英语语法讲座.doc

英语语法讲座部分冠词部分冠词是每年中考的命题之一，每年中考都有12分，其中考查重点是不定冠词和定冠词的用法，命题形式多为单项选择或完形填空等形式。 一冠词用法： 冠词的概念：冠词是一种虚词，没有实际意义，主要位于名词之前，用来说明名词所表示的人和事物。冠词不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有三种：不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词。不定冠词a, an。 定冠词-the。冠词的泛指和特指的用法： 泛指是指首次提到的，不限定的人或事物。 特指是指上下文已提到的人或事物，或是指说话人双方都知道的特指的人和事物。不定冠词的用法：1. 泛指某人或某物。Is there a bank near here? There is a book on the table.2. 泛指人或事物中的某一类。 A pen is used for writing. A book is something you can read.3. 用于在叙述中第一次提到的某人或某物。 This is a dog. That is a blue ruler. He is a clever boy.4. 用于某些物质名词或抽象名词前，表示“一场，一阵，一类.”等。 A heavy snow fell last night. Its a pity for me not to go with you. A good beginning is a good ending. 5. 用于 某些固定的词组中。 a few, a little, a bit, a lot of, for a minute, in a hurry, have a cold, have a rest, have a talk, have a good time, just a minute, wait a moment, have a look.定冠词的用法：1. 特指上文已提到过的人或事物，或是有限制性修饰语限定的人或事物。 The man in green is a policeman. This is a book. The book is very interesting. This is the person whose mother is a nurse.2. 指双方都知道的人和物。 The tall man is our English teacher. Do you have the backpack?3. 表示世界上独一无二的事物。 The moon movies around the earth. The sun was just setting.4. 用于形容词最高级前。 He is the tallest one in our class. Which is the best among these?5. 用于序数词前。 He is always the first in our office. Its the second time I came here.6. 用于单数名词前表示一类人或事物。 The banana is yellow. The black is the same as us.7. 用于某些形容词前表示一类人。 The rich should help the poor. The young must look after the old.8. 用于姓氏复数前表示一家人或夫妻。 The Browns are both teachers. The Millers live in a apartment.9. 用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。 the Great Wall the United States the Tian an Men Square10. 用在乐器或方位名词前。 She is playing the piano. They played the trumpets well. Shen yang is in the north of China. 11. 用于一些习惯用语中。 all the time, all the same, at the end of, at the same time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at the moment, by the way, in the middle of, on the other side of, in the end, in the day time, in the morningin the afternoonin the evening in the day time, on the left, on the right.冠词部分易混知识一定冠词和不定冠词加单数名词都可以表示“一类”。 The orange is orange. An orange is orange.二不定冠词 a和an 在用法上的区别。 a用于以辅音音素打头的词前: 如： a book a dictionary a pencil-case an 用于以元音音素打头的词前 如： an apple an eraser an hour an interesting book注意： f, h, m, n, r, s, x虽然是辅音字母，但发音是以元音音素开头的，所以当它们前面需用不定冠词时要用an,而不是a。三固定搭配中有定冠词和没有定冠词的区别。1. at school 在上学 at the school 在学校里（不一定上学）2. at table 在吃饭 at the table 在桌边（不一定吃饭）3 Go to bed 上床睡觉 go to the bed 向床边走（不一定睡觉）4. go to school 去上学 go to the school 到学校去（不一定是去上学）5. in hospital 住院 in the hospital 在医院里（不一定住院）6. by sea 乘船 by the sea 在海边 （不一定乘船）7. in front of 在前边（个体外部的前边） in the front of 在前边 （个体内部的前边）8. next year 明年 the next year 第二年序数词前用定冠词与不用定冠词的区别。“the”加序数词表示“第几的”He wants the first one and I want the second one.“a”加序数词表示 “又，再” Its a good place. I want to come here for a second time. He failed two times. He wants to try a third time.固定搭配 a number of 与 the number of 的区别 a number of 表示“许多”， 相当于 a lot of,作主语时谓语动词用复数形式。 A number of people are in the park. A number of students are here, there are more than one hundred. the number of, 表示“的数量，的数目”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。 The number of the classes in our school is ten. The number of the books is eighty.名词部分 名词在中考中每年都有一定的比例，基本上是24分左右。考点在于名词复数，所有格等，特别是特殊名词复数要特别注意。名词的概念：用来表示人，物及抽象概念名称的词叫名词。1. 名词分为可数名词和不可数名词两种。可数名词：可以用数字来统计的名词叫可数名词。可数名词包括个体名词和集体名词两种。个体名词如：student, boy, bird等。集体名词如：class, family, school 等。不可数名词：不能用数字来统计的名词叫不可数名词。不可数名词包括专有名词，物质名词很抽象名词等。专有名词如：China, Li lei, New York等。物质名词如：plant, water, rice等。抽象名词如：music, sport, work等。名词复数的构成2. 名词的复数构成分两种即：规则变化和不规则变化规则变化：见下表构成方式例词一般情况下在词尾直接加 “s”penpens doctordoctors boatboats map-maps在以 “-s, -ss, -x, -ch, -sh”结尾的名词后加 “-es”watchwatches bus-buses classclasses boxboxes brush-brushes以 “-f”或 “-fe”结尾的名词，将 “-f”或 “-fe” 改为 “-v”,再加 “-es”knifeknives half-halvesleafleaves wife-wives以辅音字母加 “y”结尾的名词，先变“y”为“i”,再加 “es”familyfamilies citycities story-stories以元音字母加“y”结尾的名词直接加“-是”boyboys playplaysdaydays way-ways以“o”结尾的个别名词加“-es”这样的名词只有四个，其它的都加 “-s”potatopotatoes heroheroes Negro-Negroestomato-tomatoes不规则变化：见下表构成方式例词形式不变 （单复数形式一致）deerdeer fishfish sheepsheep ChineseChinese Japanese-Japanese变单词内部的元音footfeet toothteeth goosegeese manmen womanwomen mouse-mice复合名词的复数变化形式有两种:1.将后面的名词由单数变成复数。例如：girl classmategirl classmates boy friendboyfriends shop assistantshop assistants2.复合名词中的两个名词都变成复数形式。此种复合名词中的第一个名词必须是：“man或woman”。例如：man doctormen doctors woman singerwomen singers名词所有格1.名词所有格的构成形式 名词加 -s (有生命力的名词)单数名词在词尾加-s the girls mother, the mans friend规则的复数名词一般只加“ ”。the two boys mother, the students teacher但在不规则名词复数后要加 -s。The childrens mother 表示几个人共有的只在最后一个人的名字后加 -sAlice and Marys room, Tom and Tonys parents但表示各自所有时，需要在各个名词后加 -s。Alices and Marys rooms, Li pings and Lin huis mothers 名词加 of 加名词 （无生命的和有生命的都可以）a picture of Liu ying, the door of the bedroom名词所有格的用法 s 所有格常表示有生命的东西，但也可以表示某些无生命的东西，如：时间，距离，自然现象，国家或城市等实体，工作群体等。例如：a months time一个月的时间 ， a miles distance 一英里的距离 ， the moons rays 月光 ， the citys parks 城市的公园 s 所有格后的名词如指商店，住宅等地点时，改名词通常省略。例如：at the doctors 在诊所 to my uncles 到我叔叔家 of 加 s 结构叫做双重所有格，此结构也可由of 加 名词性物主代词构成。例如：a friend of my brothers a book of his brothers a pen of hers a dictionary of mine名词及名词所有格易混知识一物质名词往往是不可数名词，但 有些也可以做可数名词，此时意义有所不同。例如： room (空间)- a room (房间)paper (纸) a paper (论文，试卷) fish (鱼肉) fishes (鱼的种类) drink (饮料) drinks (饮料的种类) glass (玻璃) a glass (玻璃杯) work (工作) - a work (著作，工事) wood (木头) a wood (小森林)二不可数名词的数量表达方式 不可数名词虽然本身没有复数形式，但可以借助单位数量词来一定的数量。例如：a glass of water 一杯水 a cup of tea 一杯茶 a piece of news 一则新闻 a bowl of rice 一碗米饭 a bottle of ink 一瓶墨水 a pair of glasses 一副眼镜 a piece of bread 一片面包 a piece of work一项工作 a block of ice 一块冰 a teaspoon of yogurt一匙酸奶三由数词加名词加形容词构成的复合形容词，中间的名词必须用单数形式，而不能用复数形式。 例如：a seven-year-old boy 一个七岁男孩 a three-meter-deep hole 一个三米深的洞 a four-foot-long rope 一根四英尺长的绳子 100-meter-race 一百米赛跑 a two-inch-thick book 一本两英寸厚的书 a twenty-floor-high building 一幢20层高的楼房代词部分 代词所涉及的命题范围包括：人称代词，物主代词，指示代词，反身代词，不定代词及个别的关系代词和疑问代词等。代词在中考中所占的比例比较大，一般在35分左右。通常以选择填空，据意填词，完形填空等形式出现。一人称代词，物主代词和反身代词人称代词包括主格和宾格，物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词, 反身代词。主格 宾格 形容词性物主代词 名词性物主代词 反身代词 I me my mine myself you you your yours yourself you you your yours yourselves he him his his himself she her her hers herself they them their theirs themselves we us our ours ourselves it it its its itself代词的用法：（一） 人称代词 人称代词的主格在句子中做主语,宾格在句子中做宾语。 1. They like English very much. 2. I am a teacher and he is a worker.3. It takes me three hours to do my homework.4. Please give them some water to drink.当几个不同人称代词做主语时，排列顺序通常是：单数为：you, he, she and I 即你，他她，我。 You ,he and I are on duty today.复数为：we, you, and they 即我们，你们，他们她们We, you and they have been to the Great Wall. (二) 物主代词 形容词性物主代词在句子中只能作定语。 My father is a scientist. He works very hard. Mr. Wang is their English teacher. 名词性物主代词，通常用来代替形容词性物主代词及其所修饰的名词。在句子中通常做主语，宾语和表语。 This pen is yours and that is mine. My book is thin, but his is thick. You may use my ruler. Ill use hers. 名词性物主代词与of连用作定语，相当于“ of加名词所有格，” 如：He is a close friend of mine. She is an elder sister of hers. (三) 反身代词 反身代词在句子中可做介词和动词的宾语。 当表示某一动作落实到某人或某些人自己身上时用反身代词。1. He learned English by himself.2. She is too small to look after herself. 反身代词常和以下词连用： by oneself come to oneself enjoy oneself hurt oneself help oneself teach oneself learn by oneself look after oneself二疑问代词的用法1. who who在句子中可以做主语和宾语。Who is speaking at the meeting?Who are you talking about?2. whom whom 在句子中做介词的宾语，但who也可以做宾语。Whom are you talking with? With whom are you talking ?whose whose 在句子中做名词的定语，同时与名词一起构成主语，表语。3. Whose pencil-case is this?Whose computer game is on the table?4. whatwho what 表示询问某人的职业，who 表示询问某人的身份和姓名。-Whats your mother? -She is an English teacher.-Who is the man in black? -He is our head master.5. whatwhich -what 指不定数目中的“哪一个，哪一些，什么”，没有一定范围的限定。What do you like? What are they doing?Which “哪一个“，在一定范围内特指的人和物。-Which car is yours, this one or that one? -This one.-Which bus will you take, No. 40 or No. 50?三指示代词英语当中有四个指示代词，this, these, that, those,其中this 和these 指近处， that 和those 指远处。This is my pen. That is his.These are our books. Those are theirs.四it 的用法 代替刚提到过的事物。 I have a map. It is very useful. I went to a concert last night. It was very successful. 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。 Whats this? Its a plant. Whats that over there? Its a new dress. 指不明身份的人。 Someone is knocking at the door, please go and see who it is. 表示天气，时间和距离。 Its cloudy today and its very cold. Its seven oclock. Its time to go to school. How far is it from here to the post office? 作形式上的主语，此时it 没有实际意义。1. It is adj (for sb.) to do Its important for us to learn English well.2. It is adj that 引导的从句 Is it possible that she comes here on time? ( 她 有没有可能准时到达这里？)3. It seems that 看起来好像 It seems that he is very happy. It seems that it is going to rain.4. It is time (for sb.) to do 到时间该 It is time for sth. It is time that 从句 It is time for us to play sports. Its time for breakfast. It is time that we do our homework.5. It is ones turn to do 轮到某人做 Its your turn to clean the classroom. 作形式宾语 I found it quite pleasant to work with him. (我发现和他一起工作很愉快) I noticed it was very interesting to play games. 引导强调句型 It is 被强调部分 thatwhowhom 其它部分 It is you who are my best friend. It was the school that I studied three years ago.五It, one, that 作代词的区别 it 代指上下文提到的同一对象，是同一事物。 The bike is mine. Its new. Dalian is a good place. It is also a famous city. one 泛指上下文提及的同一事物中的一个，同类但不同一。 -Who has a ChineseEnglish dictionary? -I have one. They all have photos. I have one, too. that 常用于比较结构中，代替前面提到的名词，以避免重复。 The weather in Beijing is warmer than that in Changchun.六复合不定代词：由some, any, every 和 no 与one, body, thing 一起构成的代词叫复合代词。复合不定代词如下： someone, somebody, something, anyone. anybody, anything, everyone, everybody, everything, no one, nobody, nothing 复合不定代词与some 和any 的用法一样，somebody 等用于陈述肯定中，anybody等用于疑问句和否定句中。 There is something wrong with the machine. Is there anything wrong with the machine? There isnt anything wrong with the machine. Something 等有时候也用于疑问句中，表示请求，建议或反问等。 Do you want something to eat? Will you please give me something to drink? 这些复合不定代词都做单数看待，做主语时谓语动词用单数形式。 Nobody is in the classroom. Li lei, someone is waiting for you outside. Hello, everything is OK.当主句中的主语是指人的复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主语用代词they,而不是it.Nobody knows it, dont they?Nobody is absent, arent they?当主句中的主语是指物的复合不定代词时，其反意疑问句的主用代词it.Something is wrong, isnt it?Everything is OK, isnt it? 当复合不定代词被形容词或else 修饰时，形容词或else 必须放在后面。 I have something important to tell you. There is something else I dont know. Is there anything interesting there?代词部分易混知识一 little, few, a little, a few, many, much. 其中little, a little, much 是用来修饰不可数名词的。few, a few, many 是用来修饰可数名词的。1. little 与few 表示几乎没有，在句子中起否定作用。例如：I am new here, so I have few friends. Few words are best. 少说话最好。 There is little water in the river. There is little milk in the glass, fill it full. 2. a few, a little 表示“有一些，有几个”。表示肯定的说法。 I have a few good friends. They often come to see me. There are only a few apples left here. There is a little bread. You first. She has a little food. 3. many 与much 用来表示“很多”或“许多”。 Many hands make light work. 人多好办事。Dont drink so much water.二 Other, the other, others, the others, another 1. other 指另外的。只作定语， 常与复数名词或不可数名词连用；但如果前面有the, this, that, some, any, each, every, no, one, my, your, his, she 等时，可与单数名词连用。 Mr. Smith and Mrs.Li and five other teachers are there. I work in the other workshop. I cant go to see you now,-some other time. Are there any questions? My other sister is a doctor. 2. the other 两者中另一个，常与one 连用，构成“ onethe other”; 作定语修饰复数名词时表示 “全部其余的”。I have two brothers, one is a student, the other is a soldier. He has two daughters. One lives in America, the other lives with him.3. others 泛指别的人和物，担不是全部。不能作定语，构成someothers 结构。 Some students did better than others. Please take these things, Ill take others.4. the others 特指其余的人和物。 Hello, boys, you take these things to the office, the others take those to the classroom. I went swimming while the others played soccer. 5. another 另一个，又一个，再一个。指三者或三者以上中的任何一个，用作形容词或代词。Would you like another drink?Lets do it another time.I dont like this room. I am going to ask for another one.He is going to be another James. 他要与詹姆斯齐名了。数词部分中考数词的考点在于基数词与序数词构成，日常生活中的数次表达方式，年，月，日的表达及相关的介词搭配，千以内的数词表达方式。多数为单项选择，完形填空等题型。所占分值为23分。一数词：表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫数词。数词在句子中相当于名词和形容词的用法。1.数词分基数词和序数词两种。2.表示数目多少的词叫基数词。例如：one, two, three, four.3.表示数目顺序的词叫序数词。例如：first, second, third.二基数词的用法1. 基数词在句子中用作主语，定语，表语，宾语等。例如：Three of them are from Shanghai. （主语） There are nineteen schools in our county. （定语） - How many books do you want? -I want two. （宾语） - How old is your friend? - He is seven. （表语）2. 编号的事物用基数词。例如：Number 40 第四十号 Page 102 第102 页 Room 3 第3号房间 Lesson 18 第18 课 Number 15 street第15大街 Class 5 Grade 1（一年五班）3. 时间的表达法用基数词。 例如：Its five oclock. Its half past eight.4. 加、减、乘、除用基数词。例如：Four plus four is eight. （ 4加4 等于8 ） Twenty minus five is fifteen. ( 20 减5 等于15 ) Five times five is twenty-five. （ 5乘5等于25 ） Ten divided by two is five. （ 10 除以 2 等于5 ）5.小数用基数词来表示。 例如：20.5 读作 twenty point five 1.88 读作 one point eight eight 其中点读作“point”。6. 百分数用基数词表示。百分号读作 percent. 50 读作 fifty percent 29 读作 twenty-nine percent7. 两种鱼数词有关的介词短语。 in 加 定冠词 the 加数词的复数形式，表示年代。 例如：in the 1980s 在20 世纪80年代。 也可以表示为1980s in the 2010s 在21世纪10年代。 也可以表示为 2010s in 加物主代词加数词的复数形式，表示某人的年龄。 例如：in his twenties, 在他20 多岁时 in my forties 在我40多岁时 有时在物主代词后面可加上形容词early 或 late 使其含义更确切些。 例如：The young man is in his early thirties. (这个年轻人30刚出头) 数词加名词加形容词作定语，其中名词用单数形式。例如：a 25-year-old boy an eighty-year-old woman8. 分数的表达，分子用基数词，分母用序数词，分子如大于1，分 母须用复数形式。整数与分数之间用and连接。 One-thirds of the students are boys. (三分之一的学生是男孩) 2 读作 two and five ninths 9. 年、月、日的表达顺序通常为月、日、年，也可以为日、月、年，其中年份用基数词，日用序数词。例如：1986年10月10日 October 10th ,1986 或10th October, 1986 2010年11月1日 November 1st, 2010 或 1st November 1, 2010三序数词的用法1. 序数词1-19 除第一，第二，第三，第五， 第八，第九，第十二(first,second,third,fifth,eighth,ninth，twelfth)变化不规则外，其余均在后面加上-th.(fourth,sixth,seventh,tenth)2. 第二十，第三十，第四十，第五十，第六十，第七十，第八十，第九十整数的序数词都是将基数词的词尾字母 “y”变成 “i”再加 “eth”( twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth)3. 几十几的序数词，只是把个位数变成序数词，十位数不变。第二十一， twenty-first 第七十五 seventy-fifth4. 序数词主要用作定语，表语。序数词前面要加定冠词 the. They live on the eleventh floor. -Who was the first? -Zhang Ming was.数词部分易混知识一数词的读法 1. 从后往前读，每隔三位加一个逗号。第一个三位读hundred,第二个三位读thousand 第三个三位读million, 第四个三位读billion.百位与十位之间加and。例如：378 读作： three hundred and seventy eight 259132 读作： two hundred and fifty nine thousand, one hundred and thirty two257289751 读作： two hundred and fifty seven million, two hundred and eighty nine thousand, seven hundred and fifty one2. 表示年代是两位一读。例如1980 读作： nineteen eighty 1876 读作：eighteen seventy six在英语中零一般读作 “o” 或 and.3. 整体数词的表达方式 数词加 hundredthousandmillionbillion 加名词复数形式。 There are six hundred students in our school. hundredsthousandsmillionsbillions of 加名词复数形式We can see thousands of stars in the sky at night. 二数词与冠词的关系 1. 序数词前要加定冠词 the,但基数词前不加。 Its the first time that I saw him. My father is about eighty years old. 2. aan 加序数词表示 “又一，再一 ”。 I am still hungry. Please give me a second bread. He wants a third one.3. of the 加基数词，表示范围。Lin hai is the tallest of the four.形容词部分 形容词的用法是近年来中考的必备考题，考察点主要在于形容词比较等级和最高级的用法上。形容词作表语，宾语，宾语补足语和修饰不定代词时的用法，所涉及的题型有：单项选择，用所给词的正确形式填空，汉译英和完形填空等题，所占分数在47分左右。一形容词的用法及位置 1. 形容词的概念：用来说明人和事物的特征，性质或状态，常用来修饰名词或不定代词的词叫形容词。 2. 作定语放在名词前不定代词后。 He is a very clever boy . There is something strange in the sky.3. 做表语放在系动词后。Huipin is very interesting, she often plays jokes on others.The rose is beautiful. Everyone loves it.4. 做宾语补足语时放在宾语后。 I think it necessary to learn English well. Lets keep our city clean.5. 某些形容词放在定冠词后变成名词，用来表示一类人或物。常见的有：deaf, blind, old, rich, poor, young, good, bad, black, white, yellow, dead等。The rich should help the poor.The young should give the seats to the old in the bus.二形容词比较等级的构成：原级，比较级和最高级单音节词和少数双音节词的比