第十三章定语从句.doc

定语从句一、 定语从句概述1 定语从句的定义复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，又叫形容词性从句；被修饰的名词或代词，叫做先行词；从句放在所修饰词（即先行词）之后由关系副词或关系代词引导。如：Those who are willing to attend the party, please sign here.The factory where his father works is in the west of the city.2 定语从句的引导词引导定语从句的关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词: that, which, who，whom, whose, as；关系副词: where, when, why.3定语从句的分类 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。试比较：His brother who lives in New York is an actor. ( 限制性定语从句)他住在纽约的那个兄弟是个演员。（可能还有其他兄弟）His brother, who lives in New York, is an actor. ( 非限制性定语从句)他兄弟是个演员，他住在纽约。（只有这一个兄弟）不难看出，限制性定语从句和主句关系十分密切，是先行词不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。翻译成汉语时，译到先行词的前面，意为“的”，如例。而非限制性定语从句和主句关系不是十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然很清楚。翻译成汉语时，译成一个独立的句子，放在主句译文之后，如例。这种从句往往用逗号分开，不用that引导。如：China, which has a long history and bright brilliant culture, is a beautiful country. 中国是一个美丽的国家，它有着悠久的历史、灿烂的文化。二、 定语从句引导词的用法及分类1、关系词的作用连接作用：引导定语从句，把从句和主句连接起来；替代作用：在从句中替代先行词表示的意思； 成分作用：在从句中充当一定的句子成分。2、关系代词的用法分类（表一）从句 关系代词格用于限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句只用于限制性定语从句在从句中的句法功能指人指物既指人又指物主格词whowhichthat主语宾格词who(m)whichthat宾语/表语（which不作表语）属格词whose/of whomwhose/of whichwhose/of which定语【提示】关系代词在从句中做宾语，且前面无介词时，可以省略。如：I still remember the story that/which my grandpa often told me.I still remember the story my grandpa often told me.The house which/that she used to live in was very beautiful.The house she used to live in was very beautiful.The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.但不可说成：The house in she used to live was very beautiful. 关系代词as的用法参见“五、关系代词as和which的异同”。3.关系副词的用法分类（表二）先行词的类别关系副词介词+关系代词在从句中的成分时间when= in / at / on / during which状语地点where= in / at / which原因why= for which【提示】where的先行词除表示明显的“地点”的名词外，还有一些表示人/物的境况、某事发展的阶段或表达某事的某个方面。常见的名词有stage, situation, point, case, position等。如：This is the town where I was born.There is one point where Id like your advice.有一点我想争求你的意见。We have reached a situation where a change is needed.我们到了必须改一改的地步。We are in a position where we may lose a large sum of money. 在我们的处境下，我们可能损失大量金钱。关系副词相当于介词加关系代词（如上表所示），但有时为了表示清楚，可以在关系副词where和when的前面加上介词，常见的有from where, to where, since when, by when.如：This is the school where I used to study.=This is the school in which I used to study.China is the birth place of kites, from where kiting flying spread to Japan, Korea, Thailand and India.They left on Monday, since when we have heard nothing.三、 定语从句引导词的选择方法1.定语从句引导词的选择，可根据以下歌诀，化难为易。一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看是否属特殊。“一看指人还是物”，指的是选关系代词时，要看先行词是表示人的还是表示物的名词或代词。指人用who, whom, that, whose; 指物时用which, that，whose.如： In the beginning, people who/that bought them became angry. Thats the girl whom/who/that the soldier saved from the river. They needed a plant which/that didnt need as much water as rice. This is the scientist whose achievements are well known. This is the house whose window broke last night.【难点】whose既可指“人的”（例）又可指“物的”（例）。指“物的”时，不可误用which，但可用 “the +n.+ of which”.如例也可说成：This is the house, the window of which broke last night.或This is the house, of which the window broke last night.“二看介词在何处”,指的是关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，要看介词是否提前置于从句之首，若如此，就只能用whom（指人）或which（指物），且不能省略。如： The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.The house (that/ which) she used to live in was very beautiful. I know the man to whom you spoke just now.I know the man (who/whom/that) you spoke to just now.“三看句中作何用”，指的是选用关系词时，要看它在从句中什么成份，作主语、宾语或表语，就用关系代词who, which, that或as；作定语就用whose;作状语，就用关系副词when, where或 why.如：This is Tom, whose handwriting is the best in our class.【讲析】从句中，只是主语缺少定语，所以用whose引导，不能省略。I have been to the place （which/that） you visited last year.【讲析】从句中visit是及物动词，which 或that做它的宾语，可以省略。I have been to the place where you worked last year.【讲析】从句中work是不及物动词，where做它的状语，不可以省略，但可以用in which替代。The story happened on a day when the weather was wet and cold.【讲析】从句中系表结构完整，说明时间在从句中只能作状语，因此，用when引导，不可省略。 The story happened on a day which/that was wet and cold.【讲析】从句系表结构中缺少主语，所以用关系代词which/that引导，不可省略。 The reason why he dropped out was that his family was short of money.【讲析】从句中dropped out是不及物的动词短语，因此用关系副词why作状语，不可省略。 The reason (that/which) you explained to me makes no sense.【讲析】从句中explain是及物动词，the reason在从名中作它的宾语，所以用关系代词that或which引导，亦可省略。【提示】要把握好句子结构，正确分析句子成份，不要一见到时间的名词就用when，见到地点名词就用where，见到reason就用why.2定语从句引导词的选择,还可采取“还原、重组、补缺”的三步法。“还原”就是把先行词放回到定语从句中。 “重组” 就是当先行词被放回到从句后，按照陈述语序重新排列从句。若能形成一个完整句子，不需要再补加成分，说明该从句用关系代词来引导；若不能形成一个完整的句子，说明该从句需用介词+关系代词来引导。“补缺”，若判断需要用介词+关系代词来引导从句，分两种情况：一是依据表二中所示，找到合适的关系副词；二是找不到合适的关系副词，那么就需要考虑用介词+关系代词来引导，这个补加介词的过程就是“补缺”。 【难点】选择介词时，撇开主句不看，先将先行词还原到从句中，然后按照陈述语序重新排列从句，并在已还原到位的先行词前留出空格，再根据各介词本身的用法及习惯搭配选定合适的介词,最后用该介词+which/whom。介词和先行词是一种习惯搭配，如：The train _ she is traveling is arriving.第一步，得到：the train she is traveling第二步，得到：She is traveling _the train.第三步，得到：She is traveling in the train.第四步，得到：The train in which she is traveling is arriving.介词和从句中动词是一种习惯搭配，如：The CD, _ I searched every store yesterday, is very popular with young people. 第一步，得到：the CD I searched every store yesterday第二步，得到：I searched every store yesterday _the CD.第三步，得到：I searched every store yesterday for the CD.第四步，得到：The CD, for which I searched every store yesterday, is very popular with young people. 介词和从句中形容词是一种习惯搭配，如：She liked to tell the same story again and again _ we had got tired.第一步，得到：the same story we had got tired第二步，得到：We had got tired _ the same story.第三步，得到：We had got tired of the same story.第四步，得到：She liked to tell the same story again and again of which we had got tired.表示“所有格”或“整体与部分”关系时用介词of which/whom,如：He has many children, some of whom are workers.= He has many children, of whom some are workers.She has two skirts, both of which were bought last summer.= She has two skirts, of which both were bought last summer. “四看是否属特殊”,指的是确定了要用关系代词时，还要看是否属特殊情况。四、 选择定语从句引导词的特殊情况1在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用that而不用which：先行词被形容词最高级、序数词修饰或被the only, the very, the same（同一的）, the last, any、few、little、no、all、one of等修饰时。This is the very book that Im looking for.这正是我在找的那本书。先行词为all、much、little、none、few、one、something、anything等不定代词时。All that glitters is not gold.先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.先行词在主句中作表语且关系词在从句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that it was 5 years ago.当主句中含有疑问词which时。Which are the books that you bought for me ?2、在定语从句中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用which而不用that:引导非限制性定语从句China, which has a long history and a brilliant culture, has changed greatly in recent years.关系代词直接放在介词后做宾语时The house in which she used to live was very beautiful.当先行词本身是that时I have that which you gave me.我有你给我的那一个。当关系词离先行词较远时Larry told her friend the story of the young lady which I referred to in my letter to her.3、关系词who与that指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词。当主句是there be句型时，关系词用who。There were two people who were killed in the accident.先行词是为anyone、those、someone、everyone、one、he等词时，关系词用who。One who doesnt reach the Great Wall isnt a man.当主句是who作疑问词时，关系词用that。Who is that girl that is standing by the window?whom在从句中只作宾语，口头上或非正式文体中可被who取代，但置于介词之后或在非限制性定语从句中不能用它代替。如：The gentleman whom/who you told me about yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.The gentleman, whom you told me about yesterday, proved to be a thief. 4先行词为way（方式、方法）时，定语从句关系词的选择。 whichI dont understand the way is introduced in the essay.(作主语) that whichThe way that he explained to us was quite simple. (作宾语) 不填 in whichThe way that he explained the sentence to us was not difficult 不填 to understand. (作状语)5先行词是time时，若time表示“次数”讲时，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time表示“一段时间”讲时，应用关系副词when或介词at/during which引导定语从句。This is the second time (that) the President has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that) Ive failed.This was at a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.五、 关系代词as和which的异同1相同之处都可引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句所表达的内容，在从句中作主语或宾语，可以换用。如：He isnt a native, as/which I know from his accent.2、不同之处as一般不引导限制性定语从句，只有当先行词被such、so和the same(同样的)修饰，或句型as many（much）中，从句才用关系代词as 引导，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。这时不能用which代替。These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.These houses are sold at so low a price as people expected.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.【提示】the same （同一的） that 引导定语从句和the same(同样的)as引导的定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.我想就用你刚才使用的那个工具。I want to use the same tool as you used just now.我想使用你刚才用的一样的工具。as引导非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以在主句之前亦可以在主句之后，而which引导非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。如：As is known to everyone, the earth moves round the sun.=The earth moves round the sun, as is known to everyone.as 引导非限制性定语从句常含有“如同那样”的意思，因此在一些固定结构中如as we (all) know/ as is (well) known to all(众所周知),as we can see(正如我们大家都能看到的那样)，as has been said before/above(正如前文所述)，as has been pointed out(正如所指的那样)，as might be imagined(可以想像得到)，as might be expected(正如预料的那样)，as is often the case(情况常常是这样)，as an old saying goes(正如俗话说)等中不能用which代替as。如：which引导的从句在意义上等于一个并列句，可以用and this 代替，意思是“这件事”；as引导的从句主要起连接上下文的作用，表达说话人的观点、看法，并指出主句内容的根据和出处等。如：He always said what an important role he played, which made the others unhappy.=He always said what an important role he played, and this made the others unhappy.As a song says, “Mom is the best in the world”.which引导的非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是整个主句又可以是一个表示物的名词，而as引导的先行词只能是整个主句。如：The apple trees, which we planted last year, have borne fruit.(不可换成as)A big earthquake occurred in Sichuan in May 12, as /which was reported.在非限制性定语从句中作主语时，which既可作系动词be的主语亦可作实义动词的主语，而as只作系动词的主语。如：She couldnt sleep last night, which explains why she is in a bad mood this morning.(不可换成as)as引导的从句在意义上不可与主句相悖，而which引导的从句则没有这种限制。如：My parents treat me like a child, which I cant bear.(不可换成as)She married him, which was a surprise.(可换成as)六、 定语从句的主谓一致当关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语的人称和数由先行词决定，当先行词为主句时，从句谓语用三人称单数。如：I, who am your classmate, will share the work with you.The reporter who is talking to the shop assistant is humorous.This is one of the best novels that were published last year.This is the only one of the best novels that was published last year.七、 和其他从句的区别定语从句必须同时具备两个条件：一是从句前必须有个名词或代词作先行词；二是从句引导词一定没有其它的含义，只不过代替先行词且在从句中充当一定的句子成分。根据这个特征，我们可以把它和和其他从句加以区别：1.和地点状语从句的区别，看有无表示地点的名词作先行词。如： You should leave the toy where you can find.( 地点状语从句) I still remember the bus stop where /at which I met you for the first time.（定语从句）2.和结果状语从句的区别，看引导词是否在从句中充当成分。如：such/soas引导的定语从句和such/so that 引导的结果状语从句。It is such an interesting film that we all want to see it.子（状语从句）He is such a good teacher as we all respect. (定语从句)【讲析】状语从句的引导词that没有意义，在从句中不做任何成分，而as引导定语从句时，代替先行词，在从句中做主语或宾语，上例中的as在从句中做respect的宾语。3.和同位语从句的区别当引导词是that时，在同位语中，它只起连接作用，没有任何意义，在从句中不充当任何成分，但不可省，同位语从句说明的是先行名词的具体内容；而在定语从句中，它连接主从句，代替先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语，作宾语时还可以省略，定语从句是限定或修饰先行词的。如：The news that he had been back surprised us all.( 同位语从句)The news that he told me was true. ( 定语从句)当引导词是wh-时，在同位语中，它含有疑问意义；反之，则是定语从句。如：He had to settle the problem which should be done first. ( 同位语从句) 他得解决先做哪个的问题。He had to settle the problem which they had left. ( 定语从句) 他得解决他们遗留下的问题。4.和强调句的区别，可用“试减法”，即去掉it is/was和that。若能组成一个完整的句子，说明是强调句，否则，就是定语从句。It was in the garden _ he saw her for the first time.It was the garden _ he saw her for the first time. A. where B. that C. which D. in that【讲析】我们先假设它们都是强调句，用“试减法”去检验一下，句剩下“in the garden he saw her for the first time”，加以调整，得：He saw her in the garden for the first time.意义完整，说明它是强调句，因此答案应为B。译为“他第一次见到她是在花园里。”句剩下“the garden he saw her for the first time”, 加以调整，得：He saw her the garden for the first time.根据意思，感觉句子缺少一个介词in，故该句不是强调句，当我们把it理解为人称代词时，根据定语从句三步法，可找到答案A。译为“这就是他第一次见到她的那个花园。”八、解定语从句题时的注意点1. 标点要认清，尤其是以逗号断开的非限制性定语从句。试比较：As is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.(非限制性定语从句) It is known to all that China will be an advanced and powerful country in 20 or 30 years time.（主语从句后置，it是形式主语）In our school there are over 8000 students . About two fifth of them are girls.（简单句） In our school there are over 8000 students and about two fifth of them are girls.（并列句） In our school there are over 8000 students, about two fifth of whom are girls. （非限制性定语从句）2.断句要正确。The rich, for _ money was not a problem, wanted to stay at an expensive hotel. A. their B. his C. whose D. whom【讲析】该句容易选C，认为money缺定语，实际上，介词短语for whose money不可能作从句的主语，那么从句说没有主语，而该句应理解为“对他们来说，钱不是问题”，故答案为D。I can still remember the sitting-room, _ my brother and I used to sit in the evening. A. which B. when C. that D. where【讲析】该句容易误选A或C，认为在从句中作sit in 的宾语，实际上，介词in应和后面的the evening合为in the evening, sit是不及物动词，故答案D是正确的。3.句子结构要理顺。The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000silver pennies, _over 600 years. A. all of them B. all of which C. all of it D. none of which【讲析】该句容易误解为非限制性定语从句，实际上，该句没有谓语，所以它只是一个独立主格结构，故答案为A。When we asked him, he told us _ he had done. A. that all B. all what C. all which D. what all【讲析】该句意思是“他把他所做的都告诉了我们”，此时我们常用all that或what,但选项里没有，得重新理解句子。首先，从句he had done缺少宾语，设想用what引导，all在us之后作它的同位语。译为“他把他所做的告诉了我们所有的人”，意思完整正确，故答案为B。【真题演练】1.（2008全国II，16）The road conditions ther