公共事业管理专业英语部分翻译.doc

The New Public Law新公共法 The public law of the United Kingdom is defined by the prevailing（adj. 流行的；一般的，最普通的） constitutional order（宪法秩序）,the government and the various institutions （n. 制度；建立；（社会或宗教等）公共机构）of the state，he rights of the citizen and membership of the European Union.Local government exists with（与共存）statutory （adj. 法定的；法令的；可依法惩处的）powers and responsibilities.There are since 1998 devolved powers to the Scottish Parliament，the Welsh Assembly（n. 装配；集会，集合） ，the Northern Ireland Assembly and since 1999 an elected mayor（n. 市长）for LondonThe public law of the United Kingdom has lately come of age（臻至成熟）.There are several reasons for this developmentFundamental constitutional reforms have embraced（vt. 拥抱；信奉，皈依；包含）changes to the electoral system（选举制度），a more independent Bank of England with the responsibility of adjusting interests rates（利息，利率） removed from the government of the day，reforms of the House of Lords（英国的上议院），and strategies（n. 策略，战略）to modernize（v 现代化） almost every aspect of government institutions and proceduresThere is also a new freedom of Information Act 2000（2000年信息自由法）There are changes to the criminal justice system（刑事司法体系），tribunals（n. 法庭；裁决；法官席） and inquiries（n. 探究；调查；质询），and to the management of the courts systemThe most celebrated and acclaimed （vt. 称赞；为喝采，向欢呼）innovation（n. 创新，革新；新方法） is the Human Rights Act 1998，which came fully into force in October 2000The 1998 Act is likely to increase the use of judicial review （司法审查）and thus has the potential to shift（vt. 转移；改变）decision- making in public law matters from elected ministers （n. 部长；大臣）to the courts under the direction of increased judicial controls 英国的公法是由盛行的宪法秩序来界定的，源于政府和州的不同公共机构，公民的权利和加入欧盟成为其成员国。本地政府与法定的权利和义务共存。这体现于自从1998年联合王国下放权力到苏格兰议会，威尔士国民议会，北爱尔兰议会和自1999年伦敦市市长的民主选举。英国的公法近来已臻至成熟。对于此发展则有以下一些理由：基本宪法的改革包含了选举制度的改变：一个更为独立的负有远离政府控制来调整利率责任的英格兰银行，英国上议院的改革，和几乎政府的机构与程序的每一方面的战略都趋向现代化。2000年英国也推出了自由信息法案。在刑事司法体系，裁判所及审查法，法院系统的管理方面也有一些改变。最让人值得庆祝和欢呼的是1998年人权法案，并于2000年开始正式地实施。1998年的人权法案很可能增加了司法审查的使用而因此有可能改变公法问题上的决策，从而在增加司法控制的指导下选举法院大臣。 In conceptual terms，public law has developed its own technical rules（技术规则） and procedures and techniques of analysisIn academic terms，public law has broadly defined terms of reference including the academic discourse（学术话语） from lawyers，economists，historians and political scientistsThere is also a judicial contributionThe development of administrative law is largely a product of judicial creativity（司法创造力）and self regulation（自我调节）Since the 1960s there is a remarkable judicial self-confidence in defining and articulating（v表达，表述）the role of the courts in public law mattersAs Lord Donaldson remarked in 1984：从概念术语的角度来看，公法在它自身的技术规则与程序和分析技巧上有一定的发展。从学术角度来看，公法有着广泛的参照定义包括源于法学家，经济学家，历史学家和政治科学家的学术话语。公法的发展同样是一种司法的贡献。行政法的发展在很大程度上是司法创造和政府自我控制的产品。自二十世纪六十年代起在界定和表述公法问题的法院的宪法角色上就有一种卓越的司法自信力。正如Lord Donaldson在1984年评议道：“ Parliamentary democracy（议会制民主）as we know it is based in the rule of law.That requires all citizens to obey the law，unless and until it can be changed by due process（程序正义）There are no privileged classes（特权阶层）to whom it does not apply（v适用）”如我们所知的议会制民主是基于法治而实施的。它要求所有公民除非和直到程序正义的被修改，否则须遵从于法律。而议会制民主也没有所谓的不适用于的特权阶层。 Changes in judicial attitudes，towards developing the common law in the direction of rights defined more broadly，came through（经历）a series of landmark (n里程碑，划时代的事)cases in the 1960sSince then，English administrative law has developed incrementally（adv. 递增地；增值地）Ridge v Balldwin， Padfield v Minister of Agriculture，Fishoies and Food，and the development of Wednesbury unreasonableness enabled the courts to adopt a proactive（adj. 前摄的（前一活动中的因素对后一活动造成影响的）；有前瞻性的，先行一步的）approachInstead of （代替；不是而是）relying on instances of （类的）实例；（某类别的）实体）past failure in order to develop a systematic approach to administrative law，the courts filled in（填满，替代）,through their own initiative（n. 主动权；首创精神），gaps（n. 差异，缺口；缝隙）left by legislative neglectThe result was clear：a self-confident judiciary that was prepared to fashion new tools for the development of judicial reviewIn 1977，Order 53 was introduced ，streamlining （vt. 使合理化；使成流线型）mechanisms（n. 机制）and procedures for the application for judicial reviewTwo landmark decisions showed the extent of judicial self-confidenceIn O,Reilly v Mackman，the House of Lords established that the Divisional（adj. 分区的；分割的）Bench （法官的职位(或身份)，总称法官(们)，法院）of the High Court had exclusive（subject to certain exceptions ）jurisdiction over（prep. 越过；在之上；遍于之上）administrative law mattersIn the Council（n. 委员会；会议；理事会）of Civil Service Unions decision,the House of Lords engaged in a form of judicial codification of common law principles.The grounds for judicial review included unreasonableness（n. 无理性），irrationality（n. 不合理，无理性），proportionality（n. 相称；均衡；比例性），and procedural impropriety（程序不当）It is noteworthy that the doctrine of unreasonableness may have to be strengthened to bring it into line with（按照，与一致）the higher standards required under the Human Rights Act 1987司法态度的改变，是朝着普通法以权力为导向的定义更为广泛的发展，更是在在二十世纪六十年代历经了一系列具有里程碑意义的典型案例。自那时以来，英国的行政法有着快速的发展。Ridge 诉 Balldwin案， Padfield 诉 农业部案，Fishoies and Food，和Wednesbury的无理性发展使法院能够采用积极主动的途径。法院通过它们自身的自主权来填补由于立法忽视而造成的缺口，不是为了依赖于过去失败的实例而是为了对行政法制定出一套系统的研究方法。其结果是清晰的：一个拥有自信力的司法制度是使用新的工具来为司法审查的发展而准备。在1977年，第53号令颁布，为了司法审查的适用而简化机制和程序。两个划时代的决定证明了司法自信力的程度。在O,Reilly v诉Mackman一案中，英国上议院确立了高等法院的各区法官在行政法事务上拥有排他管辖权（使某人服从于某些例外）。在公务员委员会的决定上，英国上议院是以普通法原则所编纂的法典形式来参与。司法审查的基础包括无理性，不合理行，均衡性和程序不当。值得注意的是无理性主义可能不得不在1987年人权法案背景下强化与高标准要求一致。 As a result of both creative judicial activism（司法能动）and legislation，judges have developed a wide discretion as to（至于，关于；就而论）when to uphold（vt. 支撑；鼓励；赞成；举起）a judicial reviewThis flexibility，allowing the courts the power to exclude （vt. 排除；排斥；拒绝接纳；逐出）unmeritorious cases at an early stage，saves time and creates a specialized jurisdiction for the administrative courtsCases （n诉讼案件）must be taken promptly(adv. 迅速地；立即地；敏捷地) within a three -month periodThe standing (原告资格,起诉权；起诉资格)of the applicant is determined by the substantial(adj. 大量的；实质的；内容充实的) merits of the applicant，s caseThe courts have a discretion whether or not to grant any remedy（n法律救济）作为都创造司法能动和立法的结果，法官就司法审查而言发展了一种宽广的自由裁量权。这种权力的灵活性在早期时允许法官有权排除诉求无望的诉讼案件，从而节省了时间和为行政法庭发展了专门的管辖权。但诉讼案件必须在三个月期间内迅速着手解决。而申请人的起诉权是由申请案例的实质化价值来决定的。法院有它自己的自由裁量权：是否给予申请人任何的法律救济。 The role of the courts must also be placed in the context of the development of an extensive jurisdiction by statutory（adj. 法定的；法令的；可依法惩处的） tribunals（n. 法庭；裁决；法官席）Employment tribunals（劳工裁判所）under the Employment Tribunals Act 1998 cover an extensive jurisdiction over employment issues，including race relations under the Race Relations Act 1976（1976年种族关系法）， the Race Relations（ Amendment） Act 200， sex discrimination under the Sex Discrimination Act 1975（1975年性别歧视法），equal pay under the Equal Pay Act 1970（1970年平等报酬法），and disability under the Disability Discrimination Act 1995（1995年残疾歧视法案）The Social Security Appeal Tribunal（上诉法庭）covers protection under various provisions（n. 规定）of the law relating to（关于，与相关连）the payment of social security，and acts as an appeal tribunal against the decision of the adjudication officer（仲裁官）Mental health tribunals，lands tribunals（土地裁判庭）， and rent assessment committees （租金评估委员会）are also important examples of the work of tribunals in specialist areasTribunals offer the advantages of speed，low cost，informality ，flexibility ， expertise（n. 专门知识；专门技术；专家的意见），accessibility（n. 易接近；可亲；可以得到），and privacy（n. 隐私；秘密；隐居；隐居处）in the adjudication（n. 裁定；判决）of disputes法院的宪法角色必须放置于法定法庭中广泛的司法管辖权发展的背景之下。在1998年的就业法庭法下的劳工裁判处涵盖了一种处于就业问题之上宽泛的司法权，包括在1970年的种族关系法下的种族关系，2000年种族关系修正案，1975年的性别歧视法下的性别歧视，1970年的平等报酬法下的平等付薪，和1995年的残障歧视法下的残疾歧视。社会福利法庭包含了关于在不同的法律规制下社保支付和上诉法庭的法令违背仲裁官决定的保护。精神健康法庭，土地法庭和租金与住房法庭对于在专业领域里的法庭工作同样也是重要的实例。法庭提供了仲裁争议中速度，低成本，非正式性，灵活性，专业性，可及性和隐私权的优势。 The extension of the role of the courts is also part of a larger question of how law is increasingly being used to regulate market power and ，through regulatory reform(管制改革) ,increase accountability（n.问责制）over the newly privatized utility industries（公用事业产业）The scale（n. 规模；比例）of this challenge provides public law with perhaps its most formidable（adj. 强大的；可怕的；令人敬畏的；艰难的）challenge ranging （vt. 使并列；归类于）as it does across different economic instruments （经济手段）and policy considerations（政策考量）法院宪法角色的拓展对于如何增加在调节市场力量和通过管制改革增加在新兴私有化的公共事业上的问责制的法律的适用同样也是一大问题。这种挑战的规模提供公法与其最为强大的挑战可能归类于不同的经济手段和政策考量。 Added to（加入，加到；增加）this is a rights-based（权利本位）analysis of how rights may allow legal challenge（n.回避)and create changes in the lawIn substantive and legal terms there is an administrative court with an exclusive jurisdiction to hear applications for judicial reviewJudicial review or administrative law requires its own distinct rules and proceduresThe Human Rights Act 1998 provides citizens with enforceable（adj. 可实施的；可强行的；可强迫的）rights and enables the judiciary broadly defined powers to interpret and review（vt. 回顾；检查；复审） potentially all public power in whatever way it may be definedLord Hoffman in the House of Lords in Alconbury explained the role of the courts under the Human Rights Act 1998 as follows: 把以权力为基础的分析增加到怎样使权力可能允许存在法律回避和法律中制造回避。从实质和合法的角度来看存在着一个运用司法审查去审讯申请人而享有独立司法权的行政法庭。司法审查与行政法要求自身有其显特的规则与程序。1998年的人权法提供了公民拥有可实施的权力和使司法权概括地明确在所有公共权力中潜在的可能以任何方式来界定的具有说明与复审的权力。最高法院的Lord Hoffman在1998人权法的背景下解释了法院的角色，其解释如下： “ There is no conflict between human rights and the democratic principleRespect for （尊重；对的尊敬）human rights requires that certain basic rights of individuals should not be capable in any circumstances of being overridden（v. 蹂躏；压倒；拒绝）by the majority， even if they think that the public interest so requiresOther rights should be capable of being overridden only in very restricted circumstancesThese are rights which belong to individuals simply by virtue（n.德行）of their humanity（n人性）， independently of any utilitarian （adj. 功利的；功利主义的；实利的n. 功利主义者）calculationThe protection of these basic rights from majority decision requires that independent and impartial（adj. 公平的，公正的） tribunals should have the power to decide whether legislation infringes（vt. 侵犯；违反）them and either （ as in the United States ） to declare such legislation invalid （adj. 无效的）or（ as in the United Kingdom ）to declare that it is incompatible （adj. 不相容的；矛盾的；不能同时成立的）with the governing （v.规制，治理）human rights instrumentBut outside （prep. 在范围之外）these basic rights there are many decisions which have to be made every day in which the only fail method of decision is by some person or body accountable to the electorate（n. 选民；选区）”人权与民主原则中并没有存在着冲突。对人权的尊重要求个体的某些基本权利不应该在任何情况下能够被多数人所无视，尽管多数人认为公共利益是如此的需求。其它权力应该是只有在非常受限制的情况下才能被无视。这些属于个体的权力是人性德行的简单体现，是独立于任何功利计算的。从多数人决策来保护这些基本权力要求独立和公正的法庭应该有权去决策当立法侵犯他们的权益和宣称（如在美国