快读专项.doc

快速阅读综述快速阅读要求考生在非常有限的时间（15分）内迅速完成字数一千左右文章的任务。在阅读过程中，略过无关信息，筛选有关信息，利用标题、段落、主题句和关键词语，辨认要点，迅速有效地获取重要信息。其测试目标是英语学习者的阅读技能、浏览速度和查读能力。它要求学习者扩大阅读范围,增加词汇数量,提高阅读速度。快速阅读也是很重要的一种阅读形式，要注意以下几点：1不要读出声(眼睛比嘴巴快)。2留意转折词。3总体抓结构和大意。4根据已有的常识是正确的,但是却不是基于文章,一切以文章为准。主要用于快速阅读的方法有两种：1. 略读 (skimming) 略读又称跳读(reading and skipping)或浏览(glancing)，是一种专门的，非常实用的快速阅读技能。所谓略读，是指以尽可能快的速读阅读，如同从飞机上鸟瞰(birds eye view )地面上的明显标志一样，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。换句话说，略读是要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以求抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。 阅读时，先把文章粗略地浏览一下，看看文章中是否有自己工作和学习所需要的或自己感兴趣的资料和信息，然后确定这篇文章是否值得细读。在查找资料时，如果没有充分时间，而又不需要高度理解时，就可以运用略读技巧。略读可以运用下列技巧： (1)要利用印刷细节(typographical details)，如书或文章的标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等，对书和文章进行预测略读(preview skimming)。预测略读要了解作者的思路、文章方式(模式)，以便把握大意，有关的细节及其相互关系。(2)以一般阅读速度(200250wpm)，阅读文章开头的一、二段，力求抓住文章大意，背景情况，作者的文章风格，口吻或语气等。 (3)阅读段落的主题句和结论句。抓住主题句就掌握了段落大意，然后略去细节不读，以求得略读速度。 (4)注意转折词和序列词。转折词如however, moreover, in addition等；序列词firstly, secondly等。 2.寻读 (Scanning) 寻读又称查读，同略读一样，寻读也是一种快速阅读技巧。熟练的读者善于运用寻读获得具体信息，以提高阅读效率。寻读是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一项特定信息，如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。运用这种方法，读者就能在最短的时间内掠过尽可能多的印刷材料，找到所需要的信息。例如，在车站寻找某次列车或汽车的运行时刻，在机场寻找某次班机的飞行时刻，在图书馆查找书刊的目录，在文献中查找某一日期、名字、数字或号码等，都可以运用这种方法。作为一种快速寻找信息的阅读技巧，寻读既要求速度，又要求寻读的准确性。题型介绍快速阅读有两种题型：其一，一到七题是Y,N,NG判断题，八到十题是填空题。第二种又回归传统阅读题型，即，前七题是四选一，和传统阅读题无异，后三题还是填空题。做快速阅读要先看大题目，小标题，或者段首句，再寻找题干中的关键词，然后带着问题快速阅读文章。Passage 1 Nature of TimeIf you can read a clock, you can know the time of day. But no one knows what time itself is. We cannot see it. We cannot touch it. We cannot hear it. We know it only by the way we mark its passing. For all our success in measuring the smallest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe. One way to think about time is to imagine a world without time. There could be no movement, because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as there were no changes. For time and change are linked. We know that time has passed when something changes. In the real world-the world with time-changes never stop. Some changes happen only once in a while, like an eclipse (月蚀) of the moon. Others happen repeatedly, like the rising and setting of the sun. Humans always have noted natural events that repeat themselves. When people began to count such events, they began to measure time. The Divisions of TimeIn early human history, the only changes that seemed to repeat themselves evenly were the movements of objects in the sky. The most easily seen result of these movements was the difference between light and darkness. The sun rises in the eastern sky, producing light. It moves across the sky and sinks in the west, causing darkness. The appearance and disappearance of the sun was even and unfailing. The periods of light and darkness it created were the first accepted periods of time. We have named each period of light and darkness-one day. People saw the sun rise higher in the sky during the summer than in winter. They counted the days that passed from the suns highest position until it returned to that position. They counted 365 days. We now know that is the time Earth takes to move once around the sun. We call this period of time-one year. Early humans also noted changes in the moon. As it moved across the night sky, they must have wondered. Why did it look different every night? Why did it disappear? Where did it go? Even before they learned the answers to these questions, they developed a way to use the changing faces of the moon to tell time. The moon was full when its face was bright and round. The early humans counted the number of times the sun appeared between full moons. They learned that this number always remained the same-about twenty-nine suns. Twenty-nine suns equaled one moon. We now know this period of time-one month. The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago. Babylonian astronomers believed the sun moved around the Earth every 365 days. They divided the trip into twelve equal parts, or months. Each month was thirty days. Then, they divided each day into twenty-four equal parts, or hours. They divided each hour into sixty minutes, and each minute into sixty seconds. Devices to Measure TimeHumans have used many devices to measure time. The sundial was one of the earliest and simplest. A sundial measures the movement of the sun across the sky each day. It has a stick or other object that rises above a flat surface. The stick, blocking sunlight, creates a shadow. As the sun moves, so does the shadow of the stick across the flat surface. Marks on the surface show the passing of hours, and perhaps, minutes. The sundial works well only when the sun is shining. So, other ways were invented to measure the passing of time. One device is the hourglass. It uses a thin stream of falling sand to measure time. The hourglass is shaped like the number eight-wide at the top and bottom, but very thin in the middle. In a true hour glass, it takes exactly one hour for all the sand to drop from the top to the bottom through a very small opening in the middle. When the hourglass is turned with the upside down, it begins to mark the passing of another hour. By the 18th century, people had developed mechanical clocks and watches. And today, many of our clocks and watches are electronic. So, we have devices to mark the passing of time. But what time is it now? Clocks in different parts of the world do not show the same time at the same time. This is because time on Earth is set by the suns position in the sky above. In 1884, an international conference divided the world into twenty-four time areas, or zones. Each zone represents one hour. The astronomical observatory in Greenwich, England, was chosen as the starting point for the time zones. Twelve zones are west of Greenwich. Twelve are east. The time at Greenwich-as measured by the sun-is called Universal Time. For many years it was called Greenwich Mean Time. Can Time Move Backward?Some scientists say time is governed by the movement of matter in our universe. They say time flows forward because the universe is expanding. Some say it will stop expanding some day and will begin to move in the opposite direction, to grow smaller. Some believe time will also begin to flow in the opposite direction, that is, from the future to the past. Can time move backward? Most people have no trouble agreeing that time moves forward. We see people born and then grow old. We remember the past, but we do not know the future. We know a film is moving forward if it shows a glass falling off a table and breaking into many pieces. If the film were moving backward, the pieces would re-join to form a glass and jump back up onto the table. No one has ever seen this happen. Except in a film. Some scientists believe there is one reason why time only moves forward. It is a well-known scientific law-the second law of thermodynamics (热动力学). That law says disorder increases with time. In fact, there are more conditions of disorder than of order. For example, there are many ways a glass can break into pieces. That is disorder. But there is only one way the broken pieces can be organized to make a glass. That is order. If time moved backward, the broken pieces could come together in a great many ways. Only one of these many ways, however, would re-form the glass. It is almost impossible to believe this would happen. Not all scientists believe time is governed by the second law of thermodynamics. They do not agree that time must always move forward. The debate will continue about the nature of time. And time will remain a mystery. 1 From the first paragraph we know that time _.A）can be seen by reading a clock.B）can be sensed by measuring its passing.C）is known to man as it can be measured.D）is still mysterious to man even if it can be measured.2 People began to measure time when they _.A）found some changes happen only once in a while.B）found an eclipse of the moon.C）began to count the natural events that repeat themselves.D）began to note that some changes happen repeatedly.3 How did people measure the period of time as one day?A）They noticed the movements of objects in the sky.B）They named each period of light and darkness.C）They noticed the appearance and disappearance of the sun.D）They named the difference between the sunrise and sunset.4 What is said about ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago in the passage?A）The divisions of time we use today were developed then.B）Babylonians found that the sun moved around the earth.C）Babylonians divided the month according to the suns movement.D）The divisions of time then are no more used today.5 What do we learn about the sundial from the passage?A）The sundial is the earliest and simplest of all time-measuring devices.B）A sundial can be used under any circumstances.C）A sundial measures the movement of both the sun and the moon.D）The sundial works well only when the sun is shining.6 The reason why clocks in different parts of the world show different time at the same time is that _.A）time on Earth is divided by people intentionally.B）people use different devices to measure time.C）time on Earth is set by the suns position in the sky above.D）people choose different standards to mark time.7 What do we know about Universal Time from the passage?A）It didnt exist before the international conference in 1884.B）It existed only after the international conference in 1884.C）It is the time measured at Greenwich.D）It is measured at the astronomical observatory in Greenwich.8 While some scientists believe the universe will stop expanding and grow smaller, they believe time will also begin to_.9 The reason why time only moves forward is the second law of thermodynamics which says_.10 As not all scientist agree with that time must move forward, there will always be debate between scientists about_.本文介绍了人们对于时间的思考和探索。我们可以度量时间，但我们却并不知道时间的本质是什么。文章的第一个小标题介绍了人们是如何划分时间的，包括天、年、月的来源，说明我们现在使用的时间划分方法是由四千年前的巴比伦人发明的。第二个小标题介绍了度量时间的各种测量仪，以及时区的划分和国际标准时间的确定。第三个小标题探讨了时间是否能够倒流的问题，指出关于时间本质的辩论将会一直持续下去。1 D）由题干关键词from the first paragraph定位到第一段的最后一句For all our success in measuring the smallest parts of time, time remains one of the great mysteries of the universe. 人们虽然可以成功地测量时间，但时间却仍然是世界上最神秘的事物之一。由此可知，D）正确。2 C）由题干关键词began to measure time定位到第三段的最后一句When people began to count such events, they began to measure time，当人们开始计算这些现象的时候，人们就开始度量时间了。这里所说的such events指代的是前面提到的natural events that repeat themselves，因此两句合一，便可的答案为C）。3 B) 由题干关键词one day定位到第一小标题The Divisions of Time下的第一段。本段最后一句We have named each period of light and darkness-one day. 根据文章的观点，一天指的是每一个既包括白天也包括黑夜的过程，而不是日出和日落之间的间隔，因此B)正确。4 A) 由题干关键词ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago定位到第一小标题The Divisions of Time下最后一段的第一句The divisions of time we use today were developed in ancient Babylonia 4000 years ago. 我们目前所使用的时间划分方法是四千年的巴比伦人发明的，因此，选A)。5 D）由题干关键词the sundial定位到第二小标题Devices to Measure Time下第一段。文章提到日晷是最古老和最简单的时间测量仪之一，注意此处指明这是其中之一，并不等于说它是所有时间测量最古老最简便的，因此A）不正确；它通过测量太阳在指针上投下的阴影来度量时间，因此，只有在由日照的时候才能有效地工作，不是任何情况下都可以使用的，故选D）。6 C）由题干关键词clocks in different parts of the world定位到第二小标题Devices to Measure Time下的倒数第二段。文章之所以不同地方的时钟在同一时刻显示不同的时间是由于This is because time on Earth is set by the suns position in the sky above，是由太阳的位置决定的，因此C）是正确的。7 C) 由题干关键词Universal Time定位到第二小标题Devices to Measure Time下最后一段倒数第二句。文章说到The time at Greenwich is called Universal Time. 文章还提到了在1884年举行的一个国际会议，在这次会议上，将the astronomical observatory（格林尼治天文台）所在地定为时区的起点，格林尼治时间被称为Universal Time(国际标准时间)，这个时间一直都是存在的，只不过在这次会议之后才被冠之以Universal Time的称谓而已。因此，正确答案为C)。8 flow in the opposite direction 由题干关键词the universes stopping expanding and growing smaller定位到第三小标题Can Time Move Backward?下第一段的第三句。文章说到时间向前流动 由题干关键词the universes stopping expanding and growing smaller定位到第三小标题Can Time Move Backward?下第一段的第三句。文章说到时间向前流动是因为宇宙在不断扩张，但是有人认为有一天宇宙会停止扩张并变小，因此Some believe time will also begin to flow in the opposite direction，那么时间也会随之向反方向流动，由将来回到过去，所以划线部分即为答案。9 disorder increases with time 由题干关键词the second law of thermodynamics定位到第三小标题Can Time Move Backward?下第三段的第二句。文章提到有些科学家相信时间向前运行的原因是热动力学第二定律(the second law of thermodynamics)。 That law says disorder increases with time.这个定律的内容就是划线的部分，也就是本题的答案。10 the nature of time 由题干关键词not all scientist agree with that time must move forward定位到全文的最后一段。文章提到并不是所有的科学家都认为时间必然向前运行，The debate will continue about the nature of time，关于时间的本质的辩论会一直持续下去，因此划线部分即为答案。Passage 2 Why No Longer So AttractiveAmerican Economy Is Losing CharmA few years ago, everyone said that Americas economy was going on magically well. Thanks to the productivity miracle, output grew fast enough to push unemployment to historic lows without fuelling inflation. From across the globe, investors could get enough of this magical state of affairs.In many ways, todays economic recovery is equally attractive. Despite the bursting of the stock market bubble, last years collapse of corporate investment and the terrorist attacks, the recession has been remarkably short and mild. The economy surged (突然增长) in the first three months of 2002; Productivity growth remains extraordinarily strong; consumers remain active; corporate profits, as measured in the national income accounts, are showing signs of life, and inflation is nowhere to be seen. Yet investors are unimpressed. Share prices have been somewhat discouraging, and the dollar this week reached a 14-month low against the euro. Why has Americas economy lost its power to charm? The Uncertain Economic Outlook Does Not Answer the PuzzleThe obvious explanation is that the economic outlook remains uncertain. Certainly first quarter GDP growth-5.6% at an annual rate, according to revised figures released on May 24th by the Commerce Department-was unexpectedly strong. But much of that surge was driven by temporary factors, particularly a reduction in the pace at which firms slashed their goods on hand. Between January and March, this inventory adjustment (盘存调整) added a heft (有力的，有分量的) 3.5 percentage points to annualized GDP growth. Although the inventory cycle still has some way to go, and may add 1.5 percentage points to second-quarter GDP growth, inventory adjustment is incapable of being a sustained source of growth.The broader outlook for corporate investment is still obscure. The good news is that firms profits appear to be getting better, boosted by radical cost-cutting coupled with strong productivity growth. Higher profits should be a good sign for future investments. The bad news is that profits are almost laughably small compared with their pre-recession peaks, and that by most measures Americas firms still have plenty of spare capacity. In the short term, few expect investment spending to offer much of a boost to the overall economy.That leaves the burden where it has long been-on the American consumer. Unlike the pessimistic expectations of many, consumers spending, although decreasing, has not stopped. Consumption rose by a monthly 0.5% in April, less than many predicted, but perfectly consistent with a moderate recovery. There is little sign that Americans have, up till now, lost their appetite for ever more high-priced purchases. Motor vehicles (which almost single-handedly sustained consumption at the end of last year) sold even faster than their first-quarter average in April. And according to one dealer survey, they are running 7% higher in the first two weeks of May than in the same period last year.For the economy to fall back into recession, consumption would have to collapse dramatically. And there are few signs of that. According to the Conference Board, the consumer confidence index rose in May to its second-highest level since the September 11th attacks (although by slightly less than Wall Street expected).Though financial markets are not bright, consumers profits and losses are still buoyed (支撑) by a booming housing market. Sales of existing houses rose sharply in April, and the price of the typical American house is up 7% from a year ago.Americans incomes are still rising, although more modestly than they were earlier this year. The labor market still looks weak-the unemployment rate, at 6%,is at an eight-year high, and, despite the robust growth, in the year so far almost 100, 000 jobs have been lost. But for those in work there has been no income collapse. Despite the recession, weekly pay envelopes have held up surprisingly well, and tax cuts have also added to Americans spending power.That could change. For pessimists, the prospects of a double-dip recession completely depend on further weakness in labor markets. Many make comparisons with the “jobless” recovery of the early 1990s. Stephen Roach of Morgan Stanley, for instance, foresees big job losses in middle and senior management, as firms try to slim down what he sees as too many employees in executive ranks. Others point out that wage growth looks increasingly sluggish (迟缓的). Optimists, in contrast, reckon preliminary evidence suggests that hiring may be about to take off. Economists from J. P. Morgan, for instance, point out that employment of “temporary” workers, which often forecasts employment trends for permanent jobs, has risen sharply in recent weeks.Another, though much smaller, component of GDP growth remains undoubtedly on an upward trend: government spending. Along with inventory adjustment, government spending buoyed first-quarter GDP, and it shows little sign of disappearing. According to economists at Goldman Sachs, optional government spending is running 10%-15% above last years levels.Taken together, this evidence leads most economists on Wall Street to conclude that the most likely thing to happen is continued growth, although at a more moderate pace than in the first quarter. So why are investors, and particularly foreigners, so depressed? The True Reason f