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枝桠材用小型切片机设计【优秀机械毕业设计】【word+CAD图纸全套】

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枝桠材用小型切片机设计

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关键词：: 枝桠小型切片机设计优秀优良机械毕业设计 word cad 图纸全套

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摘要

为了适应我国木材资源严重不足且分布不集中的特点，设计了这种体积小、生产能力大且削片合格率高的枝桠材用小型切片机，来满足林区小型工厂的生产或木材家具厂的碎料加工，以节约木材资源。

在此次设计中，机架、左右上盖都采用了焊接件，降低了整机的重心，有效地增强了整机的稳定性；电机和轴之间通过皮带传动，缓和了载荷冲击，防止过载给飞刀等主要部件带来的损坏；轴通过两个圆锥滚子轴承与机架连接，防止轴产生较大的跳动影响木片合格率；刀盘和轴之间配合紧密；飞刀用压块夹紧，牢固稳定，方便拆装和更换。

此削片机最适合加工枝桠材和小径级的原木，投资小，价格低廉且见效快，非常适合作坊式工厂和小型个体企业生产。

关键词：削片机; 盘式削片机; 木片; 刀盘; 飞刀

ABSTRACT

For adapting the characteristics of the serious shortage of the wood resources and bad-distributed condition, a kind of branch chipper is designed, which has small physical volume, high efficiency and the qualification rate to meet the needs of saving the wood resources and processing fragments in micro and furniture factory.

In this design, framework, the left cover and right cover are casting, which can lower the center of gravity of the whole machine and larger the stability of the whole machine. The motor is connected with the spindle by stalk belt, which can mollify the impact, prevent the damage which caused by overloading components such as the fly-cutter etc. The spindle is connected with framework by two cones rolls of sub- bearings prevents run out of operation process on the spindle. The fit between the cutting dish and the spindle is the gradient tight match, which is tight match. The stud bolts is used to press the fly-cutter. The method which is cone-shaped of connection is firm. It is convenient for dismounting and replacement.

This chipper is quite suitable to process branch and the log of the footpath class, which has a small investment and low price. It can be used in the small scaled individual business enterprise produces chip.

Key words: Chipper; Disc Chipper; Chip; Cutting Dish; Fly-cutter

摘要I

AbstractII

第1章绪论1

1.1 课题背景、目的及意义1

1.2 国内外研究状况和相关领域中已有的研究成果1

1.3 选题的设计设想、设计方法和改进3

1.4 预期结果3

第2章盘式削片机的总体设计4

2.1盘式削片机的方案设计4

2.2盘式削片机的总体设计6

2.3削片原理8

2.4本章小结11

第3章主要技术参数的确定和计算12

3.各树种单位切削力12

3.2切削功率的计算15

3.3电机的选择15

3.4飞刀伸出量的确定15

3.5生产能力的确定15

3.6 本章小结16

第4章主要部件的设计计算17

4.1刀盘结构设计及尺寸的确定17

4.2装刀部分设计和底刀部分设计18

4.3主轴的结构设计19

4.3.1 轴的最小直径计算19

4.3.2轴承的选择20

4.4传动比计算和大、小带轮的计算20

4.5 进料槽设计计算23

4.6 本章小结24

第5章各部件的校核和验算25

5.1轴的强度校核25

5.2刀盘的校核30

5.3 轴承的校核33

5.4 本章小结35

结论36

参考文献37

致谢38

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内容简介：: 毕业设计（论文）题目审定表指导教师姓名马慧良职称讲师从事专业机械工程是否外聘是否题目名称枝桠材用小型切片机设计课题适用专业机械设计制造及其自动化课题类型 X 课题简介：（主要内容、意义、现有条件、预期成果及表现形式。）一、主要内容：盘式削片机主要由刀盘、进料槽、制动器、传动装置和机壳等部分组成。刀盘套装在主轴上，主轴由两个装在轴承座中的轴承支承，由电动机通过皮带传动。刀盘除作为切削机构切削木料外，还起飞轮作用，使飞刀在间断切削时，速度波动不大，因此要求刀盘有较大质量。主轴的毛坯应为锻件，不应有降低使用性能的缺陷。盘式削片机的刀盘上装有 2 把飞刀，飞刀在刀盘上的安装一般使其刀刃相对刀盘半径沿转动方向向前倾斜 8 15 布置。在安装每把飞刀下面的刀盘上，沿刃口方向开有一条宽度为 100 mm 左右的长缝。二、意义：为适应造纸、纤维板、刨花板行业对木片长度的不同要求，木片长度可在一定的范围内调节。本削片机，结构紧凑合理，操作简便，生产能力大，木片合格率高，单位木片产量能耗低，是国内生产出口木片的理想设备。三、现有条件：相关资料、苏福玛公司生产的 ABX116 和灯塔木工机械厂生产的 157BXF 的结构。四、预期成果及表现形式：画出微型盘式削片机整体装配图 A0 图纸一张，刀盘部件 A1 图纸二张，并附有若干零件图，图纸总量为 14 张，共计 4 张半 A0，计算说明书字数大于 1.5 万字。指导教师签字：年月日教研室意见 1 选题与专业培养目标的符合度好较好一般较差 2 对学生能力培养及全面训练的程度好较好一般较差 3 选题与生产、科研、实验室建设等实际的结合程度好较好一般较差 4 论文选题的理论意义或实际价值好较好一般较差 5 课题预计工作量较大适中较小 6 课题预计难易程度较难一般较易教研室主任签字：年月日系（部）教学指导委员会意见：负责人签字：年月日注：课题类型填写 W.科研项目； X.生产（社会）实际； Y.实验室建设； Z.其它。 SY-025-BY-1 nts 毕业设计（论文）任务书学生姓名韩少雄系部机电工程学院专业、班级机械设计制造及其自动化 B06-2 指导教师姓名马慧良职称讲师从事专业机械工程是否外聘是否题目名称枝桠材用小型切片机设计一、设计（论文）目的、意义目前，盘式削片机在我国造纸行业中占有着非常重要的地位，然而我国对现在多数的盘式削片机都存在效率低和木片合格率差等缺点，本课题就是对传统盘式削片机的设计和改造开展的调研。为了适应我国木材资源严重不足且分布不集中的特点，设计了这种体积小、生产能力大且削片合格率高的微型盘式削片机，来满足林区小型工厂的生产或木材家具厂的碎料加工，以节约木材资源。在此次设计中，机架、左右上盖都采用了铸件，降低了整机的重心，有效地增强了整机的稳定性；电机和轴之间通过皮带传动，缓和了载荷冲击，防止过载给飞刀等主要部件带来的损坏；轴通过两个圆锥滚子轴承与机架连接，防止轴产生较大的跳动影响木片合格率；刀盘和轴之间采用锥度配合，配合紧密；飞刀用压块夹紧，牢固稳定，方便拆装和更换。此削片机最适合加工枝桠材和小径级的原木，投资小，价格低廉且见效快，非常适合作坊式工厂和小型个体企业生产。二、设计（论文）内容、技术要求（研究方法）（一）设计内容： 1、枝桠材用小型切片机总体结构设计。 2、枝桠材用小型切片机刀盘和传动系统设计。（二）技术要求：原料规格：直径小于 100mm。进料方式：倾斜进料出料方式：上出料木片长度： 10 mm 20 mm 刀盘半径： 230 mm 刀盘转速： 800 r/min 飞刀数目： 2 把刀盘形式：平面刀盘 nts三、设计（论文）完成后应提交的成果（一）说明部分说明书一份（二）图纸部分总体装配 0 号图 1 张刀盘部件 1 号图 2 张出料口 1 号图 1 张零件图 10 张四、设计（论文）进度安排 2010 年 3 月 26 日 4 月 8 日调研及收集相关资料； 2010 年 4 月 9 日 4 月 22 日方案设计、审查和确定，撰写开题报告； 2010 年 4 月 23 日 6 月 3 日绘制图纸和撰写设计说明书； 2010 年 6 月 3 日 6 月 17 日提交图纸，说明书，审图及修改； 2010 年 6 月 17 日 6 月 23 日毕业答辩。五、主要参考资料 1 刘灏主编 .机械设计手册 S北京：机械工业出版社 ,2002. 2 朱龙根主编 .简明机械零件设计手册 S.北京：机械工业出版社 ,2004. 3 吴宗泽，罗圣国主编机械设计课程设计手册 S北京：高等教育出版社 ,1992. 4 郭爱莲主编新编机械工程技术手册 S北京：经济日报出版社 ,1991. 5 林石著盘式削片机设计计算方法（一）、（二） J南京林业大学 ,1986. 6 洪德纯 ,于志宏 ,祝悦红著国外削片机的新进展 J吉林：吉林林学院 ,1994（ 5）： 37-42 7 王知行，刘廷荣主编机械原理 M北京：高等教育出版社 ,2000. 8 南京林业大学主编 .木材切削原理与刀具 M.北京：中国林业出版社 ,1997. 9 庞庆海主编 .人造板机械设备 M.哈尔滨：东北林业大学出版社 ,1997. 10 Hindhede, Zimmerman, Hopkins. Machine Design Fundamentals M. John Wiley & Sons, 1990. 六、备注指导教师签字：年月日教研室主任签字：年月日 nts 毕业设计（论文）开题报告学生姓名韩少雄系部机电工程学院专业、班级机械设计制造及其自动化 B06-2 指导教师姓名马慧良职称讲师从事专业机械工程是否外聘是否题目名称枝桠材用小型切片机设计一、课题研究现状 ,选题的目的、意义削片机是人造板，造纸行业中最基本的设备，用以制备工艺木片。几十年来，随着木片产业的发展，国内外已研制和生产了上百种型号的固定式和移动式削片机，其结构和性能已日趋完善，在生产中发挥着重要作用。近年来，国内外削片机的研制有了进一步的发展，并研制出多种新型的削片机，主要是改善进出料机构，改进飞刀和底刀结构及飞刀的装夹方式，增设控制木片质量的分离装置，降低削片机的振动和噪声。这些新型的削片机起到了提高生产率和木片质量，木片合格率以及降低噪声，振动和减少能耗的作用，获得了巨大的经济效益。按切削机构不同，削片机可分为盘式和鼓式两类。盘式削片机的切削机构由一个旋转的刀盘，飞刀和底刀组成，在刀盘上沿半径方向安装 2-16 把飞刀。其切削特征是纵端向切削，主要参数是削出木片的长度。对削片机的主要工艺要求是：削出的木片长度应均匀一致，其合格率应在允许范围内，且应厚度均匀，切口大而平滑，产生的碎料少，削出的木片的尺寸规格依使用要求而定。针对我国木材资源严重不足且分布不集中，不能形成大规模的生产车间，故设计一种体积小、重量轻、便于运输的微型盘式削片机，以满足林区小型工厂生产，减少木材浪费量，实现木材的综合利用。要求结构紧凑合理，操作方便，生产能力大，木片合格率高，单位木片产量能耗低。二、设计（论文）的基本内容 ,拟解决的主要问题设计基本内容： (1) 根据削片机基本技术参数，给出微型盘式削片机总体结构初步设计方案。 (2) 对盘式削片机刀盘、进料口、出料口、左右上盖、主轴、皮带传动等关键结构进行分析，改进进料口结构和机罩体结构的设计。拟解决的主要问题包括： 1、根据工件的所要加工的部位及尺寸要求，进行总体设计。 2、刀盘、主轴、轴承的设计及校核。 3、生产能力、切削力、切削功率和飞刀伸出量的计算。 4、总装配图中各零部件的安装问题，及零件的定位问题。 nts三、技术路线（研究方法） 1、参阅相关产品的技术资料，如削片机的设计方法等，拟确定各结构设计方案，从而能安全的实现木片加工的功能。 2、要从各种方案中选择合适的方案，分析出各方案的优缺点，综合优化各种设计方案，从而确定出本次设计的盘式削片机的最后设计方案。 3、要完成主轴的设计与校核，刀盘的设计与校核，轴承的设计与校核，以及该盘式削片机所使用的皮带传动的选择。 4、完成总装配图，零件图，刀盘部件图和说明书的撰写。四、进度安排 2010 年 3 月 26 日 4 月 8 日调研及收集相关资料； 2010 年 4 月 9 日 4 月 22 日方案设计、审查和确定，撰写开题报告； 2010 年 4 月 23 日 6 月 3 日绘制图纸和撰写设计说明书； 2010 年 6 月 3 日 6 月 17 日提交图纸，说明书，审图及修改； 2010 年 6 月 17 日 6 月 23 日毕业答辩。五、参考文献 1 李春虹著对 116BX 盘式削片机设计的几点看法 J辽宁：沈阳大学学报 ,1994（ 2）： 69-71 2 洪德纯著新型盘式削片机 J吉林林学院 ,1994（ 3）： 39-41. 3 林石著盘式削片机设计计算方法（一）、（二） J南京林业大学 ,1986. 4 洪德纯 ,于志宏 ,祝悦红著国外削片机的新进展 J吉林林学院 ,1994（ 5）： 37-42 5 张晓文 .盘工木材削片机动态载荷特性及均衡切削的研究 J.北京：北京林业大学 ,2005. 6 王知行，刘廷荣主编机械原理 M北京：高等教育出版社 ,2000. 7 Hindhede, Zimmerman, Hopkins. Machine Design Fundamentals M. John Wiley & Sons, 1990. 8 McKenzie, W.M. Fundamental Aspects of the Wood Cutting Process J .Forest Products Journal. 1998, Vol.10 :447-456 六、备注指导教师意见：签字：年月日 nts- 1 - 黑龙江工程学院毕业设计（论文）外文翻译学生学号： 20060862 学生姓名：韩少雄指导教师：马慧良 nts- 2 - 附录：毕业设计（论文）外文翻译原文 EXTENDING BEARING LIFE Abstract： Nature works hard to destroy bearings, but their chances of survival can be improved by following a few simple guidelines. Extreme neglect in a bearing leads to overheating and possibly seizure or, at worst, an explosion. But even a failed bearing leaves clues as to what went wrong. After a little detective work, action can be taken to avoid a repeat performance. Keywords: bearings failures life Bearings fail for a number of reasons， but the most common are misapplication，contamination， improper lubricant， shipping or handling damage， and misalignment. The problem is often not difficult to diagnose because a failed bearing usually leaves telltale signs about what went wrong However， while a postmortem yields good information， it is better to avoid the process altogether by specifying the bearing correctly in The first place To do this， it is useful to review the manufacturers sizing guidelines and operating characteristics for the selected bearing. Equally critical is a study of requirements for noise, torque, and runout, as well as possible exposure to contaminants, hostile liquids, and temperature extremes. This can provide further clues as to whether a bearing is right for a job. 1 Why bearings fail About 40% of ball bearing failures are caused by contamination from dust, dirt, shavings, and corrosion. Contamination also causes torque and noise problems, and is often the result of improper handling or the application environment Fortunately, a bearing failure caused by environment or handling contamination is preventable， and a simple visual examination can easily identify the cause Conducting a postmortem il1ustrates what to look for on a failed or failing bearing Then，understanding the mechanism behind the failure, such as brinelling or fatigue, helps eliminate the source of the problem. Brinelling is one type of bearing failure easily avoided by proper handing and assembly. It is characterized by indentations in the bearing raceway caused by shock loading such as when a bearing is dropped-or incorrect assembly. Brinelling usually occurs when loads exceed the nts- 3 - material yield point(350,000 psi in SAE 52100 chrome steel) It may also be caused by improper assembly, Which places a load across the races Raceway dents also produce noise，vibration， and increased torque. A similar defect is a pattern of elliptical dents caused by balls vibrating between raceways while the bearing is not turning This problem is called false brinelling. It occurs on equipment in transit or that vibrates when not in operation. In addition, debris created by false brinelling acts like an abrasive, further contaminating the bearing. Unlike brinelling, false binelling is often indicated by a reddish color from fretting corrosion in the lubricant. False brinelling is prevented by eliminating vibration sources and keeping the bearing well lubricated. Isolation pads on the equipment or a separate foundation may be required to reduce environmental vibration. Also a light preload on the bearing helps keep the balls and raceway in tight contact. Preloading also helps prevent false brinelling during transit. Seizures can be caused by a lack of internal clearance, improper lubrication, or excessive loading. Before seizing, excessive, friction and heat softens the bearing steel. Overheated bearings often change color， usually to blue-black or straw colored Friction also causes stress in the retainer， which can break and hasten bearing failure Premature material fatigue is caused by a high load or excessive preload When these conditions are unavoidable， bearing life should be carefully calculated so that a maintenance scheme can be worked out Another solution for fighting premature fatigue is changing material When standard bearing materials， such as 440C or SAE 52100， do not guarantee sufficient life， specialty materials can be recommended. In addition， when the problem is traced back to excessive loading， a higher capacity bearing or different configuration may be used Creep is less common than premature fatigue In bearings it is caused by excessive clearance between bore and shaft that allows the bore to rotate on the shaft Creep can be expensive because it causes damage to other components in addition to the bearing 0ther more likely creep indicators are scratches， scuff marks， or discoloration to shaft and bore To prevent creep damage， the bearing housing and shaft fittings should be visually checked Misalignment is related to creep in that it is mounting related If races are misaligned or cocked The balls track in a noncircumferencial path The problem is incorrect mounting or tolerancing， or insufficient squareness of the bearing mounting site Misalignment of more than 1/4can cause an early failure nts- 4 - Contaminated lubricant is often more difficult to detect than misalignment or creep Contamination shows as premature wear Solid contaminants become an abrasive in the lubricant In addition。 insufficient lubrication between ball and retainer wears and weakens the retainer In this situation， lubrication is critical if the retainer is a fully machined type Ribbon or crown retainers， in contrast， allow lubricants to more easily reach all surfaces Rust is a form of moisture contamination and often indicates the wrong material for the application If the material checks out for the job， the easiest way to prevent rust is to keep bearings in their packaging， until just before installation 2 Avoiding failures The best way to handle bearing failures is to avoid them This can be done in the selection process by recognizing critical performance characteristics These include noise， starting and running torque， stiffness， nonrepetitive runout， and radial and axial play In some applications, these items are so critical that specifying an ABEC level alone is not sufficient Torque requirements are determined by the lubricant， retainer， raceway quality(roundness cross curvature and surface finish)， and whether seals or shields are used Lubricant viscosity must be selected carefully because inappropriate lubricant， especially in miniature bearings，causes excessive torque Also， different lubricants have varying noise characteristics that should be matched to the application. For example， greases produce more noise than oil Nonrepetitive runout(NRR)occurs during rotation as a random eccentricity between the inner and outer races， much like a cam action NRR can be caused by retainer tolerance or eccentricities of the raceways and balls Unlike repetitive runout, no compensation can be made for NRR. NRR is reflected in the cost of the bearing It is common in the industry to provide different bearing types and grades for specific applications For example， a bearing with an NRR of less than 0.3um is used when minimal runout is needed， such as in disk drive spindle motors Similarly， machine tool spindles tolerate only minimal deflections to maintain precision cuts Consequently, bearings are manufactured with low NRR just for machine-tool applications Contamination is unavoidable in many industrial products， and shields and seals are commonly used to protect bearings from dust and dirt However， a perfect bearing seal is not possible because of the movement between inner and outer races Consequently， lubrication migration and contamination are always problems nts- 5 - Once a bearing is contaminated, its lubricant deteriorates and operation becomes noisier If it overheats， the bearing can seize At the very least， contamination causes wear as it works between balls and the raceway， becoming imbedded in the races and acting as an abrasive between metal surfaces Fending off dirt with seals and shields illustrates some methods for controlling contamination Noise is as an indicator of bearing quality Various noise grades have been developed to classify bearing performance capabilities Noise analysis is done with an Anderonmeter, which is used for quality control in bearing production and also when failed bearings are returned for analysis. A transducer is attached to the outer ring and the inner race is turned at 1,800rpm on an air spindle. Noise is measured in andirons, which represent ball displacement in m/rad. With experience, inspectors can identify the smallest flaw from their sound. Dust, for example, makes an irregular crackling. Ball scratches make a consistent popping and are the most difficult to identify. Inner-race damage is normally a constant high-pitched noise, while a damaged outer race makes an intermittent sound as it rotates. Bearing defects are further identified by their frequencies. Generally, defects are separated into low, medium, and high wavelengths. Defects are also referenced to the number of irregularities per revolution. Low-band noise is the effect of long-wavelength irregularities that occur about 1.6 to 10 times per revolution. These are caused by a variety of inconsistencies, such as pockets in the race. Detectable pockets are manufacturing flaws and result when the race is mounted too tightly in multiplejaw chucks. Medium-hand noise is characterized by irregularities that occur 10 to 60 times per revolution. It is caused by vibration in the grinding operation that produces balls and raceways. High-hand irregularities occur at 60 to 300 times per revolution and indicate closely spaced chatter marks or widely spaced, rough irregularities. Classifying bearings by their noise characteristics allows users to specify a noise grade in addition to the ABEC standards used by most manufacturers. ABEC defines physical tolerances such as bore, outer diameter, and runout. As the ABEC class number increase (from 3 to 9), tolerances are tightened. ABEC class, however, does not specify other bearing characteristics such as raceway quality, finish, or noise. Hence, a noise classification helps improve on the industry standard. nts- 6 - 如何延长轴承寿命摘要：自然界苛刻的工作条件会导致轴承的失效，但是如果遵循一些简单的规则，轴承正常运转的机会是能够被提高的。在轴承的使用过程当中，过分的忽视会导致轴承的过热现象，也可能使轴承不能够再被使用，甚至完全的破坏。但是一个被损坏的轴承，会留下它为什么被损坏的线索。通过一些细致的侦察工作，我们可以采取行动来避免轴承的再次失效。关键词：轴承失效寿命导致轴承失效的原因很多，但常见的是不正确的使用、污染、润滑剂使用不当、装卸或搬运时的损伤及安装误差等。诊断失效的原因并不困难，因为根据轴承上留下的痕迹可以确定轴承失效的原因。然而，当事后的调查分析提供出宝贵的信息时，最好首先通过正确地选定轴承来完全避免失效的发生。为了做到这一点，再考察一下制造厂商的尺寸定位指南和所选轴承的使用特点是非常重要的。 1 轴承失效的原因在球轴承的失效中约有 40%是由灰尘、脏物、碎屑的污染以及腐蚀造成的。污染通常是由不正确的使用和不良的使用环境造成的，它还会引起扭矩和噪声的问题。由环境和污染所产生的轴承失效是可以预防的，而且通过简单的肉眼观察是可以确定产生这类失效的原因。通过失效后的分析可以得知对已经失效的或将要失效的轴承应该在哪些方面进行查看。弄清诸如剥蚀和疲劳破坏一类失效的机理，有助于消除问题的根源。只要使用和安装合理，轴承的剥蚀是容易避免的。剥蚀的特征是在轴承圈滚道上留有由冲击载荷或不正确的安装产生的压痕。剥蚀通常是在载荷超过材料屈服极限时发生的。如果安装不正确从而使某一载荷横穿轴承圈也会产生剥蚀。轴承圈上的压坑还会产生噪声、振动和附加扭矩。类似的一种缺陷是当轴承不旋转时由于滚珠在轴承圈间振动而产生的椭圆形压痕。这种破坏称为低荷振蚀。这种破坏在运输中的设备和不工作时仍振动的设备中都会产生。此外，低荷振蚀产生的碎屑的作用就象磨粒一样，会进一步损害轴承。与剥蚀不同，低荷振蚀的特征通常是由于微振磨损腐蚀在润滑剂中会产生淡红色。 nts- 7 - 消除振动源并保持良好的轴承润滑可以防止低荷振蚀。给设备加隔离垫或对底座进行隔离可以减轻环境的振动。另外在轴承上加一个较小的预载荷不仅有助于滚珠和轴承圈保持紧密的接触，并且对防止在设备运输中产生的低荷振蚀也有帮助。造成轴承卡住的原因是缺少内隙、润滑不当和载荷过大。在卡住之前，过大的摩擦和热量使轴承钢软化。过热的轴承通常会改变颜色，一般会变成蓝黑色或淡黄色。摩擦还会使保持架受力，这会破坏支承架，并加速轴承的失效。材料过早出现疲劳破坏是由重载后过大的预载引起的。如果这些条件不可避免，就应仔细计算轴承寿命，以制定一个维护计划。另一个解决办法是更换材料。若标准的轴承材料不能保证足够的轴承寿命，就应当采用特殊的材料。另外，如果这个问题是由于载荷过大造成的，就应该采用抗载能力更强或其他结构的轴承。蠕动不象过早疲劳那样普遍。轴承的蠕动是由于轴和内圈之间的间隙过大造成的。蠕动的害处很大，它不仅损害轴承，也破坏其他零件。蠕动的明显特征是划痕、擦痕或轴与内圈的颜色变化。为了防止蠕动，应该先用肉眼检查一下轴承

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