我们的英语老师谈话的女孩吗？是的，她的名字叫海伦。结合语境可知上文中先行词the girl为定语从句的逻辑主语，故引导词用who。根据时间状语可知定语从句中描述的是经常性的动作，故用一般现在时态。故选B。考点：定语从句及时态13A【解析】试题分析：在英语中当名词前面有几个形容词作修饰语时，一般按下列次序排列：限定词+描绘形容词+形状+大小+颜色+国籍原材料。Long表示形状; brown表示颜色,故选A. 考点：定语的顺序点评：这个问题的解答主要依据习惯问题,与单词本身的含义没有多大关系,熟记这一规则即可.14C 【解析】先行词是something，关系代词用that。 【考点】定语从句引导词。15C 【解析】which 和that 是关系代词，在定语从句中充当主语或者宾语，when,where是关系副词，作状语。live是不及物动词。后面不用跟宾语，前面先行词是村庄是地点，因此选C. 考点：定语从句16 A【解析】本句中先行词some