09年高三英语虚拟语气讲解资料.doc

虚拟语气第一部分：语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类、陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。Were you busy all day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！、祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或命令。如：Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。Dont forget to turn off the light. 别忘了关灯。、虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如：If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。May you succeed! 祝您成功！虚拟语气在语法里算得上是个难点。让我们就从最简单的开始吧。第二部分：简单句中的虚拟语气一、情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中。如：.Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office? 请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？.It would be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。二、表祝愿。1、常用“may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。、May good luck be yours!祝你好运！、May you be happy!祝你快乐！、May you have a good time. 祝愿你玩的痛快。2、用动词原形。例如：(1). Long live the people! 人民万岁！(2). “God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！”(3). Have a good journey! 祝愿你旅途愉快！三、表示强烈愿望。（该类型虚拟语气谓语仅用动词原形，第三人称单数也不加“s”）(1).God save me(2).Heaven help us四、在一些习惯表达中。如：(1).Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。(2).Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。第三部分：名词性从句中的虚拟语气第一节：宾语从句(Subordinate Clause)中的虚拟语气一、在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词wish后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气，常省去宾语从句的引导词that。一）、对现在情况的虚拟（与现在的事实相反）：从句用过去式或过去进行式(时间上是同时的)。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语be和were(was)，实义动词用过去式。例：1. I wish (that可省略,下同)I knew the answer to the question.(wish, 动词过去式knew)我希望知道这个答案。(事实上是不知道)2. I wish I were a bird.(wish, were)但愿我是只小鸟。(事实上不可能)二）、对过去情况的虚拟（和过去的事实相反）：用wish表示对过去事情的遗憾。其句子结构为：宾语从句的谓语用过去完成时，或would, could, might+现在完成时。例：1. I wish (that可省略，下同)I hadnt wasted so much time.我后悔不该浪费这么多时间。(事实上已浪费了)2. We wished he had spoken to us.(wished，had + spoken)(事实上他并没同我们讲)例题分析：I wish I _ longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.A. could have slept B. sleptC. might have slept D. have slept动词wish后面接从句，表达不可能实现或与事实相反的情况时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即用过去式（表示现在发生的动作）或过去完成式（表示过去发生的动作）。本题后半句谓语动词have用的是过去时had to get up and come, 所以前面要用过去完成时表示过去发生的动作。所以, 选项A)could have slept是答案三）、对将来情况的虚拟(表示将来的主观愿望)：从句动词would/should/could/might + 动词原形(时间上较后)(请注意：主句和从句的主语不相同)。用wish表示对将来事情的愿望。例：1. I wish it would stop raining.(虚拟动词would+动词原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事实上雨还在下着呢)2. I wish you would be quiet.(would + be)我希望你安静一些。(事实上那家伙还在吵着呢)四）、注意：1.如果将wish改为过去式wished, 其后that 从句中的动词形式不变。例如：I wished I hadnt spent so much money.我要是那时没有花掉那么多钱就好了。2. 如果that 从句中用would , 一般表示对现状不满或希望未来有所改变或请求I wish he would answer my letter.I wish prices would come down.二、在表示建议、命令、要求、忠告等动词的后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气由于这些动词本身隐含说话者的主观意见，认为某事应该或不应该怎样，这些词语后面的“that”从句应用虚拟语气，且均以“should+动词原形”表示这种语气，但事实上“should”常被省略，故此从句中谓语动词用原形，常用的此类动词有：表示“要求”的：ask, desire, request, demand, require, beg表示“提议、劝告、建议”的：move, propose, suggest, recommend, advise, vote表示“决定、命令”的：decide, order表示“主张”的：maintain, urge表示“同意、坚持”的：consent, insist1.The doctor suggested that he (should) try to lose his weight.2.He insisted that we (should ) tell him the news.但注意：在insist 后的从句中, 如果是坚持自己, 用陈述语气, 坚持别人做什么事情, 用虚拟语气.或者说，suggest, insist不表示建议或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。3.she insists that she is right.4.she insisted that I should finish the work at once.5.The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:(错)11. You pale face suggests that you (should) be ill. (对)12. Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)13. I insisted that you ( should) be wrong.(对)14. I insisted that you were wrong.例题分析：15.It is politely requested by the hotel management that radios _ after 11 oclock at night.A. were not played B. not be played C. not to play D. did not play全句意思是：“旅馆管理部门恳请客人晚上11点后不要打开收音机”。句中的谓语动词request（请求）所引出的从句应当用虚拟语气，即动词原形或“should动词原形”。本句的主语从句中，主语radio是谓语动词play 的客体，谓语应当用被动语态。所以，答案是B) not be played。在上述这类句子中不能用动词过去时形式表示虚拟语气，所以A)不正确。选项C) not to play是动词带to的不定式，不能在句中作谓语。选项D)did not play也是动词play的过去时形式，同样不能在本句中作为虚拟语气来使用。而且，它是主动语态形式，而本题要用被动语态。三、在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气在expect, believe, think, suspect等动词的否定或疑问形式后的宾语从句中，我们经常用“should动词原形(或完成形式)”，表示惊奇，怀疑，不满等。I never thought that he should be such a brave young soldier. 我们从来没想到他是个如此勇敢的小战士。四、would rather ， would sooner，had rather， would (just) as soon ，would prefer之后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气would rather , would sooner, had rather, would (just) as soon，would prefer（希望）也用来表达主观愿望，它们之后的宾语从句中需用虚拟语气。谓语动词用过去式表示现在或将来，用过去完成式表示与过去事实相反。表示”宁愿做什么”或对过去做的事的懊悔。(1).I would rather he came tomorrow than today.注：若某人愿自己做某事，would rather后用动词原形I would rather stay at home todaywould ratherthan中用动词原形I would rather stay at home than go out today五、“had hoped”后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气用“had hoped”表示原来希望做到而实际上未能实现的事情，其宾语从句的谓语用“would+动词原形”。I had hoped that she would go to the U.S. and study there, but she said she liked to stay in China.我原本希望她到美国去念书，但她说她喜欢留在中国。第二节：主语从句中的虚拟语气一、“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中的虚拟语气在形如“It is (was)+形容词（或过去分词）+that”结构中，使用某些表示愿望、建议、请求、命令、可能、适当、较好、迫切、紧近、重要等形容词后的主语从句的谓语也用虚拟语气。其形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形（美国英语中省去should）常用的形容词：* natural (自然的), appropriate (适当的),advisable (合适的), preferable (更可取的), better (更好的)* necessary (必须的), important (重要的), imperative (急需的), urgent (急迫的), essential (本质的), vital (必不可少的)* probable (很可能的), possible (可能的)* desirable (极好的)advisable（合理的），compulsory（必须的），crucial（紧急的），desirable（理想的），essential（必要的），imperative（迫切的），incredible（惊人的），possible（可能的），strange（奇怪的），urgent（紧迫的）。常用的过去分词(Past Participle):* required (需要的), demanded (要求), requested (被请求的), desired (要求)* suggested (建议), recommended (推荐)* ordered (命令)1. It is necessary that we (should 可省略,下同）have a walk now.(necessary, should + have) (表示有需要去散步)2. It is required that nobody (should) smoke here.(required, should + smoke) (表示要求不要在此抽烟)3. It is important that every pupil (should) be able to understand the rule of school.(important, should + be) (表示重要的是学生都能了解校规)注：在上述所列形容词后面用that引出的宾语从句中，谓语动词也要用虚拟语气。10.I dont think it advisable that Tom be assigned to the job since he has no experience汤姆缺乏经验，指派他做这项工作我认为是不恰当的。二、在It is 名词that的主语从句中的虚拟语气在It is 名词that的主语从句中，常用虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、请求、道歉、怀疑、惊奇等。这类名词有：advice ，decision ，desire ，demand ，idea，motion ，order，pity ，preference ，proposal，recommendation, requirement，resolution，shame，suggestion，surprise，wish，wonder等。、It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad我建议派他去国外进一步学习。第三节：虚拟语气用在表语从句或同位语从句中当某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，其后的表语从句或同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为should 动词原形或直接用动词原形。这类名词常见的有：demand (要求), desire (请求),requirement (要求), advice (劝告), recommendation (建议),suggestion (建议), order (命令), necessity (必要地), preference (优先), proposal (计划), plan (计划), idea (办法)，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。、 The advice is that we (should 可省略，下同) leave at once.(名词advice，should + leave) (表示加以劝告)、 My idea is that we (should) get more people to attend the conference.(idea, should + get) (表示做出主意)、 I make a proposal that we (should) hold a meeting next week.(proposal, should + hold) (表示做出计划)第四部分：条件句中的虚拟语气第一节：if引导的条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。一、if引导的条件状语从句的分类及虚拟条件句的判断 1、可以把条件句分为两类：1).真实条件句（Sentences of Real Condition）：凡是假设的情况发生性可能很大，就是真实条件句。例如：、If I have time , I will help you with this work.如果我有时间会帮助你做此工作的。2).虚拟条件句（Sentences of Unreal Condition）：当假设是不大可能实现时，就是虚拟条件句。例如：、If I were you , I would have attended the meeting. 如果我是你的话，就去参加会议了。2、.if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。3、“后退一步法”后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：、If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.、If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.、If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.4、注意事项if条件句中如有were, should, had，可以省去if，并使用倒装语序。在现代英语中if条件状与从句中的谓语动词如果是be其过去形式一般用were。 二、虚拟语气在if 引导的条件句中的用法：（一）、表示与现在事实相反的情况。其句子结构为：从句：if + 主语+ 动词的过去式(be 用were) + 主句：主语+ would (should, could , might) + 动词原形+ 例：If the weather were fine, I would go there.注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：主语+ would be + 进行式动词+ 2. If they were here, he would be speaking to them now.(从句用过去式动词were, 主句用would be speaking)（二）、表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ had +过去完成式动词+ 主句：主语+ would (should, could, might) + have +过去完成式动词+例如: 、If you had taken my advice, you would not have made such a mistake.如果你听了我的劝告,就不会犯这样的错误。（事实上你没有听我的劝告）注意：如果动作在进行中，主句要用：主语+ would + have + 完成进行式动词 +、 If they had been here, he would have been speaking to them.(从句动词用had been, 主句动词用have been speaking)（三）、表示与将来事实相反的虚拟条件句(对将来的事实实现的可能性不大)。其句子结构为：从句：If + 主语+ should (或were to) + 动词原形+主句：主语+ would (could, should, might) + 动词原形+例如：、If I were to work at this problem, I would do it in another way.要是我来解这道难题，我会用另外一种方法的。、If you were to do such a thing again, you would be punished. 如果你再做这样的事情，就会受到惩罚。、If I should work harder, I could make much more progress.假如我更努力学习的话，我会取得更大的进步。(事实上我不可能努力学习) 、If it should rain tomorrow, I would stay at home.如果明天下雨的话，我将待在家里。（根据天气情况，明天不可能下雨）三、混合条件句-主从句时间不一致情况下的虚拟语气有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作，发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如：1. 从句表示过去，主句表示将来：、If they had started the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If we hadnt made adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week。2. 从句表示将来，主句表示过去：、If I were not to make a preparation for my experiment this afternoon, I would have gone to see the film with you last night.3.从句表示过去，主句表示将来：、If we hadnt made adequate preparations, we shouldnt dare to do the experiment next week.4.从句表示将来，主句表示现在：、If we shouldnt have an exam this afternoon, I would go shopping now.5.从句表示过去，主句表示现在。、If they had stared the early morning yesterday, they would be here now.、If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。）6.从句表示现在，主句表示过去、If I were you, I would have gone to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。）7.从句表示过去，主句表示过去和现在、If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。） 四、含蓄条件句非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表出来，只暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。含蓄条件句大体有三种情况；1. 条件暗含在短语中。如：(1)、What would I have done without you? 如没有你，我会怎么办呢？(条件暗含在分词短语without you中)(2) 、It would be easier to do it this way. 这样做会比较容易。(条件暗含在不定式短语to do it this way中)(3) 、This same thing, happening in wartime, would lead to a disaster. 同样的事，如发生在战时，就会酿成大祸。(条件暗含在分词短语happening in wartime中)(4)、 But for your help we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help)(5)、 He must have the strength of a hippopotamus, or he never could have vanquished that great beast. 他一定是力大如河马，否则他绝不会击败那只庞大的野兽。(暗含条件是连词or)(6)、 Alone, he would have been terrified. 如是单独一人，他是会感到害怕的。(暗含条件是alone)2. 条件暗含在上下文中。如：(7)、 You might stay here forever. 你可以永远待在这儿。(可能暗含if you wanted to)(8) 、We would have succeeded. 我们本来是会成功的。(可能暗含if we had kept trying)(9) 、Your reputation would be ruined. 你的名誉会败坏的。(可能暗含if you should accept it)(10) 、I would appreciate a little of your time. 谢谢你给我一点时间吧。(可能暗含if you were so kind as to give me a little of your time)3. 在不少情况下，虚拟式已变成习惯说法，很难找出其暗含的条件。如：(11) 、You wouldnt know. 你不会知道。(12) 、I would like to come. 我愿意来。(13) 、I wouldnt have dreamed of it. 这是我做梦也不会想到的。(14) 、He told the story in such minute detail that he might himself have been an eye-witness. 他将那事讲的非常仔细，简直就象他亲眼看见一样。五、条件从句中省略if 采用倒装语序的情况1、在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以把含有助动词、情态动词、be或have的虚拟条件句中的连词if 省去，而将had , should, were 等词提到主语之前，即用倒装结构。例如：1). 原句：If she were younger, she would do it.去If：Were she younger, she would do it. (把动词were移到主语she的前面)2). 原句：If he had tried it, he could have done it.去If：Had he tried it, he could have done it.(把had移到主语he的前面)3).Had he worked harder, he would have got through the exams.4).Were he to leave today, he would get there by Friday.5).Were I in your place, I wouldnt do that.6).Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。7).Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。8).Should it rain next week the farmers would have a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。2、如果虚拟条件句中有were, had或should时，把它们放在if的位置上；但是如果条件句中没有were, had或should不能用倒装。例如：、Should it rain tomorrow, what should we do?要是明天下雨的话，我们怎么办呢？、Were I you, I would have asked him for some advice.要是我是你的话，我就向他请教了。、Were he to do this work by himself, he would get a lot of money.如果他自己能够做此工作，他就会得到一些钱。3、在“开放式条件句”(open conditional clause)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：、If any person be guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal. (任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime, the court shall have the right to appeal.、Whether she be right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support. (不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)Be she right or wrong, she will have my unanswering support.六、有时虚拟条件句的从句或主句都可以省略其中一个：1. I could help you. (只有主句）2. If I had time. (只有从句）3. She should have come to the meeting. (只有主句)4. If he had much more money. (只有从句)第二节：其他形式的条件句中的虚拟语气一、用“without/but for/in the absence of ”表示“要不是”，“如果没有”（相当于if it were not for）表示条件时，句中一般用虚拟语气。（也可用陈述语气）Without your help, I couldn t finish my work on time.In the absence of water and air, nothing could live. 二、由“providing (that)/ provided (that)/on condition that/ in order that”引导的条件从句或目的从句，根据情况，可用虚拟语气。（有时也可用陈述语气）They are willing surrender provided they are given free passage.三、用without / but for / in the absence of 表示要不是、如果没有，表示条件虚拟句：(1). Without air, nothing could live.要是没有空气，什么也不能生存。(2). But for your assistance, we could not accomplish it.要不是你的帮忙，我们是难有成就的。(3). In the absence of water and air, nothing could live.如果没有水和空气，什么也不能生存。第五部分：其他几种情况下的虚拟语气第一节：虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中的应用虚拟语气在as if / as though 引导的方式状语从句中，谓语动词形式与wish后的宾语从句基本相同1.表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语动词用过去式。例如：(1) .He felt as if he alone were responsible for what had happened.他感到仿佛唯独他要对发生的一切负责。(2). He acts as if he were / was a TV expert.他做起事来好象是个电视专家。(3).Alan talked about Rome as if he were a Roman艾伦谈起罗马来好像他是个罗马人一样。(4).John pretends as if he didn t know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.(用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设)(5). He pretends as if he didnt know the thing at all, but in fact he knows it very well.（用过去式表示与现在事实相反的假设）他假装好象完全不懂那事，其实他对那事非常了解。 2. 表示过去想象中的动作或情况，谓语动词用过去完成式。如：(1).The tree looked as if it _ for a long time.A. hasnt watered B. didnt water C. hadnt bee watered D. wasnt watered那棵树看上去好象很久没人给浇水了。（答案是c）(2).The old man looked at the picture, he felt as though he had gone back to time 20 years ago.（用过去完成式表示与过去相反的事实）3.表示与将来事实相反:(1).They talked and talked as if they would never meet again (would+动词原形，表示与将来事实相反)(2). They talked and talked as if they would never meet again.(would + 原形动词meet，表示与将来事实相反)他们谈了又谈，仿佛他们不会再相见的样子。注: 在as if / as though 句中, 如果有可能成为事实, 用陈述语气.He looks as if he is going to be ill.第二节：虚拟语气用在lest，for fear that及in case引导的目的状语从句中在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should 动词原形构成，should也可省略。例如：、He was punished lest he should make the same mistake again他被处以惩罚以免他再犯。、The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he _ himself.a. injureb. injured c. had injured. would injure这个疯子被关进墙上装有衬垫的病房，以免伤了他自己。（答案是a） 第三节：介词短语表示虚拟有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示出来，而是通过一个介词短语来表示，或通过上下文或其他方式表示出来。如but for, but that, in case of, otherwise, supposing, under more favourable condition, without 等表示让步假设。1).He worked very hard; otherwise he might have failed. (他刻苦工作，不然他就失败了。) 2).We could have done better under more favorable conditions.(假设我们有更有利条件，我们还会做得更好。) 3). But for his help，I . Ashould not have succeededBhad not succeededCdid not succeedDhave not succeeded 4). But that he came to help me, I . Acould not have succeededBdid not succeedCcould not succeedDcant but succeed 第四节：虚拟语气用在It is（about high）time that定语从句中在It is（abouthigh）time that定语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“该做的时候了”，其动词形式用一般过去时或should 动词原形。(1).Its already 5 oclock nowDont you think its about time we went home？现在已经5点钟了，你不认为我们应该回家了吗？(2).It is about time you were in bed.(3).It is high time we left.(4).It is the first time I came here.注：1、在this is the first time second time that句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。例如：Is this the first time that you have visited Hongkong？这是你第一次参观香港吗？2、Its time to do something有别于Its time that 第五节：在if only 引起的感叹句中需用虚拟语气谓语动词用过去式或过去完成式(谓语动词与wish宾语从句的虚拟形式相同).、If only he didnt drive so fast! (现在)、If only she had asked someones advice.(过去)、If only the rain would stop.(将来)例题解析:、Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I _ your advice.A. follow B. had followed C. would follow D. have followedif only 引出感叹句，意思是“要是多好”，表示说话人的一种愿望，希望发生（事实上不可能发生）与过去事实相反的情况。本句的全句意思是：“看我现在的处境多糟糕！要是我听从你的劝告多好”。事实上，句中的“我”没有听从劝告，所以处境很糟糕。题中空格处应当用虚拟语气，答案是B。第六部分：虚拟语气从句中should可以省略的情况1. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的动词后的从句（宾语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should 可以省略. 如：advise, agree, command, decide, demand, determine, grant, indicate, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, stipulate, suggest, urge, vote. 常考到的是: suggest, advise, demand, require, propose, insist, order, request.如：、His doctor suggested that he (should) take short leave of absence.、The author proposed that TV (should) be turned off at least one hour every day.2. 在建议,要求,命令,想法后的名词后的从句（表语从句，同位语从句）里, 用should + 动词原形, should可以省略. 如：advice, agreement, command, decision, decree, demand, determination, indi