雅思判断题解题技巧最新研究.doc

雅思判断题解题技巧最新研究判断题是雅思考试的常见题型,也是难度很大的题型。在普通培训类考试中最多达22题，在学术类考试中也不少于6题。目前有逐渐增多的趋势。其中True/False/Not Given 多见于General Training Module, Yes/No/Not Given 则多见于Academic Module, 因为Yes/No/Not Given最初是为学术类设计的。很多考生对判断题时常束手无策，特别对False和Not Given易混淆。要攻克判断题的难关，我们要分析它的命题规律，找出考察点，有的放矢，才能提高解题准确率。首先，我们来看一看判断题的设题模式。从设题模式可以看出雅思考试的考察点基本上可分为两大类：1)信息点对应，即细节的对应和观点的对应。例1：It rained heavily everywhere in North China. Q: It rained in Beijing. 例2. Many people believe that the IELTS candidates must attend an IELTS training course before sitting the test. Q: The author believes that the IELTS candidates should attend an IELTS training course before sitting the test.2) 简单的推理、总结和归纳能力；基本语言知识和常识。雅思考试从命题角度不像TOEFL和GRE那样将不同的考察点置于专门题型中，而在一种题型中可能出现几个方面的考察点。但有一点考生要记住：由于雅思考试是一种语言能力的测试，它不考察专业知识，不考察阅读文章以外的背景知识(除基本常识以外，如简单的地理知识)。下面我们来看一看T/F/NG的基本定义：True(Yes): 问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点一致。例：1. It rained heavily everywhere in North China. Q: It rained in Beijing.2. By trying to do a better job of teaching, computer scientists may learn quite a lot themselves.Q: Computer scientists are likely to learn a lot from teaching.False(No): 问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点出现矛盾、冲突或排斥。例: You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai.Not Given: 问题中的信息点或观点在原文中未提及，可能正确也可能不正确，界定范围模糊。例：It rained heavily in most areas in North China. Q: It rained in Shanghai. 或It rained in Beijing.F和NG的根本区别在于F肯定与原文发生冲突和排斥，而NG则没有。例：You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai. 文中说去上海可有两种方式供选择，而问题则认为仅有一种。问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点出现矛盾、冲突。又例：You can go to Shanghai by plane. Q: You must fly to Shanghai. 文中说可以乘飞机去上海，但并没有说这是不是唯一的选择，可能是也可能不是。而问题则认为仅有一种。问题中的信息点或观点与文中的信息点或作者的观点没有出现矛盾和冲突。解题方法：根据判断题的命题规律和考察角度，我们可以运用简单推理和语言技能分析考察点来作出判断。可从以下几个主要方面考虑：1界定题中考察点和原文对应部分的范围或概念以及相互关系如果范围或概念一致，并有从属、相容的关系，一般为True。如果范围或概念不一致，并出现冲突则为F。如果范围或概念界定模糊，或范围或概念不一致，但又没有直接冲突则选NG。对NG题原文中没有直接对应句，但可能有干扰句，一般可将干扰句看作参考对应句。例： You can go to Shanghai by train or by plane.Q: You fly to Shanghai.(T) Q: You must fly to Shanghai. (F)Q: You may probably go to Shanghai by bus. (NG)又例：Educational standards in schools have, in general, been gradually improving.Q: Schools have been getting better. (T)Q: The education in schools has not been improving. (F)Q: Educational standards are not as unsatisfactory as they used to be. (NG)Tuition fees in this university usually rise by 3-5 percent annually.Q: The university raises the tuition fee by 3-5 percent every year. (F)Q: The tuition fees in the university rose by 4 percent last year. (NG)More than half of the colleges 6000 students are over 19 years old.Q: There are now 6000 students over the age of 19 in the college. (F)Cooking can only be done in the kitchen in the dormitory.Q: Cooking can not be done anywhere in the dormitory. (F)Q: Cooking cannot be done everywhere in the dormitory. (T)可以看出分清是整体还是局部的关系，是绝对还是相对的概念至关重要。因此一些表示范围、程度和数量的词如：always, all, some, little, only, must, usually, never等经常是题目中的考察点。2对题中考察点和原文对应部分的范围或概念根据上下文进行简单的推理，特别是当涉及到对立的概念时这种推理显得尤为重要。例：在关于交通法规的一篇文章中写到Trucks are not allowed to run on this road. 问题是: Cars are prohibited on this road. 答案应为：F。但不少考生会误选NG，问题在于考生没有做进一步的简单推理，没能看出文中说的卡车禁行是针对其它机动车辆不禁行而言。当文中或题目涉及到对立的概念时，如：多与少、生与死、战争与和平等，尽管作者可能仅提到其中的一个方面，但其另一个方面则是不言而喻的。如果不是对立或对应的两者, 而是多种可能, 应为NG。这种推理是考生做出正确判断的重要方法。这样的考题有时颇有一定难度，考生容易误作NG来理解。又例：In times of peace, the Olympic Games have taken place at four-yearly intervals since its inception in 1896.Q: The Games have taken place every four years since it was revived in 1896. (F)Those who pay regular prices for the trip should share a twin room.Q: A few people paying regular prices for the trip can stay in single rooms. (F)3. 运用语言知识分析问题和原文对应部分是否不同对比分析问题和原文对应部分的时态、语气、语态，句型和用词是解题的重要的一环。这一点经常被很多考生所忽略，使得解题时犹如雾里看花，难以做出正确的判断。例：1. The ancient Egyptians moved clay hives, probably on rafts, down the Nile.Q: The Egyptians keep bees on the banks of the Nile. (NG) (时态不同)2. John and Marys wedding took place yesterday. However, John didnt marry her because she was rich.Q: In fact, because Mary was rich, John didnt marry her. (F) (句子结构不同)3. The torch of modern Olympics symbolizes the continuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals.Q: The modern Olympics are inspired by the same ideals as the ancient ones. (NG) (词义)4Too many circles and patterns are formed each year in too many countries for them to have been hoaxes.Q: All crop circles are hoaxes. (N) (too to 句型)5. If a space probe today sent back evidence that extraterrestrial intelligence existed in the universe, it would cause much more sensation than we can imagine.(T)(虚拟语气)Q: The author believes that it now may be impossible that there is intelligence outside the earth.G类和A类的不同：G类重点考察信息点的细节对应；A类侧重于观点的对应。但有时不论G类或A类会二者兼考。考观点对应时考生要注意作者的观点可能与文中出现的观点不尽相同。目前国内的雅思书对此很少提及。例：练习21. Women have less job security and fewer opportunities for promotion than men. Higher status jobs, even in industries which employ mostly women, also tend to be filled by men.Q: Men are invariably preferred to women when it comes to promotion. (F)22. Women have little opportunities to contribute their good ideas or suggestions around and outside the immediate confines of their particular job. This is because they are not sufficiently woven into the fabric of the organization to permit their insinuation into discussions at the right moment.Q: Since women are rarely fully integrated into an organization, they are unable to contribute useful ideas.(F)综上所述，我们在做判断题时一找二看三判断。找文中对应句，题中考察点(观点和信息点)的对应范围，看语法结构，如时态，语态是否不同，是否需要进一步推理等，最后再做判断。仅供参考的几个小窍门：根据判断题的命题规律及对目前流行的雅思判断题进行分析，不难发现这样的一些规律或倾向。1如果文中对叙述的事情没有进行比较，而题中的描述出现了比较或变化，一般选NG。例：Campuses in Britain are safe places to live, as in general are most British towns. Like anywhere else in the world, there are areas in some cities best avoided after dark.Q: It is safer to live in UK than in other countries.(NG)2. 如果题中的考察点出现了绝对概念如never, all或数量词或词组，FALSE的出现率较高。如果题中的考察点出现了相对概念如some, 或表示某种可能性的词，TRUE的出现率较高。例：More than half of the colleges 6000 students are over 19 years old.Q: There are now 6000 students over the age of 19 in the college. (F)又例： Not all of the young people like pop music. Q: Some youngsters enjoy listening to pop music. (T)3. 如果题中的考察点与文章的部分内容发生冲突，部分文章未提及，应选FALSE。例：He likes to go to the US and Europe. Q: He doesnt like to go to America, but New Zealand. (F)雅思阅读判断题Not Given独家分析是非无判断题Not Given考点分析An Analysis of Not GivenReading Procedures 阅读步骤:Step 1: 在题目中划出定位词。Step 2: 定位词在文章中定位。Step 3: 若定位词在文章中无法定位，则看有无同义转换，若无同义转换，那么确定答案是Not Given。若在文章中可以定位题目中的定位词，那就要看一下几个方面来确定是Not Given：1 题目中有比较结构，在文章中出现此结构，但是比较的对象不同2 题目中用情态动词表示对未来的预测或者展望，而在文章中没有提及3 题目中有的相关修饰词（即考点词）在文章中没有相关的同义词的解释对应4 在文章中出现过题目中的定位词，但是通过结构多样性的比较，两者是没有关系的。Example:题目：The parents of top athletes have often been successful athletes themselves.文章：No one theory can explain improvements in performance, but the most important factor has been genetics. The athletes must choose his parents carefully. .5. 时间对应信息不一致，导致主体信息无法判断Example:题目：There was little improvement in athletic performance before the twentieth century.文章：Since the early years of the twentieth century, when the International Athletic Federation began keeping records, there has been a steady improvement in how fast athletes run, how high they jump and how far they are able to hurl massive objects.除了以上这些方面之外，还有一些内容学要掌握以确定是否是Not Given。. 题目中有比较结构，文章中无比较结构则答案判断为Not Given。例一：原文: And the future? It is anticipated that, in the years to come, leisure spending will account for between a third to a half of all household spending, whilst it is difficult to give exact figures, the leisure industry will certainly experience a long period of sustained growth.题目: In future, people will pay less for the leisure facilities they use than they do today.分析：第一步：确定题目中的定位词和考点词（关键词）。本题中的定位词是leisure。另外，考点词是pay和一个表示比较结构lessthan。第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。Leisure在原文中出现了两次。Pay这个词在原文中出现了词性转换和同义转换，成为了另外一个词：spending。第三步：原文中定位另外一个关键信息：比较结构。但是原文中并没有出现此结构因此确定答案是Not Given。例二：原文: Healthcare providers diagnose insomnia in several ways. One way is to categorize insomnia by how often it occurs. Another way is to identify the insomnia by what is causing the sleep deprivation. The two main types of insomnia have been described as Primary Insomnia and Secondary Insomnia. Primary Insomnia is a chronic condition with little apparent association with stress or a medical problem. The most common form of primary insomnia is psychophysiological insomnia. Secondary insomnia is caused by symptoms that accompany a medical condition such as anxiety, depression or pain.题目: Secondary insomnia is far more common than Primary insomnia.分析：第一步：确定题目中的定位词。定位词是两个专有名词Secondary insomnia和Primary insomnia。而本题的关键词则是far more common than的比较结构。第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。文章中两次出现了以上两个专有名词。第三步：原文中定位另外一个关键信息：比较结构。但是原文中并没有出现此结构因此确定答案是Not Given。. 题目中有表示因果关系的表达方式，而原文中并没有此表述或相似结构，则答案判断为Not Given。例：原文: Working hours are not expected to decrease, partly because the 24-hour society will need to be serviced; and secondly, because more people will be needed to keep the service/leisure industries running. In the coming decades, the pace of change will accelerate generating greater wealth at a faster rate than ever before. Surveys show that this is already happening in many parts of Europe. The south-east of England, for example, is now supposedly the richest area in the EEC. The leisure pound is one of the driving forces behind this surge.题目: The 24-hour society will have a negative effect on peoples attitudes to work. 分析：第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题是明显的数字定位。24-hour society是明显的定位词。而本题中的关键词或考点词是表示结果的一个短语have a negative effect on。另外一个定位词是attitudes to work。第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。24-hour society出现在原文的第一句。但是原文中无法定位任何表示因果关系的词组。而且通过浏览原文也无法搜索到有关peoples attitudes to work的信息。因此，可以判断本题的答案是Not Given。. 题目中有表示趋势的词组，而在原文中无法找到相关的表述，则答案判断为Not Given。原文: The future, we are told, is likely to be different. Detailed surveys of social and economic trends in the European Community show that Europes population is falling and getting older. The birth rate in the Community is now only three-quarters of the level needed to ensure replacement of the existing population. By the year 2020, it is predicted that more than one in four Europeans will be aged 60 or more and barely one in five will be under 20. In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Communitys female workforce grew by almost six million. As a result, 51% of all women aged 14 to 64 are now economically active in the labour market compared with 78% of men.题目: The rise in the female workforce in the European Community is a positive trend.分析： 第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题中的定位词是两个专有名词female workforce和European Community，专有名词在文章中一般来说不会发生同义转化。而题目中的句子的表语a positive trend则是判断的关键。第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。原文中的一句话In a five-year period between 1983 and 1988 the Communitys female workforce grew by almost six million. 同时提到题目中的两个关键词。而且原文中的grew和题目中的rise构成了同义词转化和词性转化。第三步：原文中的关键词a positive trend在原文的定位句中并没有出现，而且通过上下文的信息搜索，也没有相关的任何信息，因此答案为not given。. 题目中表示明确的作者意图，而在文章中无法清晰理解此意图，则答案判断为Not Given。例： 原文: I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem, yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust foxes, presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild foxes in Australia. Yet the same common sense thinking is not applied to cats. It is thought instead that, if everyone would only spay their cats, string bells around their necks and keep them in at night, cats would no longer kill wildlife. But what of the millions of feral cats in our deserts and woodlands? They are the bigger problem, but they are no more controllable than foxes or cane toads.题目: The author believes that all wild foxes should be killed.分析： 第一步：确定题目中的定位词。本题中的定位词是wild foxes。而题目中的关键词（或称为考点词）的词是all和be killed。此外，另外一个核心的考点是The author believes.。第二步; 定位词到原文中定位。原文的第一句提到了上述的定位词和考点词。文章原句是I would suggest that foxes pose a greater problem, yet there is no passionate public campaign to oust foxes, presumably because it is obvious we can never eliminate the millions of wild foxes in Australia. 第三步：比较题目和文章原句的含义：题目的中文意思是：作者认为应该杀死所有的野生狐狸。原文句子的意思是：我的观点是狐狸引起了更加严重的问题，但是公众却没有什么热情去开展活动驱逐狐狸，这大概是因为在澳洲要消灭所有的狐狸显然是不可能的。通过比较我们发现作者的观点在原文中和题目中是没有共同点的。所以本题判断为not given。. 题目句子中的主谓宾结构在原文中无法对应，则答案判断为Not Given。原文: In the last 20 years, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture, chemicals and heavy metals from industry, and even radioactive fall-out from Chernobyl. These are substances that have invaded ecosystems virtually worldwide, but they are especially worrisome in the Arctic.题目: Industry in the Arctic has increased over the last 20 years.分析： 第一步：确定题目中的定位词。定位词分别是时间表达式over the last 20 years，专有名词Arctic和主语Industry。另外，考点词是increased。第二步：定位词到原文中定位。文章原句是: In the last 20 years, scientists have detected an increasing variety of toxic contaminants in the North, including pesticides from agriculture, chemicals and heavy metals from industry, 我们发现在原文中的时间对应词和题目中的相同，而Arctic在原文中也没有变化。而考点词在原文中转化成了increasing。原文的表述是 an increasing variety of toxic contaminants，说明增加的是variety of toxic contaminants，而题目中的主语是Industry。而industry在文章中的表述是.heavy metals from industry。但这并不能判断工业是否增长。所以本题判断为not given。. 题目和原文都有比较，但是比较对象不同，则答案判断为Not Given。原文: Scientists have found that a smoked substance reaches the brain more quickly than one swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected.题目: Snorted substances reach the brain faster than injected substances.分析： 题目和原文都有比较，比较的关键词是reach the brain faster than，原文中有一个同义词转换结构reaches the brain more quickly than。其中faster和more quickly构成了同义词转换的用法。题目中比较的两方面是Snorted substances和injected substances。而原文的比较内容是a smoked substance和swallowed, snorted (such as cocaine powder) or even injected。题目中的比较对象在原文中是并列关系，因此无法进行比较，所以答案判断为not given。. 题目中表示现在状况，而文章中表示将来的可能性，则答案判断为No