长难句 结构.doc

第一章 并列平行结构英语句子最常用的方法是通过使用一些关联词，如and、or等，或标点符号如：分号，逗号，破折号等，若干个在语义上有联系或相互照应的单词、词组或子句连在一起组成一种并列或平行结构的长句，以表达一个复杂得多层次含义。这种句式虽然难度不一定很高，但在复杂长句中还是占了相当大的比例的.从今天开始我们就由浅入深，来对这一类型的句子进行练习和攻克。希望大家通过练习能掌握分析这类句式的一般规律和方法。ExerciseMany of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed , to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.Second, we have tried to isolate some of the key factors that govern service quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.If you are a man, you can point out that most poets and men of science are male; if you are a woman, you can retort that so are most criminals.要点分析和参考译文要点：“need”后面有三个并列的不定式短语的被动式坐定语。即：“to be informed”，“to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition”和“to be told when the end was near”参考译文：他们中许多人和我们一样极其需要获得信息，享有最先进的医疗条件，以及在临终前得知自己就要离开人世。要点：此句为并列复合句。从句that govern service quality是定语从句，修饰factors；第一个并列连词and连接的是第二个分句。其中，that manage service well 是定语从句，修饰organizations；第二个并列连词连接的是examples的并列后置定语。Of some是指：examples of some organizations。从句that manage it poorly 作定语，修饰some。代词it指的是” service”来源：考试大参考译文：其次，我们力图挑选出一些决定服务质量的关键性因素，并提供一些实例来说明有些商业机构把服务管理得很好，而有些却很差。要点：这是一个句型结构十分对称的并列复合句。分号前为第一分句，从属连词if引导的是条件状语从句，that引导的从句是动词短语point out 的宾语。分句二的结构基本与分句一的相同。需要指出的是分句二由that引导的宾语从句中，作者使用了倒装的形式most criminals 是主语，so是表语，代替male以避免重复。本句是表示两种事物的对比，倒装的使用有较强的表现力。参考译文：如果你是男人，你会指出，大多数的诗人和科学家都是男性的；如果你是女人，你会反驳说，大多数罪犯也都是男性的第二章 插入结构 除了上一章的并列结构，英语长句中另一个常用结构就是插入结构。插入结构是在一个句子中某两个句子成分之间，如主谓，谓宾，定语和受定语等之间插入一个从句，短语或单词以对原来句子所表达的内容进行补充、添加、限定和说明。有时一个句子会有多个从句，分词短语等存在，再加上插入成分，就会使得句子结构显得很复杂，不易分清各部分得成分，而造成阅读上得障碍。插入成分最明显得标志是用逗号与主句隔开。但有时由于多种句子成分的存在，句子中会使用多个逗号，分号，从而易一眼看出，以至出现理解错误。本章我们就集中辨析这一类结构得句子。 Exercise 不好意思，这两天突然有事节目耽误一点时间。今天我们开始第二章，插入结构的学习咯。做为热身，今天的句子很简单哦！ During the rest of this century , as never before, history will be the study of population. The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys,ranging in age from seven to thirteen. Work, for most American and Chinese women aged 55 and under,involves responsibility for a household, a child or children, and a job outside the home as well. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：要点：as never before为插入语，插入在状语和主语之间，意为“前所未有” 参考译文：本世纪末，对人口的研究将前所未有的成为历史。 要点：“he said”为插入语，放在了主语“The school”和谓语“consisted of”中间。现在分词ranging在句中作定语修饰boys 参考译文：他说，学校只有一个班，共24名男生，年龄从七岁到十三岁不等。 要点：句子的主语和谓语之间有一插入语，放在这里起强调作用，即强调只是对于中国和美国妇女来说，而不是其他国家的妇女。而且对年龄作了限定。 参考译文：对于55岁或以下的大多数美国和中国妇女来说，要做的工作包括料理家务和照料一个或多个孩子，以及一份在家庭以外的工作。 Exercise Ideally then, a school system should be one in which the love of learning, rather than the acquisition of facts , is cultivated. Still, he could not help thinking that if anything should happen,the nearest person he could contact by radio, unless there was aship nearby , would be on an island 885 miles away. Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfaction, and , at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：one 后面有一个in which 引导得定语从句，其中rather than the acquisition of facts是插入语，可以看成是主语the love of learning的并列成分 参考译文：因此，理想的教育制度应该是培养学生酷爱学习，而不是获得实际的东西 要点：虚拟条件句“if anything 885 miles away.”是thinking的宾语从句，作thinking的宾语。在这个虚拟条件句的主句中，主语和谓语之间插入了一个条件状语从句“unless there was a ship nearby”，使得主谓分离。 参考译文：他仍禁不住寻思起来，要是果发生什么意外，如果附近连一条船也没有，他用无线电能联系上得最近得人远在885英里以外得岛上。 要点：句中 interests, enjoyments, satisfaction,glow和excitement共五哥并列成分，皆作宾语。 At certain rare ntervals为插入语，意为“间或，偶尔”。 参考译文：然而这另一种生活也有它的趣味，欢乐和满足，并间或有一种宁静得喜悦或一阵突发得激动。 ExerciseOur forefather had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of raw materials; most of them, even untilvery recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were “limitless” and “inexhaustible” But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, and the people who possess it, whether they work inmanufacturing or services, will have the advantage and produce the wealth. They appear to do everything in a rush, with an eye on the clock, as if they had a short time to live. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：分号前后为两个并列句。在第二个分句中，even until very recently 时间状语插入在主语 most of them和谓语had之间。Them指代前一句的forefathers。 参考译文：我们前辈不知道人口会比原材料供应增长得要快；甚至到最近以前大多数人还错误得认为自然资源是无限的，永远不会消耗尽。 要点：并列句and 之后的主语 the people和谓语will have之间插入whether引导的状语从句。 参考译文：可是有一点是肯定的：信息和知识将变得更加重要。拥有信息和知识的人无论是在生产行业还是在服务行业工作，都会有优势并能创造财富。 要点：介词短语“with an eye on the clock”为插入语，在句子中做状语。“as if”引出方式状语从句，谓语动词是虚拟语气。 参考译文：他们看上去做每件事都匆匆忙忙，眼睛盯着时钟，仿佛他们的有生之年极其短暂似的。 Exercise Americans admire the self-made personthe one who, with neither money nor family influence, fights his or her way to the top. Silly or wise, terrible or delightful, it is a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark, another slice of life cutdifferently for which, it seems to me, we are never sufficiently grateful. Quite a different problem, but one that is causing growing concern, is that computers may violate peoples privacy. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：破折号后的“the one”是前面person的同位语，“the one”后面又有一个由who引导的定语从句，其中主语和谓语之间有一个插入语：with neither money nor family influence. 参考译文：美国人钦佩靠个人奋斗而成功的人士：这种人既没有金钱也没有家庭背景，靠自己的奋斗攀登到最上层。 要点：Silly or wise, terrible ordelightful为平行结构，在句中作让步状语。另外句子的表语也是平行结构“a further helping of experience, an additional joy after dark”“it seems to me”为插入语，插入到for which引导的定语从句中。 参考译文：不管是愚蠢还是聪明，可怕还是愉悦，梦中的生活都是更深一层的另外一种体验，是天黑以后才有的另一种欢乐，是生活另一个不同的侧面，对此我似乎觉得怎么感激也不为过。 要点：句中“but one that is causing growing concern”，在句中作插入语。在意义上是对“Quite a different problem”的补充说明。One代替上文提到的“problem” 参考译文：一个截然不同但却越来越引起人们关注的问题是：计算机可能会侵犯人们的隐私。 ExerciseIt is, everyone agrees, a huge task that the child performs when he learn to speak, and the fact that he does so in so short a period of time challenges explanation. Do the constantly changing fashions of womens clothes, one wonders, reflect basic qualities of inconstancy and instability? It was probably not until the 1880s that man, with the help of more advanced steam locomotive, managed to reach a speed of one hundred mph (英里) 要点分析和参考译文 要点：“everyone agrees”为插入语。“and”连结两个并列句，前一句为”it is that”强调句型；后一分句”the fact”后为同位语从句”that he does so in so short a period of time”，因此，后一分句的主要部分为the fact challenges（需要）explanation 参考译文：每个人都同意孩子学说话确实是件困难的事，并且孩子能在这么短的时间里做到的确需要很好的解释才行。 要点：“one wonders”为插入语，本句主干结构为“Do the fashions reflect qualities？”，“fashions” 有两个定语“constantly changing”和“of womens clothes”。“qualities”也有两个定语“basic”和“of inconstancy and instability”。 参考译文：我们不知道女性服装不断变化的时尚是否反映出不可靠和不稳定的基本特点。 要点：此句为强调句型“It was that”; that 从句中主语man和谓语managed 之间插入介词短语“with the help of ”作状语。 参考译文：大概直到19世纪80年代，人类借助一种更为先进的蒸汽机车，才达到每小时100英里的速度。 第三章 分隔结构 含有分隔结构得复杂句通常是指那些句子结构主谓、谓宾、宾补之间存在着其他成分。而有时这些介入成分又较长，从而使本来应该紧联在一起得句子成分被分隔开了。另外还有一种分隔结构是同位语和定语同它们所修饰得成分分隔，由于作同位语和作定语得句子太长，而后面得部分又太短，为了保证全句意思表达得完整性常常把同位语或定语放到句子最后，形成分隔得结构。一般来说分隔结构本身不难辨认，但当句子较长，成分较多，被分隔得部分又相距较远时就容易造成理解障碍，而且常常被分隔得成分又恰恰是句子得主干。因此准确判断分隔结构，理顺句子主干就成了理解这类句子得关键。 Exercise: We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about. Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitlers life. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their street when an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：定语从句“people are moving about”被比较状语“more than ever before in history”分隔。此现象为“分隔定语” 参考译文：我们生活在一个四处奔波甚于历史上任何时期得时代。 要点：the last of Adolf Hitlers life 作为evening得同位语，因为比较长而放在了句子后面，使句子平衡。 参考译文：夜晚已经来临，这是阿道夫希特勒生命中最后的一个夜晚。 要点：when引导的时间状语从句的主语 an announcement后带有一个that 引导的同位语从句（that enemy missiles are approaching），说明其内容，因为谓语部分太短，所以将同位语从句置于其后，以保持句子平衡。 参考译文：当广播里传出敌方导弹正在接近，几个邻居都希望在街道的唯一的一个防空洞中寻求完全。 Exercise Its an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper a teaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived. I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years,about how excessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth. 要点分析和参考译文 要点：“an activity”及”not something”在句中作并列表语。介词短语”like helping” 与“that” 从句共同作定语，修饰”something”，此定语被that ”从句分割”。 参考译文：这是一种使你寻求快乐的活动，而不是诸如帮助刷盘子那种你非做不可的事情。 要点：此句的宾语” a teaching post” 之所以放在” in a local newspaper”之后是因为它带有较长的后置定语，其目的是为了避免句子“头重脚轻”。 参考译文：在我等待进入大学期间，我在一份地方报纸上看到一则广告，说是在离我住处大约10英里的伦敦某郊区有所学校要招聘一名教师。 要点：the speech本应紧连着介词about的短语，即the speech about howand how，但由于定语从句I had mad 该文章转载自无忧考网：/show/211724.htmde for years 与speech在意义连接上更为密切，所以把speech和about短语分隔开了。介词about后面跟的是两个并列的介词宾语从句” how excessive tax rates can take away”和” how cutting taxes can generate” 参考译文：我发表了一篇内容与几年前不同的讲话，谈的是税率过高会使生产失去刺激以及减税会使经济得到增长。 Exercise I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me,again at 10 Downing Street. The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the life of the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological death is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family. With rock,illusion of shared feelings, bodily contact and grunted formulas, which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech, are the basis of association. 要点：让步状语though not again at 10 Downing Street 被插入语she reminded me所分隔。而且该让步状语是一个省略的结构，全句应为though（it will） not（be）again at 10 Downing Street. 还应看出让步状语所转达的意思正是插入语的宾语所要转达的意思。 she reminded me （it will not be again at 10 Downing Street）。省略和插入的使用使全句的意思得以很好地衔接连贯、结构紧凑，无多余的成分。 参考译文：我打算不久和她在英国见面，不过她提醒我地点不再是唐宁街十号了。 要点：此句话的主谓被很长一段定语成分所分隔，句子主干应是“The cessation.is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family”，由于主干中的is前没有逗号分开，而且前面又出现了一个is imminent，还由于同主语The cessation拉开的距离太远，所以不容易很快找到。When前面的部分如果不注意很容易错误地理解为一个句子，即“The cessation.means to prolong the life of body.”实际上means是个名词，意为“方法，手段”，不是动词“意味着”。而且means前面有个形容词extraordinary作定语，不可能是动词，尽管意思上说得通。when引导的状语从句里带了一个定语从句that biological death is imminent，它们一起插入了主语和谓语之间。把means错当动词和状语带定语的插入使得整句的结构复杂化了，致使主干句的主谓不容易看出来。 参考译文：在有不可反驳的证据表明病人即将进入生理死亡时，停止采取非常措施来延长其生命应该由病人和（或）其直系亲属来作出决定。 要点：主干结构应是illusions.,.contact and . formulas are the basis of association,但实际上这个主谓结构被一个长定语 which are supposed .beyond the speech所分隔。定语 which are supposed to contain so much meaning beyond the speech 所限定的词应该是illusions.contact and . formulas 三个部分，而不是某一个词。 参考译文：有摇滚乐的伴随、共同情感的幻觉、身体的接触及惯用的嘟囔话语-这一切包含着许多语言之外的意义，构成了人们相互交往的基础 Exercise But the invalid（病弱的人） who, forgetful of self, takes a strenuous（热烈的） and indestructible（顽强的） interest in everything and everybody, as she did, and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing, is a formidable（难对付的） adversary（敌手） for disease. Although her characters were portrayed in many settings and situations, they all reflected, by the often tragic outcome of their lives, her profound conviction that no human could be happy if that happiness was rooted in the wretchedness of another. The described dichotomy is clearly part of a much wider one:civilization fall apart yet their component societies live on; societies disintegrate but their citizens survive; individuals die while their cells, perversely, still metabolize; finally, cells can be disrupted yet the enzymes they release may, for a while, remain active.（看上去很长，其实结构要比前面两句简单些哦） 要点：此句由于表达的意思层次多，含义覆盖面大，因此结构比较复杂，但仍能找出主干结构。句子的主干结构是：the invalid.is a formidable adversary for disease,其余的部分都是修饰成分。 forgetful of self 是一个插入成分，把定语从句who takes a strenuous and indestructible interest in everything and everybody 的主语和谓语部分分隔开来。as she did也是一个插入成分，其作用同forgetful of self一样，对整个定语从句做修饰。and to whom a dull moment is an unknown thing是一个定语从句，它同who takes.everything and everybody是平行结构，其作用也是限定the invalid，因此the invalid一共带了两个定语从句，两个插入语，形成较为复杂的句子结构。 译文：但是一个身体有病的体弱的人，只要忘掉自己，像她那样对一切事物和所有的人都有热烈而顽强的兴趣，并且一生不知愁怨为何物，那么对于病魔他就是劲敌。 要点：这是一个主从复合句。reflected的宾语是her profound conviction.that no human could be . of another是 conviction的同位语从句。该从句也是一个主从复合句。by the often tragic outcome of their lives是状语，说明reflected。by在此处的意思是by means of。often是副词，修饰形容词tragic。由于reflected的宾语过场，所以把by短语插在reflected和它的宾语之间，结果使reflected和它的宾语被分隔。 译文：如果幸福是建立在另一个人的痛苦之上，那就没有人会有幸福，她的这种深切信念全都反映在一些人生结局通常都很悲惨的人物身上，虽然她笔下的人物出现在多种多样的背景和情节当中。 要点：在本句中，冒号后面的四个分句是并列的分句，用来说明冒号前面的主句的意思。 译文：上面所描述的对死亡的二分法显然不过是一个范围更大的二分法的一部分而已：整个文明社会崩溃了，而其组成部分还继续存在；社会崩溃了，而其中的公民还生存；人死了，而身上的细胞依然倔强地进行新陈代谢；最后，细胞死了，而细胞释放出的酶还能暂时保持活性。 第四章 倒装结构 英语中有时为了强调突出某一句子成分，或当否定词出现在句首时，或是由于同上文衔接等的缘故，常常采用倒装的结构，即：把正常的主+谓+宾（表）+补+状的语序打乱，把应该在后面出现的成分提到前面去，如：谓语出现在主语前面，谓语、宾语出现在主语前面，或状语放在句首等。简单句中的倒装较容易辨认，但在长句中结构混在一起时，倒装结构的辨认就有一定的困难，有时会误认为是其他的句子成分，如：分句独立结构，定语等，导致错判全句的主干，形成理解障碍。 Exercise Of drugs or medicine she had almost none. Splendid is the architecture of Manhattan, the heart of the city, with its one hundred and more skyscrapers. Especially popular were his Sunday evening dinners, usually followed by musical performances. 要点及参考译文 要点：介词短语位于句首表示强调，这是一个倒装句。 译文：在毒品或者药物这两样东西中她几乎什么都没有。 要点：此句为倒装句，正常语序应为: The architecture of Manhattan,. is splendid.因为主语太长，为了保持句子平衡，所以用了倒装语序。 译文：市中心曼哈顿的建筑有百余幢摩天大楼，甚为雄伟壮观。 要点：此句为倒装句。因主语较长，并带有分词短语followed.作定语修饰dinner，为了保持句子平衡，将表语提前到句首。 译文：在周日晚餐后，通常提供音乐演出，因此特别受欢迎。 Exercise Electronics has made possible a new kind of higher education and research, including what counts to a global scale electronic lecture hall. Worse perhaps was the idea of Saturday afternoon cricket; most of my friends would be enjoying leisure at that time. A chart or a graph can often give us an idea in a glance that is communicated verbally only with great difficulty. 要点：本句possible是宾语补足语，置于宾语前面是因为宾语过长，通常宾补应在宾语后面。 译文：电子学已使创立一种新型的高等教育和研究成为可能，包括创立可称之为全球规模的电子大课堂在内。 要点：此句为倒装句。作表语的形容词worse 和系动词都被提到句首，把句子较复杂的部分放在句尾，目的是达到“尾重”的句子效果。 译文：更糟糕的也许是星期六下午打板球的安排，因为这时候我的朋友大都会在悠闲地尽享其乐。 要点：本句中，关系代词引导的定语从句 that is communicated .修饰名词an idea,因其较长所以放在作状语的介词短语in a glance之后。 译文：看一眼描绘的图表或图解常能使人对只用言词很难表达的东西获得一目了然的效果。 Exercise We could not offer you that post without the responsibility, neither could we ask you to accept the one or two other vacancies of a different type which do exist, for they are unsuitable for someone with your high standard of education and ability. Along with this disparagement of a compliment is the American tendency to laugh at ones own mistakes and admit ones s weaknesses. The Chinese had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C.,as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans. 要点：neither后面用的是倒装语序（could we）。 which do exist 的先行词为vacancies，但被of a different type 隔开。exist后面是一个由for（等立连词）引导的原因状语从句，用来作附加说明。 译文：我们不能不负责任地给你这种职务，也不愿让你接受其他工种现有的一两个空缺，因为这两个中任何一个都不适合教育程度和能力达到你这样高水平的人去做。 要点：本句是判断句的倒装。Along with引导的介词短语在句中作表语，为了使句子的结构达到平衡协调，把带有较长修饰语的主语部分放到句子的后部，以避免头重脚轻。表语提前，还达到了强调表语所表达的意义的作用。介词短语along with意为together with. 译文：美国人在自贬别人对自己称赞的同时，还有一种倾向，那就是嘲笑自己的错误并承认自己的弱点。 要点：此句的后半部分as did the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans中的连词as引出方式状语从句。did为代动词，代替主句的had trained messengers on horseback and runners before 1100 B.C.因为从句主语较长，谓语较短，为了保持句子平衡，将谓语动词提前。正常语序为 as the ancient Persians, Greeks and Romans did。 译文：就像古波斯人、希腊人、罗马人一样，中国人在公元前1100年就已经训练信使骑马或跑步送信. Exercise Only when total production expands faster than the rate of labor force growth plus the rate of productivity increase and minus the rate at which average annual hours fall does the unemployment rate fall. In addition, difficult as it is to believe, there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought in the form of inactive eggs. In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of language learners, as will the other two dictionaries. 要点：这是一个倒装句。不倒装的话，应为：the unemployment fall only when .hours fall. when引导的从句主干为: total production expands faster than the rate . plus the rate . and minus the rate.,最后一个rate又是由at which引导的从句修饰的。 译文：只有当总产量增长快于劳工数量加产量的增长，并减去平均工作小时时，失业率才会下降。 要点：在由as引导的让步状语从句中，句中的形容词或副词甚至动词根据强调的需要放在句首，而as置于其后。 译文：此外，让人难以置信的是，有一种生长在沙漠地区的水生动物在干旱时能以其非活性卵的形态存活多年。 要点：as承接前面从句之语，意为“如。一样”，并且要求主谓倒装。 译文：尽管如此，实际上购买英国BBC广播公司的字典的语言学习者的范围将会更大一些，其他两本字典也是这样.第五章 分词和从句分词(包括现在分词和过去分词)和分词短语在英语中使用非常普遍，在句子中可以充当补语,定语,状语等成分。在成分复杂的句子中，有时分词的出现易同谓语动词的被动式或者进行时搞混，造成句子主干的判断错误。带有自己主语的分词独立结构由于同非限制性定语从句和插入语一样需要逗号同句子的其他成分分开，因此常会误认为是非限制性定语或插入语。有些从句，尤其是定语从句，其形式变化很多，在句子中也易同其他句子成分混淆。ExerciseFacing the Atlantic, it is on the northeastern coast of the United States, and most of the city is built on islands.He sat in front of them, dressed in a plain , ill-fitting suit, never moving,his dusty face masking his age.After all, eighty was a special birthday, another decade lived or endured just as you chose to look at it.要点: Facing the Atlantic为现在分词短语,在句中做方式状语.译文:它濒临大西洋,位于美国东北海岸线上,城市的大部分建在海岛上.要点: dressed in ., never moving, his dusty face.为句子的三个伴随状语。第一个状语为过去分词，第二个为现在分词，第三个为独立主格结构。译文：他坐在他们前面一动不动，穿着一套不合身的便服，风尘满面，让人看不出他的年纪。要点：another decade lived or endured是独立结构，作行为方式状语，lived和endured是过去分词。译文：不管怎么说，八十大寿毕竟非同一般-你又活了十年或者又熬过了十年，是活是熬，全在于你怎么看了。ExerciseBeing very short of money and wanting to do something useful, I applied, fearing as I did so, that without a degree and with no experience in teaching my chances of getting the job were slim.Rich bodies were carefully wrapped in yards of cloth, leaving diamond-shaped spaces which were decorated with precious stones and pieces of gold.He merely swallows this theory because there is something about that appeals to the twentieth-century mentality.要点:主句为 I applied.Being.and wanting.为分句短语作原因状语,fearing为分词作伴随状语.that引导的从句为fearing的宾语从句. 译文:我因为手头很拮据,同时也想干点有用的事,于是便提出了申请,但是提出申请时我也担心:自己一无学位二无教学经验,得到这份工作的可能性是微乎其微的.要点:分词短语leavi