AB级考试通用语法.doc

A（B）级考试通用语法 第一节 时 态【考试要点】英语中的时态是一种用来表示各种时间和动作状态的动词形式。在B级考试中，主要考核判断时态及各种时态的形式。根据历年考题，主要考点归纳如下： 动词在给出的特定时间或相应语境的句中充当谓语动词时的限定形式； 主动语态表示被动含义的结构，如：want/need+doing； by或 by the time 引导的时间状语从句，主句用将来完成时或过去完成时。【复习内容】时态有四个主要部分：现在、过去、将来、和过去将来。动作状态也有四种：一般、进行、完成和完成进行。将这些时间与动作组合在一起构成以下时态：时态表示的状态用法1一般现在时I work.表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态，也可表示客观真理或科学事实。以动词原形表示，主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词加-s或-es例： I leave home for school at 6:30 every morning. The earth moves around the sun.注意：在以if，as long as，unless，even if等引导的条件状语从句和以when，as soon as，after，before，as引导的时间状语从句中，用一般现在时态表示将来。例如： If you dont go away at once，I will send for a policeman. When you come tomorrow，I will tell you the news. Ill give it to her before she leaves.2一般过去时I worked.表示过去某一时间所发生的动作或存在的状态。谓语动词用过去式（V.-ed或特殊形式）例： Where did you go yesterday? When I was a child，I often played basketball in the ground.3一般将来时I will/shall work.表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态。will/shall+动词原形例： We will go to the cinema on Saturday morning. She is going to spend her winter vacation in New York.4一般过去将来时You knew I should/would work.表示过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用在间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时。would/should+动词原形5现在进行时I am working.表示此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。be(is,am,are)+V.-ing(现在分词)1.表示动作现在正在进行。例：Tom is eating ice cream now.2.表示按计划安排近期即将发生的动作，句中常出现的动词有leave，come，go，meet，see off等。 例：I am seeing my parents off this evening.6过去进行时I was working.表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作。was/were+ V.-ing例： He came into my room while I was reading. It was raining as the medical team made its way to the front.7将来进行时I will/shall be working.表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作，也可表示已经决定的，将来肯定会发生的事。will/shall+be+ V.-ing常出现的时间状语有soon，tomorrow，this evening，in two ways等例： He will be coming soon. I will be meeting her sometime in the future.8过去将来进行时You knew I should/would be working.表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作，也可表示计划中的事，常用于宾语从句（尤其是间接引语）。would/should+be+ V.-ing例： They said that they would be expecting us the next week. He said he could not come because he would be having a meeting.9现在完成时I have worked.表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，也可表示动作的持续和重复。have(has)+过去分词1.表示动作的结束和过去的动作对现在的影响。常用的副词和时间状语有just，recently，lately，already，yet，ever，never，in the past/last.，up till now，so far，these days以及由for，since引出的短语。例： I have studied English for seven years. She has lived here since 2001.注意：表示短暂时间动作的词，如die，come，go，marry，buy等，其完成时不能与for，since等引起的表示一段时间的时间状语的词语连用。例：My grandpa has been dead for three years.（正确）My grandpa has died for three years.（错误）2.用于时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。例： I will go to your home when I have finished my homework. If it has stopped raining in the morning,well go to the park.3.It/This is the first time that.”这一结构要求用现在完成时。例：It is the first time weve ever met each other.4.It/This is the best（worst，most等最高级）+名词+that.”这一结构要求用现在完成时。例：This is the most interesting book I have ever read.10过去完成时I had worked.表示过去某一时间或某动作之前已完成，即“过去的过去”。had+过去分词句中常出现以By，Before，until，when等词引导的时间状语。例： When we got there the football match had already started. By the end of last year，Tom had already collected more than a thousand stamps.11将来完成时I will/shall have worked. 表示将来某一时刻之前或某一行为发生之前所完成的动作。will/shall+have+过去分词例： They will have been married for ten years by then. You will have reached Beijing by this time tomorrow.12过去将来完成时I should/would have worked.表示过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，常和表过去将来的时间状语连用。should/would+have+过去分词例： I hoped he would have finished the work before Ive got back. We told her that we should have returned to the camp by five oclock.13现在完成进行时I have been working.表示一个动作从过去某时开始，一直延续到现在并在继续进行have(has)+been+ V.-ing常出现的时间状语有all this time，all night，all the morning，recently等。例： Ive been writing homework all night. She has been playing computers games the whole day.【专项练习】1. The policeman stopped the driver and found that he alcohol.A.drinks B.is drinking C.has drunk D.had drunk2 .I at 130 kilometers per hour when the policeman stopped me. A.had driven B. Drive C.have driven D.was driving3. Most of the machines in the workshop next month. A.are repaired B.have been repairedC.were repaired D.will be repaired4. This time next week Ill be on vacation. Probably I on a beautiful beach. A.am lying B.have lain C.will be lying D.will have lain5. We wont be able to leave the office until the rain . A. will stop B.stops C.stopped D.is stopping 6She many friends since she came here. A.has made B.makes C. made D.had made7 .They him out of the hospital till hes completely recovered.A.are not letting B. wont letC. didnt let D.havent let8 He Beijing for five years. A.has come to B.has been in C.has arrived D.has gone to9This is the second time that I the film. A.had seen B.see C.have seen D.saw10 I called Hannah many times yesterday evening, but I couldnt get through. Her brother on the phone all the time! A.was talking B.has been talking C.has talked D.talked11. As a young man，he didnt know that he famous later on A.was to become B.will become C.had become D.became12. I fixed my eyes upon the newcomer, wondering whether I him somewhere beforeA.saw B.has seen C. had seen D.would see13.You look so young. Havent you graduated from your university?Yes, I in the English Department of Shandong University for four years.A.studied B.study C. had studied D.was studying14 .Over the past decades, sea ice in the Arctic as a result of global warming.A.had decreased B.decreasedC. has been decreasing D.is decreasing15. Tom has been absent for two daysDo you know what to him?A. has happened B.would happenC. was happened D.had happened16. Justin a book about his adventures in TibetI hope he can find a good publisher when it is finished A. was writing B.is currently writingC.has already written D.wrote17. How long in Shanghai？ Just the weekend. I have to be back for an important meeting to be held next Monday.A.have you stayed B.are you stayingC.did you stay D.do you stay18. You havent said a word about my new coat, Bredda. Do you like it? Im sorry. I anything about it sooner. I certainly think its pretty on you.A. wasnt saying B.dont say C.wont say D.didnt say19. The heros story_ differently in the newspapers.A. was reported B.was reporting C. reports D.reported20. Now that she is out of job， Lucy _ going back to school， but she hasnt decided yet. A.had considered B. has been considering C.considered D.is going to consider第二节 被动语态【考试要点】语态是动词的一种形式，用以表示主语和谓语之间的关系。英语的语态分为主动语态（The Active Voice）和被动语态(The Passive Voice)。英语中被动语态的形式为：“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”。在B级考试中，被动语态的考核重点是各个时态的被动形式，考生需要掌握被动语态的各个时态、人称和数的变化等各方面的基本知识。 主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。例如： I stopped the car on the street. 我把车停在了街上。（主动语态） The boat was turned over. 船被翻转过来。（被动语态）【复习内容】1、 被动语态的基本构成以take为例，被动语态常用的几种时态形式列表及例句如下：一般式进行式完成式现在amis + toldareamis + being toldarehas + been toldhave过去was + toldwere was + being toldwerehad + been told将来shall+ be toldwillshall + have been toldwill过去将来should+ be toldwouldshould + have been toldwould1.一般现在时 She is liked by everybody. 大家都喜欢她（她为人人所喜爱）。 Football is played all over the world. 全世界到处都有人踢足球。 2.一般过去时 I was invited to the party. 我应邀参加了晚会。 The Great Hall of the People was built in 1959. 人民大会堂是在一九五九年修建的。3.一般将来时 We hope that the meeting will be held tomorrow. 我们希望明天将举行这个会议。 He will be taken to hospital tomorrow. 他明天将被送到医院。4.一般过去将来时 He said that the bridge would be built next year. 他说将于明年建桥。 I knew the child would be well looked after in the kindergarten. 我早知道这孩子会在幼儿园得到很好的照顾的。5.现在进行时 The question is being discussed at the meeting. 这个问题正在会上进行讨论。 The airport is being expanded. 飞机场正在扩建。6.过去进行时 When I arrived at the playground, the injured player was being carried off. 当我到达运动场时，受伤的运动员正被抬离现场。The last time when I went back to my hometown，a big power station was being built there. 上次我回家乡时，那儿正在修建一所大发电站。7.现在完成时 My car has been repaired. 我的汽车已经修好了。 The price of washing-machines was been cut again. 洗衣机又降价了。8.过去完成时 She realized that she had been cheated. 她意识到她上当受骗了。 This book has been translated into many foreign languages. 这本书已译成多国文字。9.将来完成时 The project is going to have been finished by the end of this year. 这个工程将在今年年底完成。10.过去将来完成时 He said that the house would have been completed before June. 他说这座房子将在六月前建成。二、 被动语态使用的基本用法1通常情况下，我们多用主动语态，但有时由于不知道动作的执行者，则用被动语态。如： The project will be finished next year. 这个计划将于明年完成。 I felt as if I was being watched. 我觉得好像有人在监视我。 Education hasnt been neglected. 教育没有受到忽视。2. 如果在被动语态中需要强调动作或行为的执行者时，可用“介词by + 动作执行者”这一结构，意为“被（由）”。如： His new car was stolen by a young man. 他的新车被一个年轻人盗了。 The poem was written by him last year. 这首诗是他去年写的。 The town was destroyed by an earthquake. 这座城镇在一次地震中受到破坏。 3. 由于出于婉转、礼貌等避免说出动作的执行者时，可用被动语态。如： Youll be contacted. 我们会和你联系的。 Your presence is requested. 敬请光临。 We were asked to sing a song. 我们被要求唱支歌。4. 有些动词习惯上常用被动结构。 The professor was born in 1931. 那位教授生于1931年。 There are known to be thousands of different languages. 据人们所知，有几千种不同的语言。三、主动语态变为被动语态1“主 + 谓 + 宾”句型变为被动结构 “主 + 谓 + 宾”句型变为被动结构时，先将主动结构中的宾语变为被动语态中的主语（宾语为人称代词时须将宾格变主格），然后将主动结构中谓语动词的主动语态变为被动语态；最后在谓语动词的被动语态之后加by，再将主动结构中的主语置于介词by之后（如人称代词须将其主格变为宾格）。例如： 主动句：主 + 谓 + 宾 被动句：主（原宾语）+ 谓（相应被动语态谓语时态结构）+ by + 原主语宾格例：The workers are building a house. (主动结构) A house is being built by the workers. (被动结构) 例：Everybody likes the cook. (主动结构) The cook is liked by everybody. （被动结构）被动结构中的by短语，如无需指出，则可省去。例：I posted a letter last night. (主动结构) A letter was posted last night. (被动结构)2. “主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾”句型变为被动结构 “主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾”句型有两个宾语，一个是间接宾语，另一个是直接宾语。此句型变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的一个宾语变为被动结构中的主语，另一宾语不变。 主动句：主 + 谓 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 被动句：主（原间接宾语）+ 谓（相应被动语态谓语时态结构）+ 原直接宾语 + by + 原主语宾格 He told her a long story. (主动结构) She was told a long story by him. (被动结构)如将主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，间接宾语之前则应加介词to或for。例如： Father gave me the book. (主动结构) I was given the book by father. (被动结构) The book was given to me by father. (被动结构)3.“主 + 谓 + 复合宾语”句型变为被动结构 这种结构含有一个由宾语加宾语补足语构成的复合宾语。变为被动结构时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾语补足语不变。例如： 主动句：主 + 谓 + 宾 + 宾补 被动句：主（原宾语）+ 谓（相应被动语态谓语时态结构）+ 原宾补 + by + 原主语宾格 They call her monitor. (主动结构) She was called monitor by them. (被动结构)4.含有情态动词句子的被动语态 被动语态可含有情态动词，其结构是“情态动词 + be + 动词过去分词”。例如： We must do our homework as soon as possible. (主动结构) Our homework must be done as soon as possible. (被动结构)5.被动语态除常用be加过去分词构成外，还可用“get + 过去分词 ”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，后面一般不接by短语。例如： The girl got hurt on her way to school.四、 主动语态表示被动的情况在英语表达中，有时用主动语态表示被动意义。主要有以下几种情况：1.某些系动词构成的系表结构，可用主动语态表示被动意义。如look, smell, sound, taste, prove, feel, turn out等，用主动形式表示被动意义。 That soup tastes very delicious. 那汤的味道真好。 The flowers smell sweet. 这些花儿闻起来很香。2.某些动词后加副词表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有wash, write, sell, clean, open, read, burn等； 常用的副词有quickly, well, easily等。 This coat washes easily. 这件外套好洗。 The book reads well. 这本书读起来不错。3.不定式以主动形式表达被动意义。在“be + 形容词 + 不定式”的结构中常表示被动 意义，常用于该句型的形容词有：easy, hard, difficult, important, interesting, safe等。2 This question is easy to solve. 这个问题很容易解决。 The book is hard to understand. 这本书很难理解。4.在want, need, require, deserve等词后面接动名词（动词-ing）形式，主动语态表示被动意义，意思等同于这些词加to be done。 Your flower needs watering. 你的花要浇水了。 = Your flower needs to be watered. 你的花要浇水了。 These children require looking after. 这些孩子需要照顾。 = These children require to be looked after. 这些孩子需要照顾。5.不及物动词无被动语态。例如happen, take place, break out, come about等。 The Second World War broke out in 1939. 二战爆发于1939年。 An accident happened on my way to school yesterday. 昨天在我上学的路上发生了一起事故。6.使役动词和感官动词的被动用法需注意。使役动词make, have及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to 等在主动语态中，后面跟不定式作宾补要省去to,但当变成被动语态时，要加上to。例如： I saw the girl go shopping. 我看见那个女孩上街购物。 The girl was seen to go shopping by me. 我看见那个女孩上街购物。【专项练习】1. Most of the soldiers in the army were inexperienced and _. A. could not rely on B. could not be relied on C. we could not rely on D. we could not be relied on2. More and more people _ in the subway these days. A. are getting attacked B. are got attacked C. are getting to attacked D. get to be attacked3. The meals in the hotel _ at the same time every day. A. serves B. will serve C. served D. are served4. The new computers are _ and perfected now. A. developed B. have developed C. being developed D. will have been developed5. Do you like the material? Yes, it _ very soft. A. is feeling B.felt C.feels D.is felt6. My mother said a new house _ in six months. A.would be built B.will be built C. have been built D.had built7. This car needed _ again. A. being repairing B.repaired C.to repair D.to be repaired 8. Great changes _ in the city, and a lot of new buildings _. A.have been taken place; have been set up B.have taken place; have been set up C.have taken place; have set up D.were taken place; were set up9. When and where to go for the holiday _ yet. A.are not decided B.have not been decided C.is not being decided D.has not been decided10. The books on the desk _ Mary. A.belongs B.are belonged to C.belongs to D.belong to 11. The ink on the shirt _ easily. A. cant wash out B. cant washed out C. isnt washed out D. isnt washing out12. The bridge _ at the time, so we had to take another way. A.had been repaired B.was repaired C.would have been repaired D.was being repaired13. The manager has assured me that my GPS _ by the end of next week. A. is fixed B. were fixed C. will have been fixed D. would be fixed14. English _ in Britain, the US, and many other countries. A.is spoken B.is speaking C.has been spoken D.were spoken 15. Half a century ago, computers _ to have magical powers. A.were believed B.have believed C.have been believed D.believed16. “How about the dishes, Dear?” “The beef didnt taste very good. It _ too long.” A. cooked B. had been cooked C. was cooked D. had cooked17. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes. A. lose B. will be lost C. are lost D. will lose18. Why dont you put the meat in the fridge? It will _and fresh for several days. A.be stayed B.stay C.be staying D.have stayed19. Besides _, he had to pay back all the money he had received from Mary. A.jailing B.being jailed C.to be jailed D.jailed20. Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them _ taken in the past. A.was not B.were not being C.were not D.being not第三节 非谓语动词非谓语动词指动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词这几种形式，有一般态、进行态和完成态三种形式以及相应的主动与被动语态。它们不能单独作谓语，可以作定语、状语、补语、主语、表语等。【考试要点】 （1）动词不定式、分词和动名词在句中作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等； （2）不定式的时态和语态； （3）不定式与only连用表示结果的用法； （4）句型：It+be+形容词+（for/of sb.）+ to do； （5）结构：what/when/which/whether/how+不定式； （6）只能后接动名词而不能接不定式做宾语的某些动词或短语用法； （7）既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但表达意义不同的动词用法； （8）句型：It is no use/no good+动名词； （9）分词的独立结构。 【复习内容】 1. 语法功能一览 主语表语动宾介宾定语状语宾补主补不定式动名词分 词 2.基本用法语法 功能表现形式例 题 及 解 析主 语动名词Seeing and doing are two entirely different things. 看和做是两件完全不同的事。Saying is easier than doing. 说比做容易。Talking to him is talking to a wall. 和他说话等于对牛弹琴。Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见动词不定式To be there is a great pleasure. 到那去是一件乐事。To talk with him is a great pleasure. 和他谈话时一件非常愉快的事情。注意：当不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式放在谓语后面。句型为： It + be + adj. + (for sb.) + to do sth. 如：It is impossible for me to write a paper in a month. 让我在一个月之内写完一篇论文是不可能的。（不定式前加一个for us表示不定式的动作是谁做的）Its so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真好。It will take you quite a long time to finish it. 那将花费你很长时间去完成。宾语动词+不定式1.有些动词只能用不定式作宾语，如：hope，want，wish，decide，manage，ask等。We all hope to see you. 我们都希望见到你。He decided to help her.