英语修辞方法28(上课用).doc

Rhetorical Devices in English 1. 明喻simile 英语的明喻是英语中最常用、最简便的修辞格之一，在文学作品中尤其如此。它根据人们的联想，利用不同事物之间的相似点，借助比喻词(如like，as等)起连接作用，清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物。 Rhetoric In Practice (英文实用修辞学)一书这样来解释明喻： “A simile is an expressed 1ikeness.The simplest and most direct way of connoting an idea with something else is by means of using similesSimile is the neuter singular of the Latin adjectivesimilis,meaning like.” 1. 关于英语Simile，有两点须加以说明： 一、Simile(明喻)通常由三部分构成，即本体(tenor或subject)、 喻体(vehicle或reference)和比喻词(comparative word或indicator of resemblance)。可图示如下：Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, (tenor) (comparative word) (vehicle)and those within want to get out. ( P. M. Quitard) 二、本体与喻体一般为两个不同事物(如属同类也应具不同性质或特征)，比喻方可成立。例如： Peter is as tall as his father. Peter is as tall as a Maypole. 稍加分析可以看出，例不算明喻，只是一个比较句，因为Peter及其father同属人类；而例才是比喻句，因为Peter与Maypole分属人与物。2. 引导明喻的比喻词(comparative words)( 1 ) 介词as，like，of等。 ( 2 ) 连词as (犹如)，what (犹如)，as if, as though, than, and, the way 等。( 3 ) 动词seem，resemble (名词resemblance)，treathonourregardconsiderrespect as，compare to，liken to，pass(胜过)，remind of，be similar to，等。( 4 ) 词组maymight as well（as）(做就好像做)，no morelessthannot any morethan(如同一样) ，so speakas it were (可以说，可以比喻地说)。2. 暗喻、隐喻metaphor 关于隐喻，Websters New World Dictionary说 “a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another” 。这个解释十分简明，意思是说，隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格，它的通常和基本的用法是，表述某一事物的词或者词组被用来比喻另外的一种事物。由于它的比喻是隐藏着的，那么它的主体与喻体的关系就显得十分的紧密。隐喻(metaphor)是相对于明喻(simile)而言的，运用隐喻这一修辞方法的人，一般在句中不明确告诉读者A像B或B像A，而是简捷地说A是B或B就是A。隐喻的表达形式 ( 1 ) 名词型 ( noun metaphors ) All the worlds a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( William Shakespeare ) 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。( 2 ) 动词型 ( verb metaphors ) The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去。( 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手! ( 4 ) 副词型 ( adverbial metaphors )He flatly refused us.他坚决拒绝我们。( 5 )谚语型 (proverbs serving as metaphors ) Look before you leap. 三思而后行。3. 提喻synecdoche指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分，以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊。例如： He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生。 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力。 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队。 4. 拟人personification拟人辞格顾名思义就是把物拟成人。Websters New World Dictionary定义personification为: “a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. 在修辞学上，拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写，并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。在拟人法中，把那些只适用于描写人的动词、形容词、名词、人称代词等用来描写非人的东西，使之具有人的属性表达方式: 1）把自然现象或物拟人化 2）把机器与用具拟人化3）把动物、植物拟人化4)把抽象的事物或概念拟人化 5. 夸张hyperbole1. 定义 Hyperbole: A figure of speech consisting in exaggerated or extravagant statement, used to express a strong feeling or produce a strong impression, and not intended to be understood literally (OED); extravagant exaggeration that represents something as much greater or less, better or worse, or more intense than it really is or that depicts impossible as actual (as “mile-high ice-cream cones”) (WED). 英语Hyperbole (夸张)一词源于希腊语的huperbole，原意为excess (超过)。这是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实(overstatement)的修辞手法，其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写，以此来取得强烈的修辞效果。试比较以下例句： (1) He ran down the avenue, making a loud noise. (2) He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop. 显而易见，例(1)为一般性描写，而例(2)则属夸张性描写，远比例(1)生动形象，使人有如临其境，如闻其声之感。表达方式 英语Hyperbole按构成方式大体可分为五类，现分别举例说明。 ( 1 ) 用数词表示 We must fight for every inch of land. 我们必须寸土必争。 ( 2 ) 用动词、名词、形容词或副词表示 动词 Tanks thunders down the road. 坦克轰隆轰隆地沿着路开过来。名词 Life is happiness, each minute might have been an age of happiness. 形容词 It is a cruel hard job. 这是一件十分艰苦的工作。（3）用形容词比较级和最高级表示形容词比较级Ive never had a better or a more comfortable dinner.我从来没有吃过比这更好更舒坦的美餐。*这个句子虽然用了比较级，实际上含有最高级的意义，突出强调这顿美餐使他享受无比。（4）用虚拟语气表示 l am so hungry I could eat a horse. 饥饿使我胃大无比。 6. 叠言 rhetorical repetition这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中，将相同的结构，相同意义词组成句子重叠使用，以增强语气和力量。 、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious manmade destiny. 它必须用我们这些对于未来，对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造。 7. 借代、换喻metonymy1. 定义 关于英语的metonymy, Websters New International Dictionary是这样解释的： “A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.”这一段话大意是说，metonymy是这样的一个辞格，即用一事物的名称来代替另一事物，当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。韦氏大辞典这样的解释，与metonymy的希腊语原义 “a change of name”在主要意义上是一致的。2. 特点 借代(metonymy)具有这样几个特点： 1) 甲事物与乙事物不相类似。 2) 甲事物与乙事物有不可分离的关系。 3) 以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物。3. 借代类型( 1 ) 以事物的特征代替事物、人本身。The blue eyes walked into the office. 蓝眼睛走进了办公室。 ( 2 ) 以工具代替动作或行为者He was raised to the bench. 他被任命为法官。这里，bench指代法官。 ( 3 ) 以特征代人或物 There is much of the schoolboy in him. 他身上还有许多小学生的气质。( 4 ) 以事物活动的场所代替事物或活动者 Downing Street (唐宁街) the British government or cabinet The White House (白宫) the President or Executive branch of the US government( 5 ) 以某物的产地代替该物Im fond of china. 我喜欢瓷器。 瓷器原产于中国，所以用了china产地指产品。 ( 6 ) 以作者或生产者代替作品或产品 We drove a Ford to Hyde Park. 我们驾驶一辆福特到海德公园去。( 7 ) 以容器代替其中内容He is fond of the bottle. 他喜欢喝酒。 ( 8 ) 以人体器官代替其功能She has the eye for the fair and the beautiful. 她有审美眼光。 ( 9 ) 以具体事物代替抽象事物He lives by the pen. (=writing). 他以写作为生。 ( 10) 以抽象事物代替具体事物He has done me kindnesses. 他为我做了很多好事。 ( 11 ) 以“颜色词+名词”构成的名词来替代意义上与之有关的名词He is the black sheep in the family. 他是他家的害群之马。8. 双关pun双关就是用一个词在句子中的双重含义,借题发挥.作出多种解释,旁敲侧击,从而达到意想不到的幽默.滑稽效果.它主要以相似的词形.词意和谐音的方式出现.例如:She is too low for a high praise, too brown for a fair praise and too little for a great praise.9. 拟声onomatopoeia1. 定义Onomatopoeia: the formation of words in imitation of natural sounds; the name of a thing or action by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it. ( WED ) Onomatopoeia是指模仿人、动物或事物的声响，或模仿与某动作或某运动有关的声响，借以达到语言生动形象、渲染气氛、感动读者的修辞格。凡是模仿事物或动作的声音而构成的词称为拟声词(imitative words)。拟声词可以作名词、副词、动词、形容词用。大多数拟声词不仅指声音，而且指产生声音的动作。拟声词可以使语言生动、形象，情景逼真，从而使读者产生如闻其声、如临其境的感觉。2表达方式1）模仿人的声音 2）模仿动物的声音 3）模仿金属器械等发出的声音的拟声词4）模拟自然界的各种声音5）声音象征词(Sound symbolism) 这类词也被语言学家看成是一种拟声词。如：字母S象征着风的嘘嘘声、水的沙沙声、蛇的嘶嘶声。 10. 反语irony反语指用相反意义的词来表达意思的作文方式.如在指责过失.错误时,用赞同过失的说法,而在表扬时,则近乎责难的说法.例如:1.It would be a fine thing indeed not knowing what time it was in the morning.2Of course, you only carry large notes, no small change on you. the waiter said to the beggar.11. 委婉语euphemism1. 定义Euphemism: A figure of rhetoric by which an unpleasant or offensive thing is described or referred to by a milder term (CD); A polite, tactful, or less explicit term used to avoid the direct naming of an unpleasant, painful, or frightening reality (WED); A word or phrase used to avoid saying another word or phrase that is more forceful and honest but also more unpleasant or offensive (CIDE). 英语Euphemism (委婉)一词源于希腊语euphemismos，意即good speech (吉利话或好的说法)。2表达方式1）有关疾病、残疾、衰老、死亡的委婉语疾病soft in the head头软了( 实指疯mad )残疾在学校里，把disabled students (残废学生)婉称为special students (特殊学生)衰老 getting on years年岁增长死亡pass away走了，离开了2）有关人体、排泄、性爱、生育的委婉语 人体 homely不好看 排泄 大便(defecate)和小便(urinate)可用以下委婉语取而代之： go to stool去大便; pass water小便 月经menstruation My friend has come。我的朋友来了。 放屁fart make a noise性爱go to bed with (与之共寝)生育 把She is pregnant或she is with child (她怀孕了)婉称为: She has cancelled all her social engagement. 3）有关社会职业、社会问题的委婉语社会职业 tree-trimmer花木匠tree surgeon花木外科医师社会问题murder谋杀take care of 处理 / dispose of处置 / remove除掉 / rub out抹掉 / put away除掉 / touch off去掉4）有关政治、经济、军事、外交的委婉语 政治也是委婉语盛行的领域，外交辞令、战争评述、罢工消息等等都广泛地用委婉语来淡化、掩盖、粉饰真相以达到某种政治目的，这是我们特别要注意的。为了掩盖事实真相，欺骗社会舆论，把economic crisis (经济危机)说成recession (经济衰退)或depression(经济不景气)12. 头韵alliteration在文句中有两个以上连结在一起的词或词组，其开头的音节有同样的字母或声音，以增强语言的节奏感。 How and why he had come to Princeton, New Jersey is a story of struggle, success, and sadness. 他如何和为什么来到新泽西州的普林斯顿是一个充满奋斗、成功和令人伤心的一段经历。13. 层递、渐进climax1. 定义 Climax：A figure of speech in which a number of phrases or sentences are arranged in ascending order with rhetorical forcefulness. (WED) 英语Climax一词源于希腊语klimax，意即ladder (阶梯)，由此可见该修辞手法的基本特点。它指的是用三个或三个以上平列的词、短语或句子来表示程度由浅到深、语气由轻到重、时间由先到后、范围由小到大的修辞方法叫做层递。2. 表达形式按语意的轻重顺序排列 His acquaintances, his friends and even his family turned against him, the traitor.他的熟人、他的朋友，他家里的亲人都反对他这个叛徒。To acquire wealth is difficult, to preserve it more difficult, but to spend it wisely most difficult.( E.P. Day )积财难，守财更难，而明智地花钱最难。14. 突降anti-climax 与climax相反的一种修辞法,将一系列词语由大到小,由强到弱地排列.例如:1.On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots.2.The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes. 15. 低调陈述understatement1. 定义Understatement: It is a restrained statement in ironic contrast to what might be said, a studied avoidance of explicit emphasis or exaggeration (WED); A statement which fails below the truth or fact (OED). Understatement (低调陈述)是恰与Hyperbole (夸张)相对的一种修辞格。其基本用法是，在陈述事物时有意采取低调，抑制措辞，轻描淡写，借含蓄与弱化的语言形式表示强调。因为英国男人喜欢把话说得委婉一些，温和一些，故把Understatement称为男性语言(male speech)，而把Hyperbole称为女性语言 (female speech) 。Understatement的表达形式有Litotes和Meiosis两类。 2表达方式 （1）Litotes（间接肯定法）或（曲言法） Litotes: A figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negation of its opposite (AHD); Understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of the contrary. (WED) Litotes就是以反说代替正说，即采用否定事物的反面这样一种结构，构成间接肯定。更明确地说，就是在某些词前加一个否定词来达到强烈的间接肯定。间接肯定给人的印象往往比直接肯定更深刻一些，因此，它能广泛地用于文学作品和政论文中。 Who can not rely on such an honest man? 谁能不信任这样一个正直的人?（2）Meiosis (克制陈述) 或（弱陈法） Meiosis: A figure of speech by which the impression is intentionally conveyed that a thing is less in size, importance, etc than it really is (OED).前面阐述过，Litotes是采用否定反面意思的间接肯定结构，而Meiosis是用直接肯定的结构来故意缩小事态，即弱说代替强说。换句话说，Litotes是使用否定词，而Meiosis是使用rather，quite，almost，a bit，a 1ittle，some (thing), sort / kind of，scarcely，hardly, pretty，almost等低调词(downtoners)来代替程度副词very (much)，以缩小事物的重要性, 从而表示评估的审慎、强度的削弱。Mr. Li is something of a philosopher. 李先生略有哲学家的风味。 *此例句没有上下文，推测起来大约李先生本不是哲学家，但言谈中或许常带有一些具哲学深度的话；若直说李先生是哲学家，似乎太过，有奉承之嫌，用something of 则恰到好处。或者李先生本是哲学家，则此句就有讽刺意味了。16. 对照、对偶antithesis1. 定义 Antithesis is a figure of speech which represents a contrast or opposition of things, actions, qualities, conditions, effects, etc. Antithesis usually consists of a pair of opposite things which are expressed in two phrases or sentences. The opposite things are usually written in parallel structure. 对照(或反对)是把意义相反的词、短语、句子放在对称的位置上，以表示事物、行为、品德、条件、效果等相对立或对比的修辞格，以平行结构进行表达，从而突出两个事物的鲜明对比。它相当于汉语对偶中的反对。但两者也有不同之处：汉语中的反对是由两个字数相等、结构相似的句子或句子成分构成；而英语中的Antithesis既可由两个对称的句子或句子成分构成，也可由三个或三个以上的并列句子或句子成分构成，其中可能由几个并列的句子表达相似或相关的意思，而只有一个句子与其他各句形成对照。Antithesis也不同于Parallelism。Parallelism是表达相似或相关的意思，旨在加强语势；而Antithesis是表示相反的意思，旨在突出对比。 例如： Money is a good servant but a bad master. ( Holy Bible ) Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards. ( William Osler ) 只有向后看才能理解生活，但要生活好必须向前看。2表达方式 （1）同一事物两面对照 United we stand; divided we fall. 团结则存，分裂则亡。 （2）两物相对照 The Christian believes that man came from above. The evolutionist believes that he must have come from below. 基督教徒认为人类来自于天上。而进化论者则认为人类必定来自于地下。17. 排比、平行parallelism1.定义Parallelism: The similarity of construction of adjacent word groups equivalent, complementary or antithetic in sense esp, for rhetorical effect or rhythm (WED); A balanced construction of a verse or sentence, where one part repeats the form or meaning of the other (CD). 英语中Parallelism是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。英语Parallelism(平行)源于希腊语的paralllismos，意即along side one another(并排)。 英语Parallelism的构成可体现于各个语言层次，如单词、短语、从句、句子等，其中以三项式平行结构最为普遍。2主要格式(1)单词平行 Her fianc is tall, bland and handsome. 她的未婚夫高大、和蔼、英俊。(2) 短语平行We can gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.我们求知门路很多：阅读、回忆、观察或实践。(3) 从句平行They vanish from a world where they were of no consequences; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they left no sign that they had existed ( NoelGrove: Mark TwainMirror of America )他们在这样一个世界消失了：在那里他们微不足道，他们一无所就，他们在那儿是个过错、失败、犯傻，在那儿他们没有留下什么痕迹。 (4) 句子平行 We shall fight him by land, we shall fight him by sea, we shall fight him in the air. ( W. S. Churchill ) 我们要在陆地上打击他，我们要在海上抗击他，我们要在空中袭击他。*Parallelism常与Repetition合二为一，交织运用，以增强修辞效果。以该句为例，We shall fight him 属于反复，而by land, by sea ,和in the air又互为平行结构。18. 通感synesthesia是指在某个感官所产生的感觉，转到另一个感官的心理感受。 Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested. 有些书是应当尝尝滋味的，有些书是应当吞下去的，有少数书是应当咀嚼和消化的。 书是“尝”不出味道的，也是不能“吃”下去将其“消化”掉的。这里把读书中的精读和泛读，阅读欣赏与吸收知识的感受，用味觉功能和消化功能来表示，心理感受是如此逼真和奇特。19. 讽喻，比方allegory 这是一种源于希腊文的修辞法，意为换个方式的说法。它是一种形象的描述，具有双重性，表层含义与真正意味的是两回事。例如:1.Make the hay while the sun shines.2.Its time to turn plough into sword.20. 仿拟parody这是一种模仿名言、警句、谚语，改动其中部分词语，从而使其产生新意的修辞。例如:1.Rome was not built in a day, nor in a year.2.A friend in need is a friend to be avoided.21. 似非而是的隽语paradox这是一种貌似矛盾，但包含一定哲理的意味深长的说法，是一种矛盾修辞法。例如:1.More haste, less speed.2.The child