初中英语写作.doc

初中英语写作训练方法针对初中学生英语学习刚起步的特点，本着由浅入深、由易到难、循序渐进的原则，写作的初步训练分为以下三个步骤：1、仿写仿写即仿照有关内容写一篇类似的短文。如JEFC第二册练习册第三页练习3是一篇短文，学生读了后，就可仿写一篇题为My Favourite Month的短文。学生有文可依，又是写自己所熟悉的内容，自然兴趣很高，也容易写好。下面两篇习作可说明这一点。【例1】Octobera:My favourite month is October.It is in autumn.The weather is cool. It is harvest time and we can have a lot of fruits. And Chinese Mid-Autumn Day is often in this month.On that day, I can eat many different kinds of mooncakes.【例2】July: I like July best, because it is the hottest month.I can do a lot of sports. I can go swimming and I can also go boating.二、改写改写的方法很多，可以是将对话改写成短文，也可以是缩写课文等。如JEFC学生课本第二册第67课是一篇知识性较强的文章，通过缩写，学生既加深了对课文的理解，又提高了写作技能，下面就是学生的一篇习作。The weather in China is like Americas. It is hot in summer and cold in winter. But it is not so hot and cold in any seasons in England, and it is often rainy. Australias seaaons are the opposite.三、扩写扩写即用同一题材通过数次扩展、补充从而完成短文的写作练习。这种训练都是在第一次写作的基础上，增加内容，扩充词数。因为是学生初次运用自己的语言写人写事，第一次只要求学生能写30个词左右，以保证写作的正确性。第二次的写作练习是在第一次习作的基础上进行的，词数可由30个扩充到50个左右，第三次可扩至70个左右。第四次最后成文，最终达到扩写训练的目的。下面试举一例。My Family第一次习作：There are four people in my family. They are my grandma, my father, my mother and I.I am a middle school student. I study at No.3 Middle School. I am in Class 2, Grade2.第二次扩写：（第1段同上）My grandma is seventy. My father is a doctor. My mother is a teacher. I am a middle school student. I study at No.3 Middle School. I am in Class 2, Grade2.第三次扩写：（第1 段同上）My grandma is seventy. She is very kind. My father is a doctor . He works in the Peoples Hospital. My mother is a teacher. She is a teacher of English. I am a middle school student. I study at No.3Middle School. I am in Class 2,Grade 2.第四次扩写：（第1段同上）My grandma is seventy. She is very kind. My father is a doctor. He works in the Peoples Hospital. He loves his work and he is a good doctor. My mother is a teacher. She is a teacher of English .Her English is quite good. She often teaches me English. I am a middle school student. I study at No.3 Middle school. I am in Class 2,Grade 2.My family is a happy one. I like it very much.这样短文扩写的练习在选择题材时如能有意识地联系课文教学，并注意贴近生活实际，学生就有内容可写；一篇短文分次扩写，每次的写作量也不大因此可望获得较高的正确率。由于上述两个因素，学生的写作兴趣就容易得到培养，经常性的训练也不难坚持。一周练习扩写两次，两周完成一篇短文的写作即可。附页一：英语写作常见错误分析一、 不一致（Disagreements）所谓不一致不光指主谓不一致，它还包括了数的不一致时态不一致及代词不一致等例： When one have money, he can do what he want to .剖析：one是单数第三人称，因而本句的have应改为has ;同理，want应改为wants.本句是典型的主谓不一致改为：Once one has money, he can do what he wants (to do)例2：People who wants to be successful should be more hardworking thanothers.改为：People who want to be successful should be more hardworking than others.二、 修饰语错位（Misplaced Modifiers）英语与汉语不同，同一个修饰语置于句子不同的位置，句子的含义可能引起变化对于这一点中国学生往往没有引起足够的重视，因而造成了不必要的误解例： I believe I can do it well and I will better know the world outside thecampus.剖析：better位置不当，应置于句末例2：We both are students who behave well and work hark.改为：We are both students who behave well and work hark.三、 句子不完整（Sentence Fragments）在口语中，交际双方可借助手势语气上下文等，不完整的句子完全可以被理解可是书面语就不同了，句子结构不完整会令意思表达不清，这种情况常常发生在主句写完以后，笔者又想加些补充说明时发生。例： There are many ways to know the society. For example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.剖析：本句后半部分“for example by TV, radio, newspaper and so on.”不是一个完整的句子，仅为一些不连贯的词语，不能独立成句。改为：There are many ways to know society, for example, by TV, radio, and newspaper.例2：We busy with our study all the time.改为：We are busy with our study all the time.四、 悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）所谓悬垂修饰语是指句首的短语与后面句子的逻辑关系混乱不清。例如：At the age of ten, my grandfather died. 这句中“at the age of ten”只点出十岁时，但没有说明“ 谁”十岁时按一般推理不可能是my grandfather, 如果我们把这个悬垂修饰语改明确一点，全句就不那么费解了。改为：When I was ten, my grandfather died.例： To do well in college, good grades are essential.剖析：句中不定式短语 “to do well in college” 的逻辑主语不清楚改为：To do well in college, a student needs good grades.五、词性误用 (Misuse of Parts of Speech)“词性误用”常表现为：介词当动词用；形容词当副词用；名词当动词用等。例： None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容词，误作动词。改为：None can deny the importance of money.例2：She hurried home in order to finish her homework as possibly as she can.改为：She hurried home in order to finish her homework as soon as possible.六、 指代不清(Ambiguous Reference of Pronouns)指代不清主要讲的是代词与被指代的人或物关系不清，或者先后所用的代词不一致。试看下面这一句：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.(玛丽和我姐姐很要好，因为她要她做她的伴娘。)读完上面这一句话，读者无法明确地判断两位姑娘中谁将结婚，谁将当伴娘。如果我们把易于引起误解的代词的所指对象加以明确，意思就一目了然了。这个句子可改为：Mary was friendly to my sister because she wanted my sister to be her bridesmaid.例1： And we can also know the society by serving it yourself.剖析：句中人称代词we 和反身代词yourself指代不一致。改为：We can also know society by serving it ourselves.例2：School cant teach us everything.改为：One cant learn everything at school.Teachers cant teach us everything at school.There are many other things we can learn outside school.七、不间断句子(Run-on Sentences)什么叫run-on sentence? 请看下面的例句。例： There are many ways we get to know the outside world.剖析：这个句子包含了两层完整的意思：“There are many ways.” 以及“We get to knowthe outside world.”。简单地把它们连在一起就不妥当了。改为：There are many ways for us to learn about the outside world. 或：There are many ways through which we can become acquainted with the outside world.例2：There are many people violate traffic regulations in shanghai.改为：There are many people violating traffic regulations in shanghai.八、措词毛病(Troubles in Diction)Diction 是指在特定的句子中如何适当地选用词语的问题，囿于教学时间紧迫，教师平时在这方面花的时间往往极其有限，影响了学生在写作中没有养成良好的推敲，斟酌的习惯。他们往往随心所欲，拿来就用。所以作文中用词不当的错误比比皆是。例：The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(农业方面化学物质使用的不断增加也造成了污染。)剖析：显然，考生把obstacles“障碍”，“障碍物”误作substance“物质”了。另外“the increasing use (不断增加的使用)” 应改为“abusive use (滥用)”。改为：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.例2：Im a famous people.改为：Im a famous person.九、累赘(Redundancy)言以简洁为贵。写句子没有一个多余的词；写段落没有一个无必要的句子。能用单词的不用词组；能用词组的不用从句或句子。例：In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.本句的“the fact that he is lazy”系同谓语从句，我们按照上述“能用词组的不用从句”可以改为：In spite of his laziness, I like him.例2：For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.剖析：整个句子可以大大简化。改为：Diligent, caring people use money only to buy what they need.十、不连贯(Incoherence)不连贯是指一个句子前言不对后语，或是结构上不畅通。这也是考生常犯的毛病。例：The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.剖析：The fresh water 与逗号后的it 不连贯。It 与things 在数方面不一致。改为：Fresh water is the most important thing in the world.例2: I think going to school by bus is the best way to go to school.改为: I think its the best way to go to school by bus.例3: We must love ourselves home because the earth is our only home.改为: We must protect the earth, for its our only home.十一、 综合性语言错误 (Comprehensive Misusage)所谓“综合性语言错误”，是指除了上述十种错误以外，还有诸如时态、语态、标点符号、大小写等方面的错误。例：Although she is young she works hard and clever.改为: Although she is young ,she is clever and works hard.例2：Last week, we went sightseeing to a small town, I felt very unforgetful.改为: Last week, we went sightseeing to a small town, I felt it very unforgettable.例3：As we all know, we can do exercises regularly or have a health diet if we want to keep fit.改为: As we all know, we can do exercise regularly and have a healthy diet if we want to keep fit.例4：The police catched the criminal finally.改为: The police caught the criminal finally.例5：I dont like the feeling of be stared.改为: I dont like the feeling of being stared at.附页二 英语范文例1 Writing an e-mail根据中文大意，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于50词的短文。所给英文提示词语供选用。假设你叫王明，昨天收到了笔友David的E-mail，得知他要到北京来学习中文。他想了解如何学好中文。请你用英文给他回复一封E-mail，介绍学习中文的体会和方法，提出你的建议，以及表达你帮助他学好中文的愿望。（信的开头和结尾已给出，其字数不计入所完成的短文内。）提示词语：Chinese, be, useful, many foreigners, learn, now, difficult, different from,it is important, listen, talk, read, writeDear David,Im glad youll come to Beijing to learn Chinese. Chinese is very useful, and many foreigners are learning it now. Its difficult for you because its quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as possible. Its alsoimportant to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practice your listening. Do your best to talk with people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. Im sure youll learn Chinese well.Hope to see you soon in Beijing.Yours,Wang Ming例2 Leaving a message假定你们学校要举行为期三天的运动会。你是学生会主席，由你具体筹划这次运动会，包括时间、地点、运动项目（不少于5项）等。请你将筹划的情况告诉你班的英国同学Jack。Jack擅长跑步，你邀请他参加男子400米接力赛项目，并告诉他该项目比赛的具体时间及注意事项。（词数：60词）Hi, Jack, were going to have our school sports meeting on the playground next week .It will last three days from Thursday to Saturday. We have many competitions in running, such as 100-metre race, 200-metre race, 400-metre race and the relay race. We also have the long jump, the high jump and so on. I know youre good at running. Would you please take part in the boys 400-metre relay race which starts at 10:30 am on Friday? Please be on time, wear your sports shoes and take a bottle of water.Good luck to you!例3 An announcement星期五上午8:30全市初三年级将进行英语测试，你班的英语教师(Smith)临时有事，请你替她在班上作一些事项交代。要点如下：1这次英语测试非常重要；2作好考试的各项准备，不要睡得太晚，千万不要迟到;3做题时一定要看清题目(的要求)，书写要清楚；4老师希望大家考出好成绩。5要求：不要逐句翻译；字数60；你要讲的首句话已给出.Fellow students,May I have your attention，please?Mr. Smith cant be here because he has some other thing to do. He asked me to tell you something about tomorrows English exam. The English exam starts at 8:30 tomorrow morning. Its an important exam so dont be late for it. We must get everything ready for the exam and have a good rest. We have to read the questions carefully before we answer them. And we have to write the answers clearly.Mr. Smith wish us good results (high marks).Thank you.例4 Picture writing根据图画内容和提示词词语完成一篇短文。注意： 1. 词数60词左右。2. 用所给提示词语把图中所示内容表达完整。图3“？”部分可根据其他图画内容合理想像并进行表述。3. 短文第一句已给出，不计入总词数。提示词语：pumpkin, decide, heavy, tired, Mr. Panda, homeOne possible versionOne day, Miss. Rabbit went out to look for food. She found a big pumpkin. She was very happy and decided to carry it home. It was too heavy for her to carry and soon she got tired. Just then, Mr. Panda came over on his bike.1) Ms. Rabbit saw the wheels of the bike and came up with a good idea. She turned the pumpkin over and rolled it as a wheel worked. It was much easier and soon she arrived home. How clever she was!2) Mr. Panda stopped and asked her what had happened. Miss. Rabbit told him about her trouble and asked him for help. Mr. Panda helped her put the big pumpkin on the back of his bike. They soon arrived home. Miss. Rabbit thanked Mr. Panda again and again.例5 Picture writing根据图示，用英语写一篇题为“Changes in Peoples Life”的短文，介绍过去和现在人们生活的变化。要求：1. 词数在80个左右。2. 把图中所示内容表达完整，条理清晰，意思连贯。3. 开头部分已经给出，不计入总词数。参考词汇：apartment公寓One possible versionChanges in Peoples LifeGreat changes have taken place in peoples life in the past 20 years