婴幼儿如何预防肺炎？.doc

6婴幼儿如何预防肺炎？冬季，小儿肺炎进入高发期，每天门诊都会接到不少肺炎病例。儿童抵抗力偏低，容易感染上呼吸道疾病，从而诱发肺炎；而空气污染如PM2.5等更刺 激着孩子幼嫩的肺部，加重孩子病情。专家表示，如果小儿肺炎治疗不彻底，易反复发作、引起多种重症并发症，严重影响孩子的生长发育。【特殊案例】宝宝咳嗽不发热竟是肺炎“作祟”前几日，年轻妈妈小赵发现家中8个月大的宝宝有点流鼻涕，偶尔会咳嗽一阵。“可能是周末带她出去玩受凉了。”小赵给宝宝采取了保暖措施，心想只是受凉就不用吃药了。过了两三天，小赵发现宝宝不时发出“嘶嘶”的喘息声，便给宝宝量了体温。“体温很正常，我也就没往严重的方面想。”小赵当时认为，孩子也许过几天就能好。但是，小赵发现宝宝明显不如以往活泼好动了，精神状态也越来越差，还总是哭闹，于是带宝宝去了医院。苏北医院儿科主任医师朱玲玲经检查表示：“孩子患了肺炎。” “宝宝不发烧，只是偶尔咳嗽，怎么会是肺炎？是不是很严重？”小赵听了很吃惊。“确切地说，你孩子患的是毛细支气管炎，又称为毛细支气管肺炎，多是病毒感染引起的。”朱玲玲还表示，婴儿患了该病，往往不发热，以咳嗽、喘息为主，也有少部分患儿伴有发热症状。患病初期多有感冒症状，很快就会出现咳嗽、喘息症状，“很容易被家长忽视。”【总体情况】10个月以内婴儿易患支气管肺炎气温直逼零下，现阶段是小儿肺炎的高发期。因儿童抵抗力偏低，很容易感染上呼吸道疾病，从而诱发肺炎。“秋冬季节，小儿肺炎也到了高发期，每天门诊都会接到不少小儿肺炎病例。”朱玲玲介绍，在冬季，小儿最常见且较严重的是毛细支气管炎，可引起局部流行。支气管肺炎又称小叶肺炎，为小儿最常见肺炎。“而10个月以内长得较胖的婴儿患毛细支气管肺炎的比较多。患儿一般都患过湿疹，过敏体质的孩子更易得此病。”朱玲玲分析，“喘息是这种肺炎的主要表现，病程多在一周以上。”由于孩子不发烧，甚至咳嗽也不严重剧烈，家长很容易忽视，从而延误孩子的病情。这种肺炎容易引发心衰，所以，一旦婴儿出现咳嗽、喘息症状，要及时请儿科医生诊治。另据介绍，此肺炎常见并发症为腹泻、呕吐、腹胀及肺气肿，较严重的并发症为脓胸、脓气胸、肺脓肿、心包炎及脑膜炎等。由于这种病很容易反复，所以治疗要彻底。【专家分析】婴幼儿为何易发肺炎？呼吸功能发育不全，细菌和病毒“刺激”肺炎分为大叶性肺炎、支气管肺炎、间质性肺炎、毛细支气管肺炎、吸入性肺炎、支原体肺炎等。婴幼儿为何易发肺炎？朱玲玲解释，这与婴幼儿时期的呼吸系统有密切关系。“婴幼儿的气管、支气管相对狭窄，黏液分泌少，纤毛运动差，不易将微生 物或异物清除。肺弹力组织发育差，血管丰富，易于充血，间质发育旺盛而肺泡数少，含气量少，易为黏液阻塞等。”加上婴幼儿呼吸肌发育差，呼吸力差，且此年 龄段免疫功能也存有不足，防御功能尚未充分发育等。有研究数据表明，引起小儿肺炎的病原1/3为病毒；1/3为细菌；另1/3为细菌与病毒以外的病原引起，小儿肺炎常常发生在上呼吸道感染如伤风感冒或者咽炎后也加重。同时，朱玲玲提示，在细菌性肺炎中，常见的有肺炎球菌性肺炎，此肺炎发病率在5岁以下儿童中最高，2岁以下的宝宝自身的免疫系统发育还未完善、抗病力弱，更易成为肺炎链球菌侵袭的目标。婴幼儿如何预防肺炎？增强体质，避免接触感冒人群小儿对疾病的抵抗力低下，对环境适应能力也较差，必须认真做好预防。“婴儿要尽量少与外界接触，避免交叉感染，家人患感冒或其他呼吸道感染性疾病，要尽量和婴儿隔离。”朱玲玲说，喂奶时要细心，避免呛奶、溢奶和呕吐，要防止奶、食物及呕吐物误吸入肺。其次，要根据小儿年龄、身体发育情况，给予必需和足够营养，及时和合理地添加辅食，如蔬菜、豆制品、肉类、蛋类等。要积极预防和治疗佝偻病，因为佝偻病与肺炎的发生和程度以及治疗的效果均有较密切的关系。家长要带孩子多到户外活动，锻炼身体，练习对寒冷气候的适应能力。多晒阳光，保持室内空气新鲜，预防感冒及流感发生。要做好各种预防接种，增强呼吸系统对病原的免疫作用。【特别提醒】这些误区 你有没有？小儿肺炎如治疗不彻底，则易反复发作。但只要及时发现和有效治疗，可很快康复。“不少家长对孩子肺炎治疗存在误区，以为价格昂贵的药物必定药效好。”其实，引起肺炎的病菌很多，只有对症才能见效快，尤其是抗生素长期滥用不 仅增加药物副作用，还易导致耐药性及霉菌感染。此外，宝宝患肺炎时，消化能力下降，加之服药食欲往往不好，不愿多吃东西。如果家长硬要让宝宝多吃，只会使 他们更厌食，或发生呕吐和腹泻。“宝宝发烧，家长们总希望赶快给打退烧针。”朱玲玲指出，这也是一大误区。其实肺炎并不是发烧引起的，而是病菌感染所致，打退烧针不会治愈肺 炎。而且，宝宝发烧注射退烧针，会出大量的汗，容易发生虚脱，也容易掩盖病情。“只有针对病因治疗，消除炎症，才能治愈肺炎。”朱玲玲提醒。Winter, into the season, pediatric pneumonia every clinic received many cases of pneumonia. Children on the low side, resistance to infection of the upper respiratory tract diseases, can cause pneumonia; And air pollution, such / as PM2.5 more stimulating the children young lungs, increase childrens condition. Experts said that if treatment is not completely infantile pneumonia, easy to break out repeatedly, cause a variety of severe complications, seriously affects childrens growth.Special caseBaby cough feverPneumonia was cheatA few days ago, a young mother xiao zhao found home 8 months old baby a little runny nose, cough occasionally. It may be / the weekend take her go out to play catch cold catch cold. Xiao zhao for baby warm measures were taken, thought just catch cold catch cold need not take medicine.After two or three days, xiao zhao found the baby from time to time issued a hiss gasps, gave the babys temperature. Body temperature is normal, I also cant to serious side. Xiao zhao thought, the child can well maybe in a couple of days. However, xiao zhao baby found significantly less active, mental state is becoming more and more bad, also always crying, she took the baby to the hospital.Subei hospital, director of pediatric doctor Zhu Lingling through inspection, said: children suffered from pneumonia. Baby dont have a fever, cough, only occasionally pneumonia is how? Is it serious? Xiao zhao is surprised to hear that.Specifically, you children have capillary bronchitis, also known as capillary bronchopneumonia, mostly caused by viral infection. Zhu Lingling also said, the baby suffered from the disease, are often not fever, give priority to with cough, wheezing, there are a few children with fever. Many early cold symptoms, can appear the symptom of cough, wheezing, soon is easily ignored by parents.Overall situationInfants less than 10 monthsSusceptible to bronchial pneumoniaAs temperatures below zero, at this stage is a peak period of infantile pneumonia. Because childrens resistance is low, easy to infection of the upper respiratory tract diseases, can cause pneumonia.Qiu dong season, infantile pneumonia in the season, also every clinic received a lot of pediatric pneumonia cases. Zhu Lingling introduces, in winter, is the most common and serious pediatric capillary bronchitis, can cause local popular.Bronchopneumonia is also called lobular pneumonia, for the most common pediatric pneumonia. And within 10 months grow heavier babies more with capillary bronchial pneumonia. Children generally had eczema, allergic constitution children are more likely to have to the disease.Zhu Lingling analysis, breathing is the main manifestations of the pneumonia, course in a week or more. Because the children do not have a fever, and even a cough also not serious, parents can easily ignored, thus delay the childs illness. The pneumonia easy to cause heart failure, so, once the baby symptoms of cough, wheezing, pediatricians, please make a diagnosis and give treatment in time.According to introduction, the common complications of pneumonia, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distension and emphysema, serious complications for the pyothorax, pyopneumothorax, lung abscess, pericarditis, meningitis, and so on. Because this disease is easy to relapse, so thoroughly.ExpertsWhy are infants and young children prone pneumonia?Respiratory function hypoplasia, bacteria and virus stimulusPneumonia were divided into lobar pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia, interstitial pneumonia, capillary, aspiration pneumonia, bronchial pneumonia mycoplasma pneumonia, etc.Why are infants and young children prone pneumonia? Zhu Lingling explanation, which have close relationship with infants and young children period of the respiratory system. Infants and young children relatively tracheal or bronchial stenosis, less mucus secretion, cilia movement is poor, not easy to clear the microscopic objects or foreign body. Pulmonary elastic tissue development is poor, rich blood vessels, easy to congestion, less exuberant and alveolar interstitial development of, air content, less easy to mucous congestion and so on. With infants and young children well development is poor, poor breathing function, and this age paragraph the immune function is inadequate, the defence function is not yet fully developed, etc.Research data show that the cause of pediatric pneumonia pathogen one-third for virus; A third as the bacteria; Another one-third for pathogen causing other bacteria and viruses, pediatric pneumonia often occur in the upper respiratory tract infections such as colds or also increase after pharyngitis.At the same time, Zhu Lingling hint, in bacterial pneumonia, common pneumococcal pneumonia, the incidence of pneumonia in children under the age of five top, under 2 years old babys own immune system is not perfect, disease resistance is weak, are more likely to become the target of streptococcus pneumoniae attacks.Infants and young children how to prevent pneumonia?Enhanced physique, avoid contact with a coldChildrens ability to fight disease is low, show less ability to adapt to the environment, must carefully take preventive measures.Baby to minimize contact with the outside world, avoid crossing infection and family colds or other respiratory infectious diseases, try to isolate and babies. Zhu Lingling said, careful nursing, avoid choking milk, milk and vomit, to prevent the milk, food and vomit lungs by mistake.Secondly, according to the age, the body development situation, gives the necessary and sufficient nutrition, timely and reasonable to add side dish, such as vegetables, soy products, meat, eggs, etc. To active prevention and treatment of rickets, because the occurrence of rickets and pneumonia and degree, and the effect of the treatment has a close relationship.Parents want to take children to outdoor activities, more exercise, exercise ability to adapt to cold climate. Bask in the sun more, maintain indoor air fresh, prevent colds and flu. To do all kinds of vaccination, strengthen the respiratory system to pathogenic immune function.【 special remind 】These misconceptions do you have?Pediatric pneumonia if treatment is not complete, easy to break out repeatedly. But as long as found timely and effective treatment, can recover soon.A lot of parents to the child pneumonia treatments exist error, think the