1. 讲学案(简单句 并列句 复合句 省略句).doc

高考复习专题融合串讲学案（简单句 并列句 复合句 省略句）一.简单句简单句的定义：简单句就是由一个分句构成的句子。在简单句中，分句和句子合二为一，从而结构合一，分句的成分就是句子的成分。陈述句、疑问句和感叹句都可以在简单句中使用。如：（1）In your letter you asked about the time in different areas of the States .你在来信中问到美国不同地区的时间问题。（陈述句）（2）Is American country music about modern life ?美国乡村音乐写的是现代生活吗？（疑问句）（3）Wash your hands with soap at the end of your experiment . 在做完实验后要用肥皂洗干净你的双手。（祈使句）（4）What a difficult case I must have been to this young teacher ! 对这位年轻教师来说，我是一个多么难教的学生啊！（感叹句）简单句的结构简单句包含一个分句，也就是一个“主语+谓语”（基本成分）的结构。如：（1）It is a very slow task . 它是一项费时的工作。（2）Flies and mosquitoes are very dangerous insects。 苍蝇和蚊子是害虫。（主语并列）（3）He studied law in his spare time and became a lawyer . 他在业余时间学法律，还当了律师。（谓语并列）（4）The north has warm , dry winters and hot , wet summers . 北方有温暖、干燥的冬天和炎热、潮湿的夏天。（宾语并列）二.并列句并列句（compound sentence）就是由两个或两个以上的分句构成、且各个分句地位相等的句子。如：（1）I have a problem and Im writing to ask you for advice . 我有一个问题，所以写信来征求你的意见。（2）We couldnt find it ;it was lost . 我们没能找到它；它丢了。（3）Then she looked at the judges , one of them nodded and she began . 然后她望着裁判，其中一个点点头，接着她开始了。（三个分句）并列句的结构（1）陈述分句与陈述分句并列。如：The woman belongs in the home , and the man must go out into the business world . 男主外，女主内。（2）疑问分句与疑问分句并列。如：Who are good listeners to you ,and what do they do well ?哪些人是你的善听者，他们什么做得好？（3）祈使分句与祈使分句并列。如：Pass judgement on me and give him what he wants . 对我宣判吧，给他想要的东西。（4）感叹分句与感叹分句并列。如：Youre alive ! And shes dead ! 你还活着！而她却死了！（5）不同种类分句的并列。如Please let me stay in the company ; I enjoy working here . 请让我留在公司吧，我很喜欢在这里工作。（祈使分句与陈述分句并列）。并列句的连接方法在并列句中，各个分句都是独立分句。把各个分句连接在一起有三种方法。用并列连词连接，并列连词有and , but , or , nor ，关联并列连词有not onlybut also . 如（1）Right now it is the summer vacation and Im helping my Dad on the farm . 眼下正是暑假期间，我帮爸爸在农场干活。（2）Right now they were going to Bonn with the tickets and passports , and their Dad was going on his own to Frankfort . 就在这时，他们正带着车票和护照去波恩，而他们的爸爸却自己往法兰克福去了。（3）Many people were killed in their cars , but a few lucky ones were not hurt . 很多人被撞死在自己的汽车里，但也有少数幸运的人没有受伤。（4）The two concerts cost 4 million dollars , but 7 million dollars were collected from ticket sales and a further 7 million dollars came from radio and TV companies . 两场音乐会耗资400万美元，但是仅门票收入就筹集到700万美元，此外，从电台和电视台还筹到了700万美元。并列连词or前可用也可不用逗号。如：（5）Do you come to school alone , or do you come with a friend ? 你是独自来学校，还是与朋友一道来？用关联并列连词not only but also 连接分句时通常用倒装结构。如：（6）Not only do disabled people read , write , draw pictures and cook , but they also study , go to university , take exams and have jobs . 残疾人不仅能读书、写字、绘画和烹调，而且还能学习、上大学、参加考试和工作。用连接副词连接（有时和并列连词或标点符号并用），连接副词有so , yet , still , then , however , besides , therefore , moreover , otherwise , hence , nevertheless , accordingly , consequently , whereupon , nor , neither等。（7）It is your own life , so find something that you enjoy doing . 这是你自己的生活，所以去寻找你喜欢做的事情吧。用标点符号连接，通常用分号或逗号。如：（8）Everyone obeys the rules ; anybody who breaks the rules is punished . 每个人都要遵守规矩；谁要是破坏了规矩，谁就要受到惩罚。有时用冒号，表结果。如：（9）In old stories , the squirrel was usually described as a good animal:it saved something for the future . 在古老的故事里，松鼠通常被描写成好动物，它储存东西供将来用。三.复合句复合句（complex sentence）就是由两个或两个以上的分句构成，而且其他分句从属于一个主要分句的句子。如：（1）People read advertisements partly for information and partly because they are interesting . 人们读广告，部分是为了获取信息，部分是因为它们有趣。（2）Many of the forests where they lived were destroyed . 许多它们栖息的森林被破坏了。（关联词是where）使用了关联词之后，分句的性质就发生了变化。由关联词引导的分句已经不能单独构成句子，所以叫做非独立分句。没有关联词的分句仍旧可以单独构成句子，所以叫做独立分句。复合句的结构简单句是由一个独立分句构成，并列句由两个或两个以上的独立分句构成，复合句则由一个独立分句（主句）和一个或一个以上的非独立分句（从句）构成。四种分句即陈述分句、疑问分句、祈使分句和感叹分句均可用作独立分句。如（1）What she announced to us at the meeting must be true . 她在会上对我们宣布的事情一定是真的。（陈述分句作主句，从句作主句的主语）复合句的种类由主句决定，即：主句为陈述分句，全句为陈述句；主句为疑问分句，全句为疑问句，等等。有一种复合句结构较特殊：主句为疑问分句，从句为带疑问词的疑问分句，这时疑问词要置于全句之首。如：（2）Why do you think the boy had a weak smile on his face ?你认为这个男孩为什么脸上露出淡淡一笑？（等于do you think why the boy had a weak smile on his face）从句的种类主语从句。如：（1）How much income we can expect this year is not yet known .我们今年能有多少收入还不知道。表语从句。如（2）The answer is that he is one of the top three physics experts in hisparticular field . 答案是在他的特殊领域里，他是三位顶尖的物理学家之一。宾语从句。如：（3）Seientists explain that the outside of the earth is made of a numberof different plates . 科学家解释说，地球的表层是由许多不同的板块构成的。同位语从句。如：定语从句。如：（4）The kiwi which is New Zealands national bird , is one of these types of flightless birds . 驼是新西兰的国鸟，它就是这些不能飞行的鸟类之一。状语从句。如：（5）Listen and be quiet while others are talking !在别人说话时要听着，不要做声！复合句的关联词引导从句的关联词可分为七类。从属连词，有although , because , if , since , that , until , when , so that , as if , as as 等，详见连词部分。如：（1）Although he had a disease of the brain which was getting worse , he decided to continue with his research and his writing . 尽管他患了一种日益严重的脑病，他决定继续他的研究和写作。疑问代词，有who , whom , whose , which , what . 如：（2）Did he say what it was about ?他说是有关什么事了吗？疑问副词，有when , where , why , how .如：（3）The difficulty was how he could prove his ideas to other scientists.困难在于他怎样才能够向其他科学家证实他的想法。关系代词，有who , whom , whose , which , that 。 如：（4）This is useful for scientists who work in forests and in agriculture.这对于从事森林和农业工作的科学家有用处。关系副词，有when , where , why . 如：（5）I remember the time when we needed a permit to go out after dark . 我记得我们天黑以后外出需要通行证的那个时代。缩合关系代词，有who , whoever , whom , whomever , which , whichever , what , whatever . 如：缩合关系副词，有when , where , why , how . 如：（6）Special cameras can produce pictures showing where different metals can be found . 特殊的摄像机可以拍摄照片，表明在什么地方可以找到各种不同金属。四.省略句省略句的含义：一个分句或句子通常包含多种成分，主语和谓语是最基本的；如果谓语为及物动词，则宾语也是必须的。这种句子叫做完全句。另外有一些句子却缺少一种或几种成分，也就是说在结构上是不完整的，可是它们仍然能够为听话者所理解，也就是说，说话者和听话者对句子缺少的成分有共同的认识。这些句子符合句子的定义，“能表达一个比较完整的独立的概念。”这种句子就叫做省略句。如：（1）Any other questions ?还有什么问题吗？（等于Do you have any other questions ）省略句在对话中使用很普遍。简略答语即只回答提问的那部分，有助于语言的简洁。如：（2）“What time is it by your watch , please ?”“A quarter to eight .”“请问你的表几点了？”“差一刻八点。”（等于It is a quarter to eight by my watch）在包含两个分句的并列句和复合句中，后一分句中与前一分句中相同的部分可以省略，以减少不必要的重复。如：（3）I want to improve , but I dont know how ( to improve ).我想提高，但是不知道如何提高。（并列句）省略句的种类省略主语，如：（1）（I）Havent see you for ages . 好久没有见到你了。（2）（It）Doesnt matter . 没关系。省略谓语，如：（3）They learn French and we (learn)English .他们学法语，我们学英语。省略表语，如：（4）Broad boats are difficult to take into the port , but narrow boats are not (difficult to take into the port )。宽大的船只很难引进港口，而狭小的船只却不难。省略宾语，如（5）Keep away ( this bottle ) from children . 谨防儿童接近。省略主语和助动词。如（6）( Have you ) Found the treasure ? 找到财宝了吗？（7）( Would you )Like some more tea ?再来些茶好吗？省略主语和连系动词，如：（8）( Im ) Sorry to hear that . 听到这件事很难过。（9）( Are you ) Happy ?快活吗？省略主语和谓语，如：（10）“What does he want to eat ?”“( He wants ) Some rice and vegetables . ”“他想吃什么？”“一些米饭和蔬菜。”省略实义动词和宾语，如：（11）We do not visit my parents as much as we ought to ( visit my parents ).