专升本语法.doc

一代词1.人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格形式 Whos that? Its me.2.no和 none no=not any(没有),只作定语,修饰可数名词(单,复数)和不可数名词. none 相当于名词,作主语和宾语. None代替不可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式; 代替可数名词做主语时,谓语动词可以是单数,也可以是复数,在非正式文体中更常用复数形式.She has no brother(s). None of them Know(s) English. None of us is/are afraid of difficulties. I need some money, but there is none at hand.3.none 表示 “三个或三个以上都不”. None of my friends smoke. 我的朋友都不抽烟. All my friends do not smoke. 我的朋友并不是个个抽烟4.Both sisters are here.姐妹俩都在这里. Both sisters are not here. 并不是姐妹俩都在这里. Neither of the sisters is here. 姐妹俩都不在这里.5.another,the other和 the others another “另一个,又一个” (泛指,三者以上) the other “两者中的另一个” the others “其余的(几个,一些)” Would you like to have another cup of tea? This article is better than the others.6.each和every 都表示 “每个”.但each强调 “个别”, every强调 “全体”. every只能作定语; each可作主语,宾语,定语和同位语. Each person in turn went to see the doctor. He gave every patient the same medicine. Each of them did his best. He gave them each an apple.7.One one可用来代替前面出现过的可数名词,以免重复. 有复数形式ones. one 还可作 “任何一个人”解,有所有格形式 ones 和反身代词 oneself. I havent a notebook. Can you lend me one? You should see her photos. Shes taken some very good ones. One must do ones duty. One should not praise oneself.8.在同一句中重复说one时,英国人仍说one(ones), 美国人则说he(his). One cannot pass the examination unless one (he) works hard.9.关系代词which的先行词不是一个名词,而是一个句子. She said she had lost her watch, which was not true.10.在形容词最高级,序数词和大部分不定代词(all,much,little,any,anything, anybody, something,somebody,nobody,no one, everything等)以及等词的后面,用关系代词 She is the most careful girl (that) I know. Everything that can be done must be done. The first boy that came to school was Li Ping. I will give you all that I have. He was the only student that didns pass the examination. You may come at any time that is convinient to you.11.当先行词既有人又有物时,要用that. The characters and events that are describe in this play are taken from history.Choose the best answer:1.Sorry,we dont understand you. _of us can speak German. A. A little B. A few C. Little D. Few2.I have a brother and a sister. They are _living in Australia. A. either B. both C. neither D. all3._of them can be trusted, because they are not honest at all. A. Both B. Either C. Neither D. All4.Our factory gave _worker a bonus(奖金) of 800 yuan at the end of the year to praise their hardworking. A. either B. every C. all D. both5.We like travelling. This summer my family are _going to Qingdao for holidays. A. each B. every C. both D. all6.During the exam no one is allowed to ask _questions. A. some B. any C. all D. a few7.The notice said that _ students and their parents should come to school this afternoon. A. each B. every C. all D. both8.Go along North Street, and you can find a tower at _end of the bridge. A. both B. every C. either D. any9.Tove does not know _of them. She only knows a few of them. A. all B. none C. both D. any10.When the teacher asked the two boys, they _ offered a solution to the problem. A. every B. each C. none D. all11.Helen is older than _of the other girls in her class. She is not the oldest. A. some B. any C. no D. either12._the three buses will take you to the Palace Museum. You can take any of them. A. Any B. All C. None D. Neither二形容词和副词1.一般的形容词既可作定语,也可作表语.但是有些形容词只能作定语,不能作表语,如wooden(木制的),daily(每日的)等.另外有些形容词只能作表语,不能作定语,如well(健康的,好),afraid(害怕),alive(活的),alone(单独的),awake(醒着的),等等.2.两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词,通常是关系最密切的要靠近被修饰的名词. a big black cat the round glass table an interesting English play3.在量度表达法中,形容词放在量度名词之后 two meters high nine years old ten feet wide4.地点副词常放句末.如果时间副词和地点副词同时出现,一般是地点副词在前,时间副词在后. He often came here. He came here yesterday.5.副词作定语时,一般放在被修饰词之后. I met your uncle on my way home. The people there were very kind to meChoose the best answer1.His hair turns grey, but he is two years than my father. A. smaller B. less C. elder D. younger2.He is the most famous physicist_. A. live B. alive C. living D. lively3.We still does not understand what will happen, so we have to wait for the _notice. A. further B. farther C. far D. farer 4.Kelly works harder in English than_in her class. She is the best student in English. A. all the students B. anyone else C. any student D. any students5._you work, _you will learn. A. Harder, more B. Hard, much C. The hard, the much D. The harder, the more6.Among the three pictures, this one is the _ beautiful. A. least B. more C. less D. very7.The teacher said to Ted, “I hope you will do your homework _ next time.” A. much more carefully B. much carefully C. a bit carefully D. a bit more carefully8.I am astonished that she spends so much money on books, because I know how_ she earns. A. little B. many C. less D. few9.If you dont practise _, you wont speak _ English. A. much, well B. many, good C. better, more D. more, better10.There will be a dancing party tomorrow afternoon, _ are busy preparing for it. A. There students B. The students there C. There the students D. The there students11.The boys mother took him to the store to buy him a birthday present. Of all the toys, he chose _. A. the less expensive one B. the least expensive one C. most expensive one D. the most expensive12.Tom and Tony are twin brothers. Tony is _ of the two. A. the taller B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest13.This film is _ the one we saw last week. A. less more interesting B. not so interesting as C. less interesting as D. fewer interesting as14.Alice is in her bedroom. It is _. A. to upstairs B. upstairs C. upstair D. to upstair15.Harry is leaving. He has been here since a month _. A. before B. later C. ago D. ahead16.Look! What a _ tower! The birds cant fly that _. A. highly, high B. highly, highly C. high, high D. high, highly17.Hold the book _ please, for I cant see the words in it clearly. A. more closer B. closer C. more closely D. closely18.He is so astonished that he _ knew what to say. A. never B. seldom C. hard D. hardly19.Would you be _ to show me the way to the railway station? A. so good B. good enough C. so good enough D. enough good20.The second blind man said that the elephant is more like a spare than_. A. anyone else B. anything C. nothing D. anything else三助动词和情态动词1.Do 加强陈述句和祈使句的语气 I do work hard. Do be careful.2.Do 用于避免主要动词的重复出现 Do you smoke? Yes, I do. I went to the concert yesterday. So did he.3.Do 构成倒装句 Never did he go there again. Only then did I understand what she meant.4.can和 be able to都可以表示能力,意义上没有区别,但 can 只有现在式和过去(could),而be able to则有更多的形式. No one is able to do it./No one can do it. We shall be able to finish the work next week. I havent been able to find the book.5.在回答带有 “must”的问句时,否定式常用 need not (neednt)或dont have to,表示 “不必”, 而不用must not ,因为must not 表示 “不可以” Must I be home before eight oclock? Yes,you must. No, you neednt./No, you dont have to.6.Must表示推测,只用在肯定句中. “must + 动词原形”表示对现在事情的推测. The Chinese language must have the largest number of speakers. “must + have + 过去分词”表示对过去事情的推测. She must have arrived by now.7.Ought to表示应该做某事(和should差不多,只是语气稍重一些) You ought to follow your fathers advice. He said that you ought to pay more attention to your studies. Ought he to go? Yes, I think he ought (to)8.“ ought to + have + 过去分词”表示过去应该做但还没有做的事情. I ought to have phoned him this morning, but I forgot.四虚拟语气1.非真实条件句(1)表示与现在事实相反 ,if从句用过去式, 主句用 “should/would/could/might +不定式” If I were her age, I would be very active in class. If you tried again, you might succeed.(2)表示与过去事实相反 ,if从句用过去完成式, 主句用 “should/would/could/might +不定式完成式”If we had found him earlier, we might have saved his life.(3)表示未来实现可能性极小, if从句用should/were to, 主句用 “should/would/ could/might +不定式” If I should / were to do the experiment, I would do it some other way.2.条件从句中有were,had,should时,可以省略if,把were,had,should放到句首. Were I asked, I would tell all the facts. Had it not been for your help, I could not have completed.3.在if only 感叹句中(1)if only表示 “但愿”, “要是就好”它的用法和I wish基本相同,只是更富有感情色彩. If only he didnt drive so fast!(I wish he didnt drive so fast. If only she had asked someones advice.(2)与would连用,表示一时很难实现的愿望. If only the rain would stop.(I wish it would stop.)(3)if only感叹句也可理解为非真实条件句中if从句的加强语气. If only you would agree to help me next week, I would not be so nervous. 因此only可移至主要动词前 If I could only go to the concert. 也可用but/just If I could but/just explain!4.在would rather后的that从句中.(1)would rather意为 “宁愿”,that从句动词用过去式表示不是事实 Would you like him to paint the door green? Id rather (that) he painted it blue.5.在Its (about/high)time后的 that从句中.用过去式。 Its (about )time you were in bed. Its (high) time (that) we left.6.在as if / as though从句中(1)表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,用过去式. He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened. She spoke to me as if I were/was deaf.(2)表示过去想象中的动作或情况,用过去完成式 This device operated as if it had been repaired.(3)如果可能成为事实,用陈述语气. He looks as if he is going to be ill.7.在suggest 等动词后及其相应名词之后的that从句中.(1)常用 “(should) +不定式”表示建议,命令,要求,想法等.美国英语不用 should Bill suggested that everyone (should )have a map. It was suggested that everyone have a map. It was Bills suggestion that everyone have a map. His suggestion was that everyone have a map. We were going to discuss his suggestion that everyone have a map.(2)这类动词及其名词常见的有: advise (advice), agree (agreement), decide (decision), demand, determine (determination), indicate (indication), insist (insistence), order, prefer (preference), propose (proposal), request, require (requirement), urge, allow, arrange, ask, beg, ensure, intend, 1.I wish my wife_(be) here to advise me.2.I wish I_ (have) your opportunities when I was young.3.I hope it_ (not be) true.4.I hope they _(be) pleased when they see the photographs.5.If only he_ (not smoke) so much, hed feel much better.6.But I told you what to do. I know you did. If only I _(take) your advice! 五主谓一致 1.两个主语用and连接时,谓语动词用复数. My brother and I have seen the flim. To mean to do something and actually to do something are two different things. 如果两个名词指一个人或物时,用单数. The worker and writer has written a new novel.2.两个主语用with,together with, as well as,except, but 连接,谓语动词与前一个主语一致. A woman with two children is sitting at the gate. The teacher as well as the students was present at the meeting.Two workers as well as the factory director were present at the meeting.John, together with his wife, was at the party.Everybody except Tim speaks sme Chinese.No one but myself knows anything about it.3.两个主语用eitheror或neithernor连接,谓语动词与后一个主语一致. Neither he nor I have done it. Either you or I am going to pick her up.4.如果there be结构中有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词与第一个主语一致 There is a cup, a pen, and some books on the desk. There are two doctors and a nurse in the office. 5.集体名词group, class, family, audience, crew, committee, army, club, company, crowd, couple, government, party, staff, team, public等作主语时,如果视为整体,用单数; 视为个体(个个成员),用复数. My family is large. The family are sitting at the breakfast table. This group is having a meeting. Our group are reading newspapers.6.people, military, police, cattle,crew,medium,bacteria等集体名词作主语时,谓语用复数 In some places rats have been seen, and people have been warned to be careful. The police are looking for the thief. The cattle were grazing at the foot of the hill.7.数词做主语时,用单数,复数都可以. 3+4=7 Three and four is (are) seven. Three plus four equals (equal) seven. Three and four makes (make) seven. 4X5=20 Four times five is twenty.8.表示时间,价格,距离和度量的复数名词作主语,如果被看作一个整体,则表示单数意义,根据概念一致的原则,用单数. Twenty years is a long period in his life. Three thousand dollars is more than I can afford. Two third of the area is under the water.9.名词化形容词作主语,根据概念一致的原则,决定谓语动词用单数还是复数.(1)名词化形容词如果指某一类人(或事物)时,则表示复数意义. The old are well looked after by the government. The dying usually think back of their past. 有时候,在某些特定的情况下,这类词也可以指某个特定的人,表示单数意义. 人们通常把它看作省略了名词man.(2)名词化形容词如果指某种抽象的概念或事物),则表示单数意义. The useful is not always reasonable. The good is always beautiful and the beautiful is not always good.10.某些代词作主语1）each和some, any, no, every构成的代词作主语时，谓语都用单数形式。Two boys entered. Each was carrying a suitcase.Somebody wants to see you, sir.Is there anything I can do for you?There is really nothing to be said.2) both, some, many, few, all(of them)后的谓语多用复数形式。Both of them are English.Many are for going by plane.Few of my friends like Sheila.代表不可数东西的代词跟单数谓语：All is going well.Some of the milk has gone sour.3)有些代词可跟单数谓语，也可跟复数谓语，根据意思来决定。Neither of the books is of any use to me.Neither are suitble for a newspaper.None of my friends has ever been to Paris.None of us are perfect.六句子一、什么是句子 句子是表达思想的基本单位，只有完整的句子才能表达完整的思想。句子由单词组成，但组成时必须遵循一定的规则，这就是语法。 二、句子成分句子主要有下面这些成分：1.主语(Subject)-是一句话的中心整句话都谈它的情况：My siser is a nurse.Her room is on the fifth floor.2.谓语(Predicate)-是主语的主要情况，可表示动作，也可表示状态：She works in a hospital.She knows a little English.3.宾语(Object)-表示动作的承受者，也可表示动作的结果：Everybody likes her.4.表语(Predicative)-和系动词一起构成谓语：She is a kind girl.The report sounds true.5.定语(Attribute)-修饰名词、代词等：Her hospital is not very big.Everyone in the hospital works hard.She is a responsible girl.6.状语(Adverbial)-修饰动词、形容词或副词：She gets up very early.She feels very happy.此外还有同位语，插入语及呼语。 三、句子的种类按说话的目的分为四类：1.陈述句-陈述一个事实或表明一个看法：The bank closes at six.She may be right.I wish you success.2.疑问句-提出问题，请对方回答，形式是助动词、情态动词、疑问词先行。问句可分为四类1）一般疑问句-一般由yes或no回答：Are you from China?Do you know English?Are they in town now? I think so.2）特殊疑问句Where should I sit?How long do you plan to stay here?3）选择疑问句-提出两种可能，问那种情况属实：Are you from the South or from the North?Would you like coffee or tea?4）反意疑问句-由两部分组成，前面是陈述句，后面为简短句，如果前面是肯定句，后面一般是否定句，如果前面是否定句，后面一般是肯定句：You come from Britain, dont you?Yes, I do.Your wife isnt in China now, is she?Yes, she is.(不，她在)3.祈使句-提出命令、请求等，形式是动词原形先行，主语省略：Dont be late again.Take a seat, please.4.感叹句-表示赞美、惊异等情绪，形式是修饰短语，后接主语及be。主语及be可以省略：What a nice day!How silly you are!从结构上说分为三类：1.简单句-句子成分都由单词或短语担任，且只有一个主谓结构,大体可以分为五种类型（见五种基本句型）2.并列句-句子成分都由单词或短语担任，但有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构：It was getting late; she must star back home.We fished all day; we didnt catch a thing.但更多的并列句都包含一个并列连词，把两部分连接起来。（and, or, for, but, so, yet, nor, not only but also, either or, neithernor）Ive got a cold, so Im going to bedYou must hurry or you wont make it for the train. 还有一些副词也起连词的作用，可帮助构成并列句：I think; therefore I am.He cannot speak, neither can he hear.3.复合句-有一个或更多成分由从句担任。复合句包含下列几类从句：1）名词性从句a.主语从句 that引起的主语从句That she is still alive is a consolation.It is strange that it hasnt been noticed before.Its a pity that he didnt finish college.It happened that the harvest was bad that year.It is said that there has been an earthquake in Japan.由连接代词、连接副词或由连词whether引起的主语从句How many people we are to invite is still a question.It is still a question how many people we are to invite.It was clear enough what she meant.Its a puzzle how life began.It didnt matter much where he lived.Is it known where they went?由关系代词型what引起的主语从句What he said id true.What you have to do is to choose a company to invest in.b.表语从句What surprised me was that she knew so much about China.Thats how I look at it.Thats where you are wrong.Thats what I want to stress. c.宾语从句She said that she didnt want to know.I didnt know whether they liked the place.I wonder if its large enough.I want to tell you what I hear.Im afraid thatWe are sure thatd.同位语从句We received a message that he would be absent.2）定语从句This is the book whitchthat was on the desk.Jim introduced me to a girl who sat next to him.These are the reasons why we did it.3）状语从句（时间、条件、目的、结果、原因、让步、方式、地点、比较）七、副词 副词的构成 本身就是副词: often, rather 由形容词副词的类型（略） 加词尾-ly变化而来: rapidly, simply, easily, fully, truly, historically 有些单音节词可以直接用作副词，而不必加-ly: far, fast, late, hard 副词和形容词同形: early, enough以 ly 结尾的形容词 friendly, motherly, fatherly, womanly, manly, heavenly daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly lovely, orderly, timely, deadly, lively, costly 易混淆的(同源)副词 clean “完全地”cleanly “干净利落地” clear“完全地” (= clean)clearly“清楚地”但下列结构两者均可：He spoke loud(ly) and clear(ly). close“近”closely“细心地，严密地，紧密地” direct“直线地，不绕圈子地”directly“直接地” (与“间接地”相对)“立即，马上” hard“努力地”hardly“几乎不” easy只用于某些固定搭配中easily“容易地”high / highly high: 常用在指具体意义的“高”及某些固定结构中,如：aim high 力争上游，hold ones head high 骄傲search high and low 到处搜寻 highly: 通常指抽象意义的“高”，也可用来修饰形容词，表示“很，极”，如：He spoke highly of her.The book is highly interesting.right / rightly right: 能作多种解释，用以修饰副词、介词，或在句中作状语Go right home.Thats the book, righ