Z30130X31型钻床控制系统的PLC改造
摘 要:Z30130X31型摇臂钻床属于大型立式钻床，其传统的控制方式是利用继电器接触器原理控制。由于利用继电器接触器控制系统比较复杂，难于操作；因此本次设计是将其改造成为利用PLC控制，这样既可以提高生产效率，也可以增加其使用寿命。
首先通过对钻床工作原理的了解，然后对PLC的硬件和软件进行设计。根据钻床的工作要求选择合理的工作器件如：继电器，接触器等等，然后编写相应的程序语句表并绘制梯形图，再根据输入输出点数选择PLC型号，输入点数：22输出点数：17，所以本次设计选择FX2N-48MR型PLC并绘制硬件接线图；最后对程序进行模拟调试。
关键词：PLC；电动机；行程开关；断路器；控制按钮；控制开关；工作指示灯。
Z30130X31 drilling machine control system's PLC transformation
Abstract: Z30130X31-arm drilling is a large vertical drilling, the traditional control method is the use of relay contacts Principle control. The use of the relay contactor control system more complicated and difficult operation, therefore this design is its use of a PLC control, this can enhance the efficiency of production and can also increase their service life.
By drilling the first principle of understanding, and then the PLC hardware and software design. According to drilling requirements for the work of the work of a reasonable choice of devices such as: relays, contacts, etc., and then the preparation of the corresponding procedures and the mapping of ladder diagram sentences table, the light input and output points choose PLC models, the importation of points: 22 output points: 17, Therefore, this design options FX2N-48MR PLC and the mapping of hardware wiring diagram; Finally, the simulation debugging procedures.
Key words: PLC; motor; trip switch circuit breaker; control button control switch; work light.
目 录
第一章 引言·······························································1
第二章 机床的主要参数及钻床的机械及运动形式···························2
第三章 继电器接触器控制原理·············································4
3.1制线路特点与电气线路概述·········································4
3.2控制原理分析及分立控制线路·······································5
第四章PLC控制系统的硬件设计···········································10
4.1电动机的选型·······················································10
4.2接触器的选择·······················································12
4.3自动空气断路的选型················································15
4.4热继电器的选用·····················································16
4.5中间继电器的选型···················································18
4.6万能转换开关的选型·················································18
4.7电磁铁的选型·······················································19
4.8按钮的选型··························································19
4.9位置开关的选型·····················································19
4.10导线的选型························································20
4.11变压器的选型······················································20
4.12机床电气控制系统的工艺设计······································23
4.13电气元件布置图的绘制·············································24
4.14电气接线图的绘制·················································25
4.15 可编程控制器·····················································26
4.16三菱PLC指令系统··················································35
第五章PLC控制系统软件设计··············································37
5.1输入地址分配·······················································37
5.2输出地址分配·······················································37
5.3接线图······························································38
5.4程序语句表·························································39
第六章程序模拟调试·······················································42第七章 总结·······························································44
致谢········································································45
参考文献···································································46
第一章 引 言
可编程控制器（Programmable Controller)是为工业控制应用而设计制造的专用计算机控制装置，是20世纪60年代发展起来的控制设备。最早的可编程控制器可追溯到1969年。早期的可编程控制器称作可编程逻辑控制器Programmable Logic Controller,简称PLC，主要作用就是替代继电器实现逻辑控制。工业控制领域的快速发展和不断增长的新需求。使得目前这种装置的功能已经大大超出逻辑控制的范围，因此原来的说法已经不贴切地表示其功能了。今天我们称之为可编程控制器 ，简称PC。但为了避免与个人计算机Personal Computer的简称混淆，还是简称PLC。
PLC是微电子技术与自动控制技术相结合的产物，它的应用非常广泛，能方便地直接用于机械制造、化工、电力、交通、采矿、建材、轻工、环保、食品等各行各业。即可用于老设备的技术改造，也可用于新产品的开发和机电一体化。近年来，可编程序控制器的发展非常快，不仅应用普及非常快，而新产品的开发速度也是非常快的。
随着我国的经济飞速发展，人民生活水平迅速提高，工作居住条件得到了巨大改善。钻床作为工业生产内的重要生产工具，与人们的工作和效力的产生息息相关。对它的性能要求很精确。在此，我们采用了PLC的控制来实现钻床的运行稳定。
钻床的电气系统由液压系统、冷却泵和电磁吸盘以及照明电路等部分组成。传统的电气控制系统采用的继电器逻辑控制由于触点多、故障率高、可靠性差、体积大等缺点，正逐渐被淘汰。目前钻床设计使用可编程控制器(PLC)，要求功能变化灵活，编程简单，故障少，噪音低。维修保养方便，节能省工，抗干扰能力强，控制箱占地面积少。改造后使生产线的效率得到提到，使用寿命更长久等优点。
改造钻床是一门专业知识相当广泛的专业，它涉及到自动化专业的多门专业基础课：电子技术、计算机控制、计算机接口、自控原理、检测技术、电力电子技术、电机拖动、电气系统控制、可编程逻辑控制器等。通过这些专业课程的学习，在此次毕业设计中，又使这些课程得到了复习、巩固。掌握所学知识并解决实际问题的方法和技能。
Z30130×31型摇臂钻床属于大型立式钻床，能够进行多种形式的机械加工，如钻孔、扩孔、铰孔、镗孔、刮平面以及攻螺纹等。
摇臂钻床的运动部件较多，常采用多台电动机拖动，一般采用三相交流鼠笼式异步电动机拖动，用机械变速调节主轴转速和进刀量，变速箱为机械有级调速，钻床的主运动和进给运动都有较大的调速范围。
Z30130X31型钻床的传统的继电器—接触器控制系统过于复杂烦琐。若采用PLC控制进行改造后，便线路简化，可靠性提高，响应加快精确更正确，给设备维护、检修带来方便，同时在成本上也合理，能够产生较大的经济效益。
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