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芦溪英语教学网 合作 交流 借鉴 创新 Unit 1 How do you study for a test? 1. I study by working with a group. (P1) 我通过小组练习学习。 by + V-ing构成的短语可作行为方式状语。by后面可以接动词的-ing形式,也可以接名词。例如: He teaches himself the violin by practising the whole night. 他通过整夜的练习自学小提琴。 I knew by his appearance that he was not English. 看他的外表,我就知道他不是英国人。 2. Its too hard to understand the voices. (P3) 很难听懂其发音。 句中的it是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的动词不定式。“too . to .”结构中的动词不定式含否定意义,意为“太以致不”。其中的too是副词,用来修饰形容词,to是动词不定符号。例如: The boy is too young to understand the story. 这孩子年龄太小,不能理解这个故事。 在使用这个结构时应注意两点:(1) 句中的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是动宾关系时,动词不定式后面不能再跟宾语; (2) 句中的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是动宾关系,而动词不定式又是不及物动词时,要在其后加上适当的介词。例如: Tom spoke too quickly for us to understand. 汤姆说话太快了,我们听不懂。 The house is too small for the family to live in. 房子太小,那一家人住不下。 3. We get excited about something and then end up speaking in Chinese. (P4) 当我们谈论某事而变得激动时,最后就用汉语来讲述了。 (1) get excited about意为“对感到兴奋”。介词about后面通常接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如: The boys got excited about going to Shanghai. 男孩们对去上海感到很兴奋。 The students are excited about the results of the exams. 学生们对考试成绩感到非常兴奋。 (2) end up sth/doing sth意为“结果为”,“以结束”,通常指意料之外的结果。例如: He ended up in prison. 他最终锒铛入狱。 They were going shopping,but ended up staying at home and watching TV. 他们原计划去买东西,但结果却是呆在家里看电视。 4. I dont know how to use commas. (P5) 我不知道该怎么使用逗号。 句中how to use commas属“连接代词/副词 + 动词不定式”结构,作宾语用,动词不定式的逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。在中考中,命题人往往要求考生将其与宾语从句进行转换。例如: Jim told Lin Tao how he would spend the day. Jim told Lin Tao how to spend the day. 吉姆告诉林涛他是怎样度过这一天的。 The students should know what to do or what not to do in school. 学生们应该知道在学校里应该做什么,不应该做什么。 在使用这一结构时需要注意两点: (1) 在这一结构中,如果连接代词what,which,whom是作其后动词不定式的宾语,则这个动词应该是及物动词。如果动词不定式是不及物的,则需在其后加上适当的介词。例如: I dont know what to say. 我不知该说什么。 He wants to know whom to work with. 他想知道将和谁在一起干工作。 (2) 这一结构中用的是连接副词when,where,how,而且它们作其后动词不定式的状语时,这个动词应为不及物动词。若不定式是及物动词,则该动词须有自己的宾语。例如: I dont know when to start. 我不知道何时出发。 Do you know how to do the exercise?你知道怎样做这个练习吗? 5. I dont have a partner to practice English with. (P5) 我没有练习英语的同伴。 句中的to practice English with作定语用。使用这种定语时,应注意下面两点: (1) 被修饰的词与动词不定式在意义上是动宾关系,并且动词不定式是“动词 + 介词”这类短语动词时,其中的介词不能去掉。例如: Mr. Johnson was a difficult person to wait on. 约翰逊先生是一个很难侍候的人。 (2) 修饰的词与动词不定式在意义上是动状关系,而且动词不定式是个不及物动词时,应在不定式后面加一个适当的介词。例如: Its getting dark. We have to find a hotel to live in. 天快黑了,我们得找个旅馆住下。 6. First of all,it wasnt easy for me to understand the teacher when she talked to the class. (P6) 老师起初和同学们交谈时,我不容易听得懂。 这是“it + be + adj. + to do sth”结构。it是形式主语,意思上代替后面的真正主语for me to understand the teacher。如果动词不定式需要有自己的逻辑主语,可以用以下两种方法表示: (1) 如果句中的形容词通常用来表示事物的性状或特征,则用for引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的这类形容词有difficult,hard,easy,heavy,dangerous,expensive,useful,impossible等。例如: Its common for leaves to fall from the trees in autumn. 秋天树叶从树上落下是常事。 (2) 如果句中的形容词通常用来表示人的行为或品德,则用of引出动词不定式的逻辑主语。常见的这类形容词有honest,wise,clever,brave,foolish,kind,good,careful,stupid,silly,nice,right,wrong,polite,rude等。例如: It was careless of him to leave the door unlocked. 他没有把门锁上,实在是太粗心了。 7. She had trouble making complete sentences. (P6) 她在造完整的句子时有些困难。“have + n. + (in) doing .”意为“做有”,have后面常是fun,difficulty,trouble,problems等名词。介词in指“在某一方面”,常可以省略。例如: The students had trouble (in) climbing the hill. 学生们爬山时遇到了一些困难。 We had some problems getting to the top of the mountain. 我们费了些劲才到达山顶。 8. As young adults,it is our duty to try our best to deal with each challenge in our education with the help of our teachers. (P8) 作为年轻人,在老师的帮助下尽力处理好教育方面面临的每一个挑战是我们的责任。 (1) 短语As young adults中的as是介词,意为“作为(某种身份),当做,视为”。例如: As a student,you must obey the rules of the school. 作为学生,你必须遵守学校的规章制度。 (2) try ones best to do sth相当于do ones best to do sth,意为“尽力做某事”; deal with sth意为“处理某事”; with the help of相当于with ones help,意为“在帮助下”。例如: Ill try/do my best to improve my pronunciation. 我将尽全力改进我的发音。 How would you deal with an armed burglar?遇到持有武器的盗贼,你将如何对付呢? I worked out the problem with the help of my classmates. (= I worked out the problem with my classmates help.) 在同学们的帮助下我做出了这道难题。 Unit 2 I used to be afraid of the dark. 1. I used to be afraid of the dark. (P10) 过去我怕黑暗。 used to是情态动词,表示过去的习惯动作或过去存在的情况,to是动词不定式符号,后面跟动词原形。例如: We used to work in the same workshop. 我们曾在同一个车间工作过。 注意:be/get used to doing sth意为“习惯于做某事”,其中的to为介词,后面跟名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如: He is used to reading English in the morning. 他习惯在早上读英语。 2. Did you use to play the piano?(P11) 你过去常常弹钢琴吗? 这是“used to + 动词原形”的疑问形式。其疑问式和否定式可以用助动词did,也可以直接用used构成。例如: Did it use to rain here in summer?(= Used it to rain here in summer?) 这儿以前夏季时常下雨吗? We did not use to see each other. (= We usednt to see each other.) 我们以前不常见面。 3. Im terrified of the dark. (P12) 我非常害怕黑夜。 terrified是动词terrify的过去分词,在句中相当于形容词,含有very afraid的意思。be terrified of . 意为“对非常害怕”; be terrified at意为“因而害怕、惊恐”。例如: Some children were terrified of a long roll of thunder. 有些小孩子害怕轰轰隆隆的雷声。 The child was terrified of being left alone in the house. 那孩子害怕把他一个人留在家里。 She was terrified at the deafening explosion. 她被那震耳欲聋的爆炸声吓了一跳。 4. I go to sleep with my bedroom light on. (P12) 我睡觉时卧室里的灯亮着。 句中with my bedroom light on是复合结构,在句中作状语,表示伴随情况。由with构成的复合结构中,第一部分是介词with的宾语,由名词或代词充当,第二部分是宾语补足语,由形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式或分词充当。该结构一般在句中用作状语,表示行为方式,伴随情况、时间、原因或条件。例如: We can see a big house with trees around it. 我们看见一栋高大的房子,四周树木环绕。 He lay on the bed with the bedroom door shut. 他躺在床上睡觉,寝室的门关着。 With the meal over,we all went home. 吃过饭我们都回家了。 With the boy to lead the way,we will find the house easily tomorrow. 有那个男孩带路,明天我们会很容易地找到那幢房子的。 5. My life has changed a lot in the last few years. (P14) 在过去的几年里,我的生活改变了许多。 in the last few weeks/months/years意为“在过去的几周/月/年里”,常与现在完成时连用。“in the past + 时间段”也有这种用法,意思相同。例如: I have made great progress in the last few weeks. 在过去的几周里,我进步很快。 Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past few years. 在过去几年里我的家乡发生了巨大的变化。 6. It seems that Yu Mei has changed a lot. (P15) 于梅好像变了许多。 本句为“it seems that .”结构。seem意为“好像、似乎、看来”,用来表示根据某种迹象作出的判断,这种判断往往接近于事实。例如: It seemed that he had missed the train. 看来他没搭上火车。 It seems that he is happy today. 今天他似乎很高兴。 “it seems that .”往往可转换为“sb seems to do sth”。例如: It seems that he understands the meaning of the word. (= He seems to understand the meaning of the word.) 他似乎理解了这个单词的意思。It seems that she is sleeping. (= She seems to be sleeping.) 她好像在睡觉。 7. His mother looked after him as well as she could. (P16) 他的妈妈尽可能把他照顾好。 as . as sb can/could意为“尽可能地”,在句中作状语。与此意义相同的表达方式为as . as possible。例如: Maria is studying Chinese as hard as she can. (= Maria is studying Chinese as hard as possible.) 玛丽亚正在尽可能地努力学习汉语。 8. She also told me that even though my father was no longer with us,he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good I do. (P16) 她还告诉我即使我的父亲不再和我们在一起,他也会一直关照我,总会为我所取得的成绩感到自豪。 (1) 这是一个较复杂的主从复合句。She also told me是主句,that引导的从句是tell的直接宾语;宾语从句中的主句为he was watching me,and would always take pride in everything good; even though引导的是让步状语从句,用来修饰宾语从句中主句的谓语动词was watching和take pride in; I do是定语从句,其前省略了关系代词that,用来修饰everything。 (2) even though意为“即使,纵然,尽管”,用作从属连词,引导让步状语从句。与even if同义。例如: Even though/if he is no longer living,his spirit lives on today. 尽管他已不在人世,但他的精神却至今还在。 (3) take pride in . 意为“为感到骄傲”,与be proud of同义。例如: We take pride in our responsibilities as teachers in new China. (= We are proud of our responsibilities as teachers in new China.) 作为新中国的教师,我们为我们的职责感到骄傲。 (4) 在“everything good I do”中,good和I do都修饰everything。形容词修饰everything,something或anything等不定代词时,往往将形容词后置。例如: Danny is interested in everything unusual. 丹尼对所有的不寻常的事情都感兴趣。 Unit 3 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes. 1. I dont think fifteen-year-olds should be allowed to drive. (P18) 我认为不应该允许15岁的孩子开车。 think,believe,suppose,consider等动词表示“认为”、“相信”、“设想”等含义,且宾语从句中含否定词义时,常将从句中的否定词转移到这些动词之前。这种复合句形式上是对主句的谓语动词加以否定,但在意义上仍然是否定从句。例如: I dont think that their team is likely to win the match. 我认为他们的球队不可能赢得比赛。 I dont believe that it will rain tomorrow. 我相信明天不会下雨。 应该注意,在这类反意疑问句中,附加问句应为肯定形式,其中主语和谓语也应与从句中的主语和谓语保持一致。例如: I dont think youve met Xiao Wang,have you?我想你没有碰见小王,对吗? 另外,think后面的从句中含有no,never,nothing,nobody等否定词时,就不要再将这些否定词转移到主句的谓语动词上。例如: I think nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it. 我认为世上无难事,只怕有心人。 2. Anna wants to get her ears pierced. (P18) 安娜想穿耳孔。 get my ears pierced属于get sth done结构,表示要别人为自己做某事。与其同义的结构有have sth done。例如: I must get my hair cut. 我该找人理理发了。 You ought to get your watch repaired. 你该把表送去修理了。 3. They talk instead of doing homework. (P19) 他们光说话而不做作业。 instead of意为“代替”、“而不”,后面接名词、代词或动词的-ing形式。例如: He will go to the meeting instead of me. 他将代替我去开会。 She went to school instead of staying at home. 她没有呆在家里而是上学去了。 instead of也可用来连接两个语法上对等的成分。例如: The situation is better instead of worse. 形势是更好了,而不是更坏了。 They went there on foot instead of by bus. 他们没有乘公共汽车而是步行到那里去的。 4. We have a lot of rules at my house. 我们家里立有许多规矩。 So do we. (P20) 我们也是。 “So + 助动词/be动词/情态动词 + 主语”应译为“某人(物)也如此”,意即前一句所说的情况,同样也适合于另一个人或物。在使用这一句式时,要注意助动词或系动词的选用,以及在时态上与前句相呼应。例如: Ive got a new car. 我有一辆新车。 So has John. 约翰也有。 5. Some students should be allowed to have Friday afternoons off to volunteer and help others. (P23) 应当允许部分学生星期五下午放假,去做义工帮助他人。 have . off意为“放假”,其中的have可以用take替换,off表示“不上班、不值班、不工作”的意思。例如: Ive got three days off next week. 下星期我有三天假。 The manager gave the staff a day off. 经理给员工放一天假。Unit 4 What would you do? 1.You shouldnt worry about what other people are wearing.(P27) 你不应该为别人穿什么而担心。 (1) 句中的worry about表示“为而担心、担忧、着急”。worry用作及物动词用时,意为“使烦恼”,“使担忧”,后面的宾语通常是人。例如: He often worries about the slightest thing.他经常为一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事发愁。 The losing of his books worried him for some days.丢书那件事令他烦恼了好几天。 (2) be worried about也可表示“为而担心、担忧、着急”,与worry about不同之处在于,be worried about侧重状态,worry about侧重动作。例如: I am worried about my fathers health.(= I worry about my fathers health.) 我为我父亲的健康担忧。 2.What if everyone else brings a present? (P27) 要是别的人都带来了礼物,该怎么办呢? 句中的what if意为“要是,又怎么样”,是what would happen if.的省略形式。例如: What if we should fail? 如果我们失败了,该怎么办呢? What if they didnt come here on time? 要是他们没有按时到达,怎么办呢? What if it rains when we cant get under shelter? 假若下起雨来,我们又没处躲雨可怎么办呢? 3.I get nervous before big parties and then I get pimples.(P28) 在大型晚会前我特别紧张,于是我身上长出小浓疱。 句中两个get的用法和意义都有所不同。get既可用作行为动词,也可用作系动词。本句中的第一个get是系动词,意为“变得”,后面应接形容词作表语;第二个get是及物动词,意为“长出”。试比较: The boy is getting taller and taller after he gets this kind of medicine.吃了这种药后,那个男孩个子越来越高了。 I must get some fruit in the market.我得在市场上买点水果。 This skirt is getting dirty;it needs washing.这条短裙脏了,该洗一洗了。 4.I really want a dog,but my parents wont let me have one.(P28) 我真想养一条狗,可是父母不让养。 动词let作“让”解时,后面作宾语补足语用的动词不定式常省去to。let的同义词allow后面也可接动词不定式作宾语补语,但是动词不定式符号to却不可省去。试比较: My mother wouldnt let me go to the film.我妈妈不会让我去看电影的。 Allow me to introduce Miss Mary.请允许我介绍一下玛丽小姐。 My parents allowed me to buy a second-hand car.我的父母允许我买一部二手车。 5.Id wait for her to introduce herself to me.(P29) 我要等她来向我作自我介绍。 (1) 句中wait for her to introduce是词组wait for sb/sth的延伸。wait for sb/sth意为“等待某人或某事”,而wait for sb to do sth意为“等待某人做某事”。例如: Danny,there is someone waiting for you outside.丹尼,外面有人在等你。 The family are waiting for you to have dinner.家里人正在等着你吃饭呢。 (2) introduce herself to me意为“(她)向我作自我介绍”。introduce可以用来向人介绍自己,也可以用来向人介绍另一个人。例如: May I introduce Mr. Wang to you? 我可以把王先生介绍给你吗? Let me introduce myself to you.让我给你作个自我介绍吧。 6.Social situations dont bother you in the slightest.(P30)社会活动一点儿也不会影响你。 句中not.in the slightest意为“一点也不”、“根本不”,与not.at all同义。例如: You are not wrong in the slightest/at all.你一点儿也没有错。 She doesnt like eggs in the slightest/at all.她根本不喜欢吃鸡蛋。 7.You have plenty of friends,and you enjoy the company of other people.(P30) 你有很多朋友,你也喜欢和别人交往。 句中的plenty of是“许多”的意思,与a lot of,much,many同义。但plenty of和a lot of后可接可数名词复数或不可数名词,much后面只可接不可数名词,many后面只可接可数名词复数。试比较: There are plenty/a lot of books on the desk.桌子上有许多书。 Dont worry. There is plenty/a lot of time.别着急,时间很充裕。 They have many apples at home.他们家里有很多苹果。 There isnt much rice in the bowl.碗里没有多少米饭。 She has a lot of books;but I cant see her reading books.她有许多书,但我却没有见她读书。 8.You would also rather stay at home and read a good book than go to a party.(P30) 你宁愿意呆在家,读本好书,也不愿意出去参加聚会。 “would rather.than.”,意为“宁愿而不愿”,rather与than的后面都可接动词原形。例如: They would rather watch TV at home than go out to play soccer.他们宁愿在家看电视也不愿意出去踢球。 He would rather play leisurely than do homework.他宁愿慢悠悠地玩耍也不愿做作业。9.What do you think I should tell the rest of the students? (P31) 你认为我应该告诉其他学生什么? do you think通常置于疑问词和句子主语之间,作插入语。例如: Where do you think we can get this machine? 你认为我们能在哪儿搞到这种机器? What do you think they are going to do tomorrow? 你看他们明天会有什么活动? think也常与主语一起用在肯定句中用作插入语。例如: He was wrong to have done that,she thought.她想,他这样做是错误的。 Its a great mistake,I think,not to accept their proposal.我看,不接受他们的建议是个大错误。 Unit 5 It must belong to Carla. 1.It might belong to Alice.She plays the guitar.(P35) 它可能是爱丽丝的。她是弹吉它的。 belong是不及物动词,后面通常跟介词to。belong to的主语通常是物;介词to后面跟人。例如: These books belong to me.这些书是我的。 Who(m) does this belong to? 这是谁的东西? Whose car does it belong to? 这是谁的车? 2.I cant find my backpack.(P35) 我找不到背包了。 It cant be Johns.(P35) 它不可能是约翰的。 cant find中的can表示能力,而cant be中的can表示推测。例如: The hall can hold at least 2,000 people.这个大厅至少能坐下2,000人。 It cant be Li Ming.He went on a trip yesterday.不可能是李明。昨天他去旅行了。 cant与may not表示推测时意义有别。cant意为“不可能”,而may not意为“可能不”。试比较: Danny cant be at home.I saw him in the library just now.丹尼不可能在家。我刚才还在图书馆里见到他。 It seven oclock now.Michael may not come here.现在已七点了。迈克尔可能不会来这儿了。 3.Its much too small for him.(P35) (他穿)太小了。 句中much too意为“太”、“非常”,用作副词词组,修饰形容词small。too much也可在句中作状语,但只能修饰动词。试比较: Its much too cold today.今天天气太冷。 The old man walked much too slow.这位老人走得太慢了。 Dont speak too much at the meeting.会上别讲得太多。 too much也可用作名词词组,在句中作宾语;too much还可在句中用作形容词词组,修饰不可数名词。much too则不可。例如: You gave me too much.你给我的太多了。 Is eating too much good or bad for your health? 吃得太多对身体有益还是有害? 4.Its crucial that I study for it because it counts 30 % to the final exam.(P36) 这对我学习(这门学科)很重要,因为它要占期末考试的30%。 (1) 本句是“it is + 形容词 + that从句/wh-从句”句式,其中it是形式主语,that从句或wh-从句是句子的真正主语。例如: It is certain that the earth is round.毫无疑问,地球是圆的。 It is necessary that we master at least a foreign language.我们有必要至少掌握一门外语。 5.He might be running to catch a bus.(P37) 他可能正在跑去赶公交车呢。 might be running属于“情态动词 + 行为动词的进行式”结构,用来推测某动作现在正在进行之中。例如: He said that his father might be playing chess.他说他父亲可能正在下国际象棋。 He must be sleeping at home now.他现在一定正在屋里睡觉呢。 He should be studying in the classroom at this moment.他这个时候应该是正在教室里学习。 6.There must be something visiting the homes in our neighborhood.(P38) 肯定有什么东西光顾我们的街坊邻里了。 本句为“there be.+ doing.”句式,表示V-ing的动作目前或现阶段正在进行。从语法上讲,此句式中的V-ing也可以用动词不定式替代,即“there be + 主语 + to do”,表示动词不定式表示的动作将要发生。试比较: Theres a man waiting for you outside the office.办公室外有人在等你。 Theres a girl looking for her mother.有一个女孩正在找她的母亲。 Therere some children to see you.有几个孩子要见你。 7.Dont let yesterday use up too much of today.(P39) 过去的就让它过去了! 本句为否定祈使句。yesterday作动词let的宾语,use up too much of today是作宾语补足语。在watch,see,look at,hear,listen to,notice,feel,have(使),let,make等动词后面作宾语补足语用的动词不定式往往省去to。例如: Make the past serve the present and foreign things serve China.古为今用,洋为中用。 They often hear Jenny sing this song.他们经常听詹妮唱这首歌。 Unit 6 I like music that I can dance to. 1.I prefer music that has great lyrics.(P44) 我更喜欢带有好歌词的音乐。 prefer意为“宁可,宁愿,更喜欢”,其过去分词为preferred,现在分词为preferring。其常用结构有: (1) prefer后面常可直接跟代词、名词、动名词、动词不定式、复合结构和宾语从句。例如:I prefer you not to stay here too long.我希望你不要在这儿呆得太久。 We prefer that the meeting should be put off.我们宁愿让这个会往后推迟。 注意:prefer后接宾语从句时,从句的谓语动词为虚拟语气。 (2) prefer to do sth或prefer doing sth意为“宁愿做某事”,前者强调特定的或某一次具体的动作,即在一定的场合下宁愿做什么,后者强调一般性倾向,即“偏爱”某种行为。试比较: He preferred reading at home on rainy days.下雨天他宁愿在家看书。 I prefer swimming,but I dont prefer to swim now.我喜欢游泳,但我现在不想游。 (3) prefer.to.意为“与相比,更喜欢”。to是介词,其后可跟名词,也可跟动词的-ing形式。例如: Michael preferred dogs to cats.比起猫来,迈克更喜欢狗。 My grandma prefers taking a walk to watching TV.我奶奶宁愿去散步也不愿看电视。 (4) prefer to do sth rather than (to) do sth意为“宁愿而不愿做某事”,than后面的动词不定符号to常省去。例如: I preferred to do this rather than that.我宁愿做这件事,而不愿做那件事。 She preferred to walk there rather than go by car.她宁愿步行去那儿,也不愿坐汽车去。 2.I like music that I can dance to.(P44) 我喜欢能随之跳舞的音乐。 I like music that I can sing along with.(P44) 我喜欢能伴随演唱的音乐。 dance to是“跟着跳舞”的意思,sing (along) with是“伴着歌唱”。to和with都是介词,其宾语都是引导定语从句的关系代词that。例如: The cowboys often dance to western or country music at night.牛仔们经常在晚上伴随西部音乐或乡村音乐跳舞。 Some students like singing with the popular music.有些学生喜欢和着流行音乐唱歌。 3.The music reminds me of Brazilian dance music.(P46)这音乐使我回忆起巴西的舞曲。 remind sb of sb/sth意为“使人回想起或意识到某人或某事物”。例如: This reminded me of my days in this school.这使我想起了我在这所学校里度过的日子。 The film reminded him of what he had seen in China.这部影片使他回想起他在中国所看到的一切。 “remind oneself + 从句”意为“提醒自己”;remind sb to do sth意为“提醒(某人)注意某事或做某事”;“remind sb + 从句”意为“提醒某人有”。例如: He kept on reminding himself that the time was short and the work must be finished in time.他不断提醒自己,时间很短,而且工作还必须按时完成。 Please remind me to get up at six tomorrow.明天六点唤我起床。 Dont forget to remind him that I would be at his home this evening.别忘了提醒他我今晚要到他家去。 4
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