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毕业设计（论文）题目

多用途小型钻铣床设计

毕业设计（论文）主要内容和要求：

主要内容：

设计多用途小型钻铣床

要求：

1.  调研相关产品，搜集相关资料。

2.  分析资料，拟定可行的设计方案。

3.  对比方案，确定最终方案。

4.  详细设计，绘制装配图，零件图，并撰写设计说明书。

毕业设计（论文）主要参考资料：

[1]濮良贵，纪名刚主编.机械设计.第4版.北京:高等教育出版社.

[2]郭克希，王建国.机械制图.第7版.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.8.

[3]左健民.液压与气压传动.第4版.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.5.

[4]王伯平主编.互换性与测量技术基础.第2版.北京:机械工业出版社,2008.12.

[5]刘鸿文主编.材料力学.第4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2004.

[6]于永泗，齐民.机械工程材料.大连:大连理工大学出版社,2007.2.

毕业设计（论文）应完成的主要工作：

1.查阅、收集资料，熟悉有关的资料，学习相关的知识。结合毕业设计课题进行外文资料阅读并翻译外文资料。

2.熟悉设计任务，提出初步的设计方案，并征求指导教师的意见。拟定总体方案，绘出系统图，定出相关参数，并绘出总体草图。

3.对草图进行修改，并完成开题报告。整理资料，编写设计说明书。

毕业设计（论文）进度安排：

序号毕业设计（论文）各阶段内容时间安排备注

1确定毕业设计题目，查阅并收集整理相关资料2014.12.15

2确定研究方法，分析处理数据，撰写论文大纲2015.01

3构思论文内容，设计开题报告，完成论文初稿的撰写2015.04.05

4论文修改润色，完成论文终稿，送交指导老师评审，进行答辩2015.04.05-2015.5

摘  要

本次设计的主题主要是通过对通用部件为基础的研究，在配上根据被需要加工的工件的特定的形状和特定的加工工艺，从而来确定的专用的部件等部分组成的专业型组合式机床。

多用途小型钻铣床主要由动力部分，底座部分，进给部分以及工作台部分组成，然后通过对原始数据的分析，对有关数据的计算，以及对设计方案的论证，完成对多用途小型钻铣床的总体设计。

通过目前我们学习到的机械只是和组合钻铣床的技术掌握。在目前科技允许的情况下，能够做到把小型钻床和铣床结合起来，做到工序集中，多工位同时运行加工的多用途小型钻铣床，使之具有设计制造周期短，劳动强度低，操作简单、安全低成本，高效率的优点，能够在大批量生产中得到广泛应用，从而可以组成一条完整的生产线，该机床可以适用于多种环境，可以具有能耗低，成本小，噪声小的特点。

关键词：多用途小型钻铣床； 组合机床； 高效率； 低成本

ABSTRACT

This design mainly studies the common components based on design process, and according to the specific shape and the workpiece in the line of sight, and determine the special professional tools and parts.

Multi purpose small milling is mainly composed of a power part, the base part, part material and the work table, and then through the analysis of the original data, the calculation of the relevant data, and it is proved that the design scheme, completed the overall design of multi-purpose small drilling and milling machine.

Through the grasp of our mechanical and combination of drilling milling technology. In the current technology allows it, can do small drilling and milling machine combined, the process of doing so, multiple operation processing at the same time, a small multi function drilling and milling machine, it has the design and manufacturing cycle is short, low labor intensity, simple operation, safety, low cost, high efficiency, and can be widely used in mass production, and can form a complete production line, the machine can be used in various environments, the advantages of low energy consumption, can have low cost, low noise characteristics.

Key words:Versatile small milling machine; combination machine; high efficiency; low cost.

目  录

1、绪论1

1.1 多用途小型钻铣床的加工产业现状和发展态势1

2、多用途小型钻铣床的组成、特点及设计2

2.1 多用途小型钻铣机床的分类及基本配置型式2

2.2 多用途小型钻铣床的组成以及特点3

2.3 多用途小型钻铣床的总体结构方案设计4

2.4 小型钻铣组合式机床的设计方法4

2.5 小型钻铣床和其他组合式机床的工艺范围及加工精度5

3、动力系统的设计6

3.1主轴箱的设计6

3.1.1主轴箱的主要简介6

3.2主轴箱的设计7

3.2.1电动机选取7

3.2.2转速初定7

3.2.3带轮计算7

4、机械系统设计10

4.1 参数计算10

4.1.1  切削力10

4.1.2  切削功率的计算11

4.2 工作台外形概述以及尺寸和对重量估算13

4.2.1 机床基础作用13

4.2.2机床类型14

4.3机床导轨14

4.3.1  X方向工作台尺寸确定15

4.3.2  Y方向工作台尺寸的确定15

4.3.3  重量估算15

4.4 滚动导轨参数确定16

总  结20

参考文献21

致  谢22

1、绪论

1.1多用途小型钻铣床的加工产业现状和发展态势

顾名思义，多用途小型钻铣床的意思就是把小型钻床和小型铣床结合起来，是组合机床能够把钻孔、铣平面和铣键槽的一些特种加工方法组合起来加工工件，从而获得所要求零件的几何形状、尺寸精度和表面质量。机床的作业主要是用来加工一些机器部件的设备。在一般普通的机械零件的制造中，组合式机床的使用大概占机械加工行业中所有技术加工装备的总台数的60%—80% 。钻铣床是一种同时具备钻床和铣床两种功能的综合型组合式铣床，其设计原理主要是根据钻床的主要特点来设计的，除了可以实现钻孔扩孔、铰孔外，还具有铣床的铣削和镗削等多项作用。它主要是由电动机、底盘、滑套、导向套、工作台（支撑工件）、丝锥固定套、皮带轮、轴承套等结合零件组成。

我国是当今世界上机床产量最多的国家,其中包括山东滕州，辽宁沈阳，中国台湾，浙江杭州等地方，不同的生产产地所生产的机床都是不同的，即便是这样，我国生产的机床在国际市场的竞争中还是处于较低的水平；虽然在国内的市场也面临着严峻的形势，一个方面是国内市场对各类机床产品的使用都有严格的需求，而另外一方面则是国外的机床产品充斥国内市场，使国产的机床滞销积压。在90年代的，国外生产的机床在国内市场的占有率仅达到15%左右，但是到了95年代却已达到了77%，这种现象使我国小型式组合机床的自主发展受到了严重影响。

参考文献

[1]濮良贵，纪名刚主编.机械设计.第4版.北京:高等教育出版社.

[2]郭克希，王建国.机械制图.第7版.北京:机械工业出版社,2006.8.

[3]左健民.液压与气压传动.第4版.北京:机械工业出版社,2007.5.

[4]王伯平主编.互换性与测量技术基础.第2版.北京:机械工业出版社,2008.12.

[5]刘鸿文主编.材料力学.第4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2004.

[6]于永泗，齐民.机械工程材料.大连:大连理工大学出版社,2007.2.

[7] 李云主编.《机械制造及设备指导手册》[M].  北京:机械工业出版社,1997.8

[8] 哈尔滨工业大学编.《机械制造工艺设计手册》[M].哈尔滨工业大学出版社，1981年5月

[9] 上海市金属技术协会编.《金属切削手册》[M].上海科学技术出版社，1994.4年

[10] 东北重型机械学院,洛阳工学院.第一汽车制造厂职工大学编写，《机床夹具设计手册》第

[11] IF TOMM International Micro mechanism Symposium [M]. Tokyo Institute of Thechnology.to-kyo.June 1-3.1993.

[12] Robert J.Schilling.Fundamentals of Robotics-Analysis and Control[M]. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.1990.

[13] B.D.Choat.Jips. Tools and Fixtures Design[M].The Institution of Production Engineers.1972.


内容简介：
附表 2： 长城学院本科毕业设计（论文）中期检查表 系： 工程技术系 专业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 检查日期： 2015年 3月 29日 学生姓名 王硕 论文题目 多用途小型钻铣床设计 任务书 已完成（ ），进行中（ ） 参考文献 13 篇：其中外文文献 3 篇 外文翻译 已完成（ ），进行中（ ）；完成字数约： 7339 字（翻译成的汉字字数） 开题报告 已完成（ ），进行中（ ）；完成字数约： 2040 字 正文 已完成（ ），进行中（ ）；完成比比例： 20 % 已完成的 任务 通过对 相关产品 的调研 ，搜集相关资料 学习相关知识 。 通过资料了解产品的结构，初步拟定方案，并征求老师的指导。 对比方案，确定最终方案 ，确定相关参数，绘出大体构架。 待完成的 任务 整理国内外资料，分析外文资料并进行外文翻译。 产品说明说的详细设计，以及零件图的绘制。 存在的 问题 主轴箱以及进给系统的设计 ;时间紧任务重 采取的 办法 通过考虑机床的承载能力，确定所需的能量参数，进行演算，得出其最大承受力，确定机床的规格，从而进一步确定主轴箱和进给系统的数据参数，从而做到对机床系统的设计 。 指导教师 意见 指导教师签名： 注：按表中的要求填写，选项打钩（ ）； nts中国地质大学长城学院本科毕业设计外文资料翻译系 别： 工程技术系 专 业： 机械设计制造及其自动化 姓 名： 王硕 学 号： 05211611 2015年 4 月 4 日nts1机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译附录一Drilling and Milling MachinesUpright drilling machines or drill presses are available in a variety of sizes and types, and are equipped with a sufficient range of apindle speeds and automatic feeds to fit the neds of most industries. Speed ranges on a typical machine are from 76 to 2025 rpm., with drill feed from 0.002 to 0.020 in.per revolution of the spindle.Radial drilling machines are used to drill workpieces that are too large or cumbersome to conveniently move. The spindle with the speed and feed changing mechanism is mounted on the radial arm; by combining the movement of the radial arm around column and the movement of the spindle assembly along the arm, it is possible to align the spindle and the drill to any position within reach of the machine. For work that is too large to conveniently support on the base, the spindle assembly can be swung out over the floor and the workpiece set on the beside the machine. Plain radial drilling machines provide only for vertical movement of the spindle; universal machines allow the spindle to swivel about an axis normal to the radial arm and the radial arm to rotate about a horizontal axis, thus permitting drilling at any angle.A multispindle drilling machine has one or more heads that drive the spindles through universal joints and telescoping splined shafts. All spindles are usually driven by the same motor and fed simultaneously to drill the desired number of holes. In most machines each spindle is held in an adjustable plate so that it can be moved relative to the others. The area covered by adjacent spindles overlap so that the machine can be set to drill holes at any location within its range.The milling operation involves metal removal with a rotating cutter. It includes removal of metal from the surface of a workspiece, enlarging holes, and form cutting, such as threads and gear teeth.Within an knee and column type of milling machine the column is the main supporting member for the other components, and includes the base containing the drive motor, the spindle, and the cutters. The cutter is mounted on an arbor held in the spindle, and supported on its outer extremity by a bearing in the overarm. The knee is held on the column in dovetail slots, the saddle is fastened to the knee in dovetail slots, and the table is attached to the saddle. Thus, the build-up the knee and column nts2机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译machine provides three motions relative to the cutter. A four motion may be provided by swiveling the table around a vertical axis provided on the saddle.Fixed-bed milling machines are designed to provide more rigidity than the knee and column type. The table is mounted directly on the machine base, which provides the rigidity necessary for absorbing heavy cutting load, and allows only longitudinal motion to the table. Vertical motion is obtained by moving the entire cutting head.Tracer milling is characterized by coordinated or synchronized movements of either the paths of the cutter and tracing elements, or the paths of the workpiece and model. In a typical tracer mill the tracing finger follow the shape of the master pattern, and the cutter heads duplicate the tracer motion.The following are general design considerations for milling:1. Wherever possible, the part should be designed so that a maximum number of surfaces can be milled from one setting.2. Design for the use of multiple cutters to mill several surfaces simultaneously.3. The largest flat surface will be milled first, so that all dimensions are best referred to such surface.4. Square inside corners are not possible, since the cutter rotates.Grinding Machines and Special Metal-removal ProcessRandom point-cutting tools include abrasives in the shape of a wheel, bonded to a belt, a stick, or simply suspended in liquid. The grinding process is of extreme importance in production work for several reasons.1.It is most common method for cutting hardened tool steel or other heat-treated steel. Parts are first machined in the un-heat-treated condition, and then ground to the desired dimensions and surface finish.2.It can provide surface finish to 0.5m without extreme cost.3.The grinding operation can assure accurate dimensions in a relatively short time, since machines are built to provide motions in increments of ten-thousandths of an inch, instead of thousandths as is common in other machines. 4.Extremely small and thin parts can be finished by this method, since light pressure is used and the tendency for the part to deflect away from the cutter is minimized.On a cylindrical grinding machine the grinding wheel rotates between 5500 and 6500 rpm., while the work rotates between 60 and 125 rpm. The depth of cut is 1nts3机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译controlled by moving the wheel head, which includes both the wheel and its drive motor. Coolants are provided to reduce heat distortion and to remove chips and abrasive dust.Material removal from ductile materials can be accomplished by using a tool which is harder than the workpiece. However during Word War the widespread use of materials which were as hard or harder than cutting tools created a demand for new material-removal methods. Since then a number of processes have been developed which, although relatively slow and costly, can effectively remove excess material in a precise and repeatable fashion. There are two types of processes. The first type is based on electrical phenomena and is used primarily for hard materials; the second depends upon chemical dissolution. Chemical milling is controlled etching process using strong alkaline or acid etchants. Aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and steel are the principal metals processed by this method. The area to remain untouched by the etchant are masked with a protective coating. For example, the entire part may be dipped in the masking material and the mask removed from those areas to be etched, or a chemically resistant prescribed time, after which the part is rinsed in cold water, the masking removed, the part inspected, and thoroughly cleaned.There are certain disadvantages to consider. Metal will erode equally in all directions, so that walls of the etched section will have a radius equal to the depth of etch. A second disadvantage is that a better finish is obtained on surfaces parallel to the direction of rolling of a sheet than on surface perpendicular to the direction of rolling. This can be compared to the surface obtained when working wood parallel to, or across the grain. A third disadvantage, not unique with this process, is the warpage that will occur in thin, previously stressed sections etched on just one side.Chemical milling, however, has many advantages over conventional metal-removal methods. There is no warpage of heavy sections such as forgings or extrusions when the etchant is applied simultaneously to all sides for reduction of section thickness. In conventional milling only one side can be worked at a time, and frequent turning of a part is necessary to prevent warpage. Chemical milling can be applied to parts of irregular shape where conventional milling may be very difficult. Light-weight construction can be obtained with chemical milling by the elimination of welding, riveting, and stiffeners; parts can be contoured to distribute the load in the most suitable manner. As an example of the potential savings of this process, as compared to machine milling, one company reports that the cost of removing 1nts4机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译aluminum by chem.-milling is $0.27 per pound as compared to $1.00 per pound by conventional milling. The rate of metal removal for chem.-milling is 0.001in. for aluminum.Electric-discharge machining is a process in which an electrical potential is impressed between the workpiece and the tool, and the current, emanating from a point source on the workpoiece, flows to the tool in the form of a spark. The forces that accomplish the metal removal are within the workpiece proper and, as a result, it is not necessary to construct the unit to withstand the heavy pressures and loads prevalent with conventional machining methods.The frequency of the electrical discharge ranges from 20,00 cps (cycles per second) for rough machining, to 50,000 cps for finishing such items as hardened tools and dies. The current may vary from 50 amp, during rough machining, to as low as 0.5 amp, during finishing. The process is currently applied to the machining of single-point tools, form tools, milling cutters, broaches, and die cavities. It is also applicable to the removal of broken drills, taps, and studs without damaging the workpiece in which the broken tool is imbedded. Other uses are the machining of oil holes in a hardened part, and the machining of small safety-wire holes in the heads of special alloy bolts, such as titanium.The ultrasonic machining process is applied to both conducting and non-conducting material, and relies entirely upon abrasive action for metal removal. The workpiece is submerged in slurry of finely fivided abrasive particles in a vehicle such as water. The tool is coupled to an oscillator and vibrates at frequencies between 15,000 and 30,000 cps. The vibrating tool cavitates the liquid, and the force drives the abrasive into the surface of the workpiece to remove metal chips which are carried away by the liquid. The acceleration given the abrasive grains is as much as 100,000 times the acceleration of gravity, providing a smooth and rapid cutting force.Introduction of MachiningMachining as a shape-producing method is the most universally used and the most important of all manufacturing processes. Machining is a shape-producing process in which a power-driven device causes material to be removed in chip form. Most machining is done with equipment that supports both the work piece and cutting tool although in some cases portable equipment is used with unsupported workpiece. Low setup cost for small quantities. Machining has tow applications in 1nts5机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译manufacturing. For casting, forging, and pressworking, each specific shape to be p5roduced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced, even one part, nearly always has a high tooling cost. The shapes that may be produced by welding depend to a large degree on the shapes of raw material that are available. By making use of generally high cost equipment but without special tooling, it is possible, bu machining, to start with nearly any form of any material, so long as the exterior dimensions are great enough, and produce any desired shape from any material. Therefore, machining is usually the preferred method for producing one or a few parts, even when the design of the part would logically lead to casting, forging or pressworking if a high quantity were to be produced.Close accuracies, good finishes. The second application for machining is based on the high accuracies and surface finishes possible. Many of the parts machined in low quantities would be produced with lower but acceptable tolerances if produced in high quantities by some other process. On the other hand, many pars are given shapes by some high quantity deformation process and machined only on selected surfaces where high accuracies are needed. Internal threads, for example, are seldom produced by any means other than machining and small holes in pressworked parts may be machined following the pressworking operations.1nts6机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译钻床和铣削直式钻床或钻孔式印刷机可用于各种尺寸和种类，它能安装轴速度的足够范围和自动运转以适应大多工业的要求。一个典型机器的速度范围是70至2025rmp，以及钻孔的运转速度是0.002到0.020英尺。旋转钻床用来钻那些太大或太笨重的而不能够移动的工件。通过将转臂绕立柱的转动和主轴组件沿转臂的移动组合，可使主轴钻头对准机床可达范围内的任何位置，由于运转太大而不方便建立在此基础上，主轴能够在垂直的地上方摇摆以及工件能固定在机器旁边的地上。普通的旋臂钻床只提供轴的垂直运动和径向转臂，通过 轴来运转。此 钻头 于任何一个 度。一个多轴通过 能 和可 的 轴来 动的钻床 一个或多个头。通 的轴 是通过 的 动机来 动和 运转， 的是钻 的 。 多钻床的 个轴在一个可的，以便currency1 “的件移动。 的轴重fi的fl 的使机器能够在它的范围的任何地方钻孔。床转动的”和移动 “。它 一个工件的 移动， 的大和型”，和。 机床的 式柱是currency1件的主要fi。 动机的基础，轴工 。工 固定在在主轴的 上能过一个 臂的轴 在它的外的 。 通过 动 立柱和立柱机器，提供一种工 “的 向。 一种 向可能是工 由提供的 围绕 轴旋转而到的。固定的 机床的设计 的是 或立柱提供 大的 度。工 直 固定在机 的 ，它能大提供度的 要。而 对工径度的方向。垂直运动是通过移动个工 能达到。型床的 是 和 件的 运动的 或 ，或是工件或型的运动的 或 典型的 型床的 型 是 型的形式，而 机头fi fi 。下是”的总体的设计 录：1.果可能的话，零件将被设计以便在一个工位上最大的 能被”。2.对选择性的工 的设计 的是 ”几个 。1nts7机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译3.应当首先最大的 ，这样 的尺寸 能 好的参 这个 。4. 工 的转动， 形的各个 落是不可能的。刺耳的机器和特殊的金属移动程序随机” 构子形状的，或粘结到带子或棍子上或直 浮在液体 的研磨材料。 几个原 研磨进程在工件的生产 重要。对”硬化的 钢材料或currency1的热 钢材来讲它是最普通的方法。零件在没 热 条件下第一次机器，然后到 的尺度和 光洁度。它能在没 极限范畴 提供 光洁度达0.5微米。研磨在 对较短的 间内能确保精确的尺度， 机器在currency1它机器的一般精度构造 提供的动态是 英尺增加百fi之一的精度，而不是千fi之一。尤currency1是小而细的零件能用这个方法完，由于轻压力被使用和零件的柔韧性 折射 的”值是最小的。研磨子在圆柱形的研磨机器上在5500和6500rmp之间转动，当工件在60和125rmp之间转动 ，”的深度运动由木头控制，它 子和它的 动动机。冷却液用来低热扭曲和移动”以及研磨材料 的灰尘。韧性的材料的运动通过那些材质硬的 来完，但是在二战期间材料的广泛传播使用，它新材料运动方法的” 的要求 高。 大 的过程被改进，尽管 当慢 费高，它能用精确 受的方式来移动过 的材料，这 两种进程式：第一种类型是建立在电子现象的基础上，它用于基本的原材料 第二种 于化 。化 质的”用于控制那些用 的 性或 性的 进程。 和钢是通过这种方式的主要原料进程。化 ” 于一个零件的传 的光洁， 和 ，这个 用以 不那些 在制 外的 。可以将个零件 材料，然后将 将要被 的 可以使用化 的粘 带 要保的， 之后要 一般定的 间，然后要将零件在冷 currency1，将 ，“零件，fifl的currency1。应到的：第一是在各个方 是 的 ，以至于 的外径和 的深度 第二个是在 于钢的方向上 光洁度要垂直于木的方向上工 的 较 第 个不是过1nts8机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译程的一，而是 生在细的只 一边的压力上的”曲。而化 ”在传 的移动方 多的。这在 多件没 ”曲当 被用来低 度的各个上 的造和 压，传 的”一次只用一来运转，而 零件的转是”曲 要的。化 ”能用于不的件，而那是传 ” 到的。轻的建 可通过 的currency1 和加”而零件可以被定形通过以适当的方式fi 和 在的 过程的子一样，机器床 。一个文件 “化 ”移动 的本，是0.2 英 ，而传 ”是1.00 英 。 以”移动的 是0.001英尺 fi 。电子 机器是一个电压用于工件和 之间的过程，电 工件的 头 ，以 的形式 向 。完移动的力 是工件本 。结果，对一般的传 机械而 ，没 要建设一个 来 制重压和重。由于 器的范围大 2000 p 至5000 p 用来精加工此硬的 和 。电 在加工期间是不化的。 50mp低到精加工期间的0.5mp，这个过程应用机械的 ，形 ，” ， 以及 。它能移动 的钻头，而 和 不 的工件。currency1的使用方法是一个硬件的 ，小安fl电 的机械是由大 合制造的， 。机械程用于体和体，而 完fl 于移动的研磨 ，工件 没在液下fi 的研磨微 。 荡器以及在15000至3000 p 之间的 动， 动的 抽空液体，冲力研磨材料进 工件的 用来移动”。它们能随 液体 动。研磨的密加速度是重力的100000倍，以提供一个光 而快速的”冲力。关于机械加工一种形方式的机械加工是广泛使用的是 机械制造进程 的最重要的fi。机械加工是通过”形式使 动装置引起材料运动产生形状的过程尽管在某些场合，工情况下，使用移动式装备实现加工，但是大多 的机械加工 是通过既 工件 的装备来完。小批 生产低费用，机械加工在制造方 两种用途：对浇 ，造，压力加工，即将生产的 个 体形状，甚至一个零件而 ，几乎是一个高标准的铸型。这些通过 可能产生的形状在 大程度上 可利用的原材料的形状。一般说来，通过利用高价设备而又无 种加工条件下，几乎可以 任何种类原材料 ，借助机械加工把原材料加工任 要求的结构形状，只要外尺寸够大，那 是可能的。 此，机械加工是 用来生产少 零件，甚至在大 生产以及当零件的设计在逻辑上致浇铸 造，压力加工的 候 推荐的方法严密的精度，合适的 糙度，对机械加工的第二个应用是建立在可 性的高精度和高 糙度之上。 多用机械的少 件会产生较小 能够1nts9机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译受的偏差是否能够通过currency1的工艺 程生产大 的件。 一方， 多件通过一些大 的形过程和由机械 要的高精度选择 们的一般形状，：内的 少能通过currency1的方式生产，机械加工和压力加工件的小 可能被机器的压力加工过的。附录二LATHES & MILLINGA shop that is equipped with a milling machine and an engine lathe can machine almost any type of product of suitable size.The basic machines that are designed primarily to do turning，facing and boring are called lathes. Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools，and none can do it with equal facility. Because lathe can do 1nts10机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译boring，facing，drilling，and reaming in addition to turning，their versatility permits several operations to be performed with a single setup of the workpiece. This accounts for the fact that lathes of various types are more widely used in manufacturing than any other machine tool. Lathes in various forms have existed for more than two thousand years. Modern lathes date from about 1797，when Henry Maudsley developed one with a leads crew. It provided controlled ， mechanical feed of the tool. This ingenious Englishman also developed a change gear system that could connect the motions of the spindle and leadscrew and thus enable threads to be cut. Lathe Construction. The essential components of a lathe are depicted in the block diagram of picture. These are the bed，headstock assembly，tailstock assembly，carriage assembly，quick-change gearbox，and the leadscrew and feed rod. The bed is the back bone of a lathe. It usually is made of well-normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides a heavy，rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted. Two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways，inner and outer，are contained on the bed，usually on the upper side. Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways，whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets. Because several other components are mounted and/or move on the ways they must be made with precision to assure accuracy of alignment. Similarly，proper precaution should betaken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways are not damaged. Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the entire lathe is destroyed. The ways on most modern lathes are surface hardened to offer greater resistance to wear and abrasion. The headstock is mounted in a fixed position on the inner ways at one end of the lathe bed. It provides a powered means of rotating the work at various speeds. It consists，essentially，of a hollow spindle，mounted in accurate bearings，and a set of transmission gearssimilar to a truck transmissionthrough which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds. Most lathes provide from eight to 1nts11机械设计制造及自动化专业毕业设计（论文）外文翻译eighteen speeds，usually in a geometric ratio，and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers. An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives. Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle，it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings，usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types. A long- itudinal hole extends through the spindle so that long bar stoc
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