3.10高三英语普通班提纲400名词冠词.doc

石家庄精英中学学生课堂导学提纲 高三英语（9-13班） 编号:YYTG-名词和冠词 使用时间：2014-3-10 Edited by Lufei名词和冠词班级： _ 姓名： 小组：_【学习目标】 1.掌握名词和冠词的基本用法 2.运用所学知识解决实际问题【学习重难点】 重点： 名词； 冠词 难点：在具体语境中灵活运用各个考点【导学流程】先独立完成提纲、标注疑惑，再查询资料。 一了解感知个体名词：dog, chair普通名词 集体名词：class, family分类 物质名词：water, ink抽象名词：help, success 专有名词：China， London 个体名词：人或物所共有的名称 可数名词 集体名词：集体的名称名词 名词的数 物质名词：物质的名称 不可数名词 抽象名词：抽象物的名称 专有名词：人或物的特有名称名词的格 名词的普通格 名词的所有格名词的句法功能：主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、同位语和呼语等2. 冠词冠词是一种虚词，用在名词或名词词组的前面，表示名词是特指，还是泛指。冠词可分为定冠词和不定冠词两类。不定冠词有a和an；其中a 用于发音以辅音开头的名词之前；an用于发音以元音开头的名词之前；定冠词只有the。冠词的灵活运用是高考命题的一大热点。二、深入学习考点一 名词的数1. 抽象名词具体化difficulty困难；a difficulty一件难事 knowledge知识；a good knowledge对精通/熟知surprise惊奇；a surprise一件令人吃惊的事 pleasure乐趣 a pleasure一件乐事a success/failure /comfort 2. 有些物质名词有时以复数形式出现，表示不同的类别。drink饮料two drinks两杯饮料 ice冰two ices两份冰淇淋 tea茶two teas两杯茶-Would you like some coffee？ -I would like a coffee and two beers.3. 有些不可数名词变成复数形式可以表示特别的意义。paper纸papers报纸，文件 look看looks外表condition状况conditions形势，情况 time时间times时代arm手臂arms武器 line线lines台词manner态度manners礼貌 glass玻璃glasses眼镜custom习惯customs海关 sand沙子sands沙滩，沙地4名词在特殊情况下的复数使用(1)有些名词总是用其复数形式：thanks(感谢，谢意)，clothes(衣服，服装)，congratulations(祝贺，贺词)，goods(货物，商品)，works(作品)，shoes(鞋子)，trousers(裤子)，instructions(说明)(2)有些短语要求用名词复数形式：make _ for.为作准备 take pains to do sth.努力做某事make both ends meet 收支平衡 take _ 轮流be in high spirits 兴致勃勃 do/make repairs进行修理5.不可数名词(1)不可数名词包括物质名词和抽象名词，不能变复数，不能加不定冠词。(2)不可数名词无单复数变化,谓语动词一般用单数形式。There _ (be)much milk in the glass.(3) 能修饰不可数名词的词有: much, a little, little, a bit, some, any, a lot of, plenty of等,以此来表示不确定的数量。如:much bread 许多面包a little milk 一点牛奶a lot of work 许多工作常见不可数名词：baggage/ luggage /damage/furniture/weather/information/ knowledge/news/ advice/fun/equipment考点二 名词的格1s所有格的用法(1)表示人或有生命的东西的名词的所属关系、用途、目的、起源。Johns car约翰的汽车 a doctors degree博士学位(2)在表示“某人家”、“店铺”的名词所有格后面，一般省略它所修饰的名词。at Mr.Greens在格林先生家 to my uncles到我叔叔家 at the tailors在裁缝店at the barbers在理发店 at the doctors在诊所2of短语式所有格多用于无生命的名词:the biggest football game of the yearthe computer of tomorrow/the capital of China3双重所有格ofs式所有格(或人称代词的名词性所有格)修饰前面的名词，这种结构叫名词的双重所有格。比较：a photo of my fathers(我父亲所有照片中的一张，不一定是他本人的照片)a photo of my father(表示我父亲本人的照片) 考点三 名词作定语的几种情况1表材料的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词是什么原料制成的。stone figures石像gold medal金牌2表地点的名词作定语，说明被修饰的名词存在或发生的地点。country music乡村音乐post office邮局 school education学校教育3表用途、性质的名词作定语。coffee cup咖啡杯 pencil boxes铅笔盒 book marks书签shoe shops鞋店 flower shops花店 clothes shops服装店 sports shoes运动鞋考点五 不定冠词的主要用法1“一类事物”。如：A horse is a useful animal.马是有用的动物。2“一个”。如：I have a mouth，a nose and two eyes.3时间、速度或价格之前，表示单位，译为“每一”。如：The rent is $100 a week.4“任何一个”，第一次用的时候。如：I gave him an interesting book yesterday.5“一个名叫的”之意。如：He is considered a Lei Feng in our class.A Green is waiting for you at the school gate.一个名叫格林的人在学校大门口等你。6抽象名词具体化。如：A knowledge of English is a must in international trade today.7不定冠词用于某些固定词组和习惯用法中。如：at a loss 不知所措have a good time 过得很愉快 have a deep love for 深深地爱in a word 总而言之 have a taste 尝一尝have a happy life 过着幸福生活考点六 定冠词的主要用法1动词+sb.+介词+the+身体某一部位。如take sb by the arm 抓某人的胳膊.2the 与名词连用，表示某个或某些特定的人或物，或上文提到的人或事物。如：How did you like the report? 你认为那篇报道怎样？3the往往与表示独一无二的东西的名词连用。如：“The sun is the centre of the space，” said the man. 注意：独一无二的东西前有修饰词时，用不定冠词a表示属于某一类的。如：We hope you can see a full moon tonight.我们希望你今天晚上能看到满月。4the 与某些名词连用，表示一个民族、阶段或阶层。如：The Chinese are a hardworking people.中国人民是一个勤劳的民族。5the与姓氏的复数连用，表示一家人或夫妇俩。作主语时谓语动词用复数。如：The Greens _(be) sitting at the table when I got to their house.6乐器名词前一般要加the。如：The girl plays the piano for about two hours each day.7一般表示江河海洋、山脉群岛、海峡海湾等地理名词前必须用定冠词the。如：the Yellow River黄河，the Dead Sea死海，the Alps阿尔卑斯山，the Philippines菲律宾，the Taiwan Straits台湾海峡。8表示方位的名词前用定冠词。如：The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.9由普通名词构成的专有名词前要用the。如：the United Nations 联合国，the Peoples Liberation Army 人民解放军，the Childrens Palace少年宫，the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国。10某些形容词前用定冠词the表示一类人，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：the rich 富有的人，the old 老年人，the sick病人，the elderly上了年纪的人the disabled残疾人，the injured受伤的人11用于表示计量的结构中，“按.计算”，如by the day /hour/yard/ton (size和weight除外)12在逢十的年号的复数或所有格前加the，指世纪的某个年代。如：in the 1930s/in the 1930s 在二十世纪三十年代in the late/early 1870s 在十九世纪七十年代末期 /早期考点七 不用冠词的场合: 月，季，星期，节假，洲，称呼，头衔，职务前；三餐, 球类，学科，棋类名词前。1名词复数表示类属时其前不用the。如：Horses are very useful animals.2物质名词，抽象名词表示概念时不用the。如：Electricity is a form of energy.电是一种能量。Science means honest，solid knowledge.科学是实实在在的学问。3一日三餐前不加冠词。如：What do you usually have for lunch? 午饭你通常吃什么？注意：特指时加the。有时加a表示一顿饭。如：What did you think of the supper yesterday? 你认为昨天的那顿晚饭怎样？We had a real good dinner yesterday.我们昨天吃了一顿丰盛的晚餐。4一年四季前不用the。如：It is very cold in winter in this part of China.在中国这个地方冬天很冷。注意：特指时必须加the。如：We met for the first time in the winter of 1998. 5China，Japan，Asia，France 等专有名词和society(社会)前不用the。如：China lies in the east of Asia.中国位于亚洲的东方。注意：特指时用the。如：I often think of the China in 1976.我常常想起1976年的中国。6nature(自然), space, society(社会) 前不用the。如：the beauty of nature 自然美景send the spaceship into space 7在球类、棋类、牌类名词前不用the。如：I saw the two of them playing chess in the next room.8turn(变成)后面作表语的名词前不用不定冠词a/an。如：He was a medical student before he turned writer.注意：当名词前有形容词修饰时，需加不定冠词。如：He turned a famous writer.9在a kind of，this kind of，all kinds of 等后面的名词前往往不用冠词。如：What kind of man is he？他是个什么样的人？10表示独一无二的头衔、职位的名词在句中用作主补、宾补、表语、同位语时前面不用冠词。Who is captain of your team? He was made monitor only yesterday.11当car，bike，taxi，bus，train，ship，plane等词与介词by连用，表示乘坐某种交通工具时不用冠词。如：Did you come back by plane or by train?另外：by water，by land，by sea，by air 以及on foot，on horseback等也属于这一种情况。注意：表示乘坐具体的某班车要加the。如：by the first/last train 乘第一/最后一班火车。12在含有day 的节日、假日前，不用冠词。如：Childrens Day儿童节Womens Day妇女节 National Day 国庆节注意：在含有festival 的节日前，须加冠词the。如： the Spring Festival春节，the Midautumn Festival 中秋节。13如果名词有其它限定词，如：物主代词、名词所有格、指示代词以及some，any，no，each或every等，不用冠词。如：my first English teacher(不能说：my the first English teacher)my closest friend(不能说：my the closest friend) every few weeks(不能说：every a few weeks)三、迁移运用 单选1.The accident caused some_ to my car, but its nothing serious.A. harm B. injury C. ruin D. damage2. While she was in Paris, she developed a _for fine art.A. way B. relation C. taste D. habit3. As the worlds population continues to grow, the _ of food becomes more and more of a concern.A. worth B. supply C. package D. list4. Whenever I made mistakes, the teacher pointed them out with _.A. curiosity B. satisfactionC. envy D. patience单句改错：1.What a lot of works I have to finish today! 2. Most of them are woman doctors. 3. She has made some progresses in English. 4.There are four baskets of apple. 5.This computer cost me 5 thousands yuan.6.Mr. Zhang has got many good news from here. 7.He made many mistakes because of his careless. 8.My glasses is broken.9.I want a few water. 10.Toms families are waiting for me.11.I want to tell you a good news. 12.The young is dancing there.13.There is a lot of informations. 14.We have five German in the meeting.冠词填空：1.Carl is studying _ food science at college and hopes to open up _ meat processing factory of his own one day.2. Sarah looked at_ finished painting with _satisfaction.3. Being able to afford_ drink would be_ comfort in those tough times.4. The Smiths dont usually like staying at_ hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by _sea.5. I woke up with_ bad headache，yet by_ evening the pain had gone.6. We are said to be living in _Information Age，_time of new discoveries and great changes. 7. The development of industy has been _gradual process throughout _human existence，from stone tools to mode