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空气压缩机机身铣三斜面专用机床夹紧系统、液压系统设计【12张CAD图纸+毕业答辩论文】

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空气压缩机机身铣三斜面专用机床夹紧系统、液压系统设计【全套CAD图纸+毕业答辩论文】.rar

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关键词：: 空气压缩机机身斜面专用机床夹紧系统液压设计全套 cad 图纸毕业答辩论文

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摘要

专用组合机床目前是一种普遍的机械装置，应用于大批量生产领域，具有相当的柔性，加工精度高，生产效率提高，劳动强度减轻。

本文就是社会生产的实际需要提出的设计题目。根据现有的空气压缩机机身的相关资料，制定空气压缩机机身的加工工艺，组合铣机身三斜面的夹具设计、液压系统设计。在此基础上提出新的加工工艺和符合新工艺的加工专用机床方案，让改进和创新后的产品更适合工厂和顾客的需求。

本文在对组合铣三斜面的工装设计过程中，对铣三个斜面及钻孔的专用夹具进行了全面的设计。从夹具的外型尺寸设计到具体的一面两销限制自由度定位方案再到加工面精度的计算：液压进给系统的设计，本文也用了不少的篇幅。重点根据液压系统的基本原理，画出合理的液压系统图；根据主要参数确定了液压元件的选择，在组合机床设计过程中结合具体实践和设计经验，阐述了通用件如（液压滑台）的选取及专用部件（如主轴箱）的设计计算。

最后希望此次设计的夹具和液压系统能达到预期的设计要求，并能在实际的应用中取得良好的效果。

关键词：组合机床；专用要求；工艺；钻夹具；液压

Abstract

Special combined machine tool is a mechanical device for universal, applicable to mass production, is quite flexible, high machining accuracy, improve production efficiency, reduce labor intensity.

This paper is the design requirement of social production. According to the relevant data of the existing air compressor machine, machining process air compressor airframe design, fixture design, combination milling body three inclined planes of the hydraulic system. On the basis of this new processing technology is proposed and in line with the new technology of special machine tool for processing scheme, make improvement and innovation of the products more suitable for factories and customer needs.

Based on the combination of the three bevel milling fixture design process, special fixture of milling three and inclined boreholes were comprehensive design. From the dimension design of fixture to the two side pin constrained degrees of freedom positioning scheme to the calculation of machining surface precision: the design of hydraulic feed system, this paper also use a lot of space. Key according to the basic principle of hydraulic system, draw the diagram of hydraulic system reasonable; according to the main parameters of hydraulic component has been selected, combined with the specific practice and experience in the design process in the design of the modular machine tool, describes the general parts (such as hydraulic slider) selection and special parts (such as the design and calculation of main spindle box).

Finally, I hope this design fixture and hydraulic system can meet the design requirements, and can achieve good effect in actual application.

Key words:unit built machine tool ;special requirements ;craftwork ;drill jig ;hydraulic pressure

摘要III

AbstractIV

目录V

1 绪论1

1.1 力源压缩机有限公司简介1

1.2 本课题的意义目的1

1.3 本设计的技术要求1

2 压缩机机身铣三斜面加工工艺规程设计2

2.1工艺方案的制定2

2.2 产品图纸及结构分析2

2.3 毛坯分析、要求及形式的确定3

2.3.1 毛坯种类的选择3

2.3.2 选择毛坯应考虑的因素3

2.3.3 确定毛坯的制造形式4

2.4 拟定加工工艺路线4

2.4.1 定位基准的选择4

2.4.2 表面加工方法的选择5

2.4.3 加工顺序的安排5

2.5 加工余量、工序尺寸及其公差和毛坯尺寸的确定7

2.5.1 加工余量的拟定7

2.5.2 加工余量及毛坯尺寸的确定8

2.5.3 工序尺寸及其公差的确定9

2.6 加工工艺规程9

2.6.1 机械加工工艺规程的作用9

2.6.2 制定机械加工工艺的原则9

2.6.3 粗、精铣三斜面工序9

2.7工艺、主要工序卡片12

3 空压机机身铣三斜面专用机床总体设计概述17

3.1机床总体设计17

3.1.1 专用机床概述17

3.1.2 机床设计应满足的要求17

3.2 机床设计方法18

3.3 机床设计步骤19

3.4 机床对部件设计的要求20

3.5 加工零件图的设计21

3.5.1 被加工零件工序图的确定21

4 夹紧系统设计22

4.1 机床夹具概述22

4.1.1 工件装夹的实质22

4.1.2 机床夹具的功能22

4.1.3 机床夹具要点22

4.2 夹具设计的主要依据23

4.3 本工序夹具主要达到的目的23

4.4 定位方案及定位基准的选择23

4.4.1 工件的定位分析23

4.4.2 工件定位方案及定位基准的选择24

4.4.3 定位元件的选择24

4.5定位误差分析计算24

4.5.1定位误差产生的原因24

4.5.2定位误差的计算25

4.6夹紧方式及夹紧装置设计25

4.6.2 夹压方向及夹压点选择26

4.6.3 夹紧力的计算27

4.6.4 具体结构设计27

4.7夹具体设计29

4.7.1 对夹具体的要求29

4.7.2 夹具体的结构设计29

4.7.3 加工方案31

4.8夹具与机床的链接31

4.8.1 对刀元件31

4.8.2 夹具与机床的链接31

5 液压系统的设计33

5.1 对液压系统的要求33

5.2工件进给系统的计算33

5.2.1 工况分析33

5.2.2 液压缸的载荷组成与计算33

5.2.3 液压缸的主要尺寸的确定34

5.3控制元件设计及液压系统图36

5.3.1 流量控制设计36

5.3.2 压力控制设计37

5.3.3 能耗控制设计37

5.3.4 拟定液压系统图37

5.4 元、辅件规格的选择38

5.4.1 泵及驱动电机规格选择38

5.4.2 元辅件的选定39

5.4.3 结构配置设计39

5.4.4 性能验算39

5.5 工进进给系统分析40

5.6 液压系统的调试与维修41

5.6.1 液压系统的调试41

5.6.2 液压系统的维修42

6 结论与展望43

6.1结论43

6.2不足之处及未来展望43

致谢44

参考文献45

1 绪论

1.1 力源压缩机有限公司简介

力源压缩机有限公司是在历史名城无锡，原第二压缩机厂改组建的有限责任公司，专业制造空气压缩机和空气净化设备的专业公司。从20世纪60年代末开始生产微型、小型压缩机。20世纪80年代末开始批量出口微型压缩机主机，目前已成为中国微、小型压缩机主要出口企业之一。

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内容简介：: 产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 30毛坯种类铸件设备名称卧铣单件机动辅助1 150r/min 94.2m/min 3mm 2.19 0.392 235r/min 147.6m/min 1mm 1.36 0.24处数签字标记签字日期编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）W1.0-10-01空气压缩机以曲轴大孔不加工面及端面定位，大孔内壁压紧粗铣底脚至尺寸1600.1 精铣底脚，保证尺寸。检工步内容共 7 页第 1 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序标记更改文件号日期零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YG634硬质合金刀片 300钢直尺YG634硬质合金刀片 300钢直尺吃刀深走刀次数工时定额无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288材料牌号HT200夹具名称粗铣底脚夹具1会签（日期）设备型号XA6132工序名称铣底脚平面准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1同时加工件数ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 40毛坯种类铸件设备名称卧铣单件机动辅助1 118r/min 92.7m/min 3mm 2.95 0.532 190r/min 149.2m/min 1mm 1.87 0.034处数签字标记处数签字日期每台件数1同时加工件数吃刀深走刀次数工时定额准终材料牌号HT200夹具名称粗精铣端面夹具1会签（日期）每坯件数1设备编号无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288设备型号XA6132零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺工序标记更改文件号日期工步内容共 7 页第 2 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序名称粗、精铣大孔端面以底脚和小孔定位，小孔压紧内壁粗铣端面至尺寸 790.1 ，兼顾198，留余量2-3mm精铣端面，保证表面粗糙度Ra=3.2 m检W1.0-10-01空气压缩机编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 50毛坯种类铸件设备名称镗床单件机动辅助1 30r/min 16.5m/min 7.5mm 3 1.73 0.312 80r/min 22.6m/min 5mm 2 1.68 0.33处数签字标记处数签字日期同时加工件数1准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1零(部)件名称会签（日期）吃刀深走刀次数工时定额材料牌号HT200夹具名称镗大小孔夹具工序无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288设备型号T68零(部)件图号工步内容更改文件号工艺内容YT6镗刀 200mm游标卡尺YT6镗刀 200mm游标卡尺标记更改文件号日期共 7 页第 3 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序名称镗大小孔W1.0-10-01空气压缩机以低脚平面定位，压紧底脚镗大孔160至175 ,保证尺寸1200.1 镗小孔80至90 检编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 60毛坯种类铸件设备名称卧铣单件机动辅助1 190r/min 119.4m/min 3mm 1.27 0.232 235r/min 147.7m/min 1mm 1 0.18处数签字标记处数签字日期准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1同时加工件数会签（日期）吃刀深走刀次数工时定额材料牌号HT200夹具名称粗精铣端面夹具1无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288设备型号XA6132零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺工序标记更改文件号日期工步内容共 7 页第 4 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序名称粗、精铣小孔端面以底脚和大孔端面定位，大孔压紧内壁粗铣端面至尺寸 198精铣端面，保证尺寸198检W1.0-10-01空气压缩机编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 65毛坯种类铸件设备名称卧铣单件机动辅助1 190r/mn 119.4m/min 3mm 1.2 0.22处数签字标记处数签字日期准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1同时加工件数会签（日期）吃刀深走刀次数工时定额材料牌号HT200夹具名称斜面铣夹具1无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288设备型号XA6132零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺工序标记更改文件号日期工步内容共 7 页第 5 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序名称粗铣三斜面以大孔和大孔端面定位，以底脚平面校三斜面角度粗铣三斜面至尺寸121 ，保证相互角度60检W1.0-10-01空气压缩机编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 65毛坯种类铸件设备名称卧铣单件机动辅助1 235r/min 147.7m/min 1mm 0.95 0.17处数签字标记处数签字日期编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）W1.0-10-01空气压缩机以大孔和大孔端面定位，以底脚平面校三斜面角度精铣三斜面至尺寸1200.1 ，保证相互角度60检将平面放置平板，22标准块为测量基准工步内容共 7 页第 6 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序标记更改文件号日期零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YG634硬质合金刀 300钢直尺22标准块吃刀深走刀次数工时定额无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288材料牌号HT200夹具名称斜面铣夹具1会签（日期）设备型号XA6132工序名称精铣三斜面准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1同时加工件数ntsnts产品型号产品名称车间工序号金工 70毛坯种类铸件设备名称镗床单件机动辅助1 60r/min 19.8m/min 2.5mm 1 2.48 0.452 60r/min 19.8m/min 2.5mm 1 2.48 0.45处数签字标记处数签字日期准终每坯件数1设备编号每台件数1同时加工件数会签（日期）吃刀深走刀次数工时定额材料牌号HT200夹具名称斜面铣夹具1无锡太湖学院机械加工工序卡片夹具编号毛坯外形尺寸204*328*288设备型号T68零(部)件图号零(部)件名称更改文件号工艺内容YT6镗刀 200mm游标卡尺YT6镗刀 200mm游标卡尺工序标记更改文件号日期工步内容共 7 页第 7 页曲轴箱冷却液工序工时工序名称镗三斜孔检以大孔和大孔端面定位，脚板平面辅助定位，用百分表应校准孔平面。注意压板的方向粗镗三斜孔至尺寸106.2 ，保证尺寸790.1和200.1粗镗三斜孔至尺寸105 保证尺寸790.1和200.1W1.0-10-01空气压缩机首先必须校正夹具编制（日期）主轴转速切削速度走刀量审核（日期）ntsnts1 1 备注准终单件10 检质检20 准备30 铣金工35 钳金工40 铣金工50 镗金工60 铣金工65 铣70 镗金工80 钳金工标记处数标记处数1.上专机 ,以底脚定位 ,镗大小孔 ,留余量 0.2mm2.粗铰大小孔 ,按图纸尺寸留余量 0.05-0.06mm无锡太湖学院机械加工工艺过程卡片材料牌号 HT200 毛坯种类铸件毛坯外形尺寸工序号W1.0-10-01曲轴箱空气压缩机共 2 页第 1 页产品型号产品名称W-1.0/7 零 (部 )件图号零 (部)件名称工序名称工序内容车间毛坯入厂检查每毛坯件数1.铸件质量应符合 GB9439-88灰铸铁的规定要求2.外观铸件无沙眼，气孔，裂纹等缺陷。工段设备工艺装备工时每台件数更改文件号保证粗糙度 3.21.以底脚定位 ,粗 ,精铣小孔端面 ,按图纸要求 ,保证两平面尺寸 ,保证粗糙度3.22.粗 ,精铣油标凸台平面 ,保证图纸要求 ,保证粗糙度 3.2以大孔 ,大孔端面定位 ,上专机 ,粗 ,精镗三斜孔 ,保证图纸要求 , 专机2 等高块W1.0-742-02W1.0-742-01专机1W1.0-732-01以顶面定位 ,粗 ,精铣曲箱底脚平面 .保证图纸要求 ,粗糙度 6.33.精铰大小孔 ,保证图纸要求 ,保证粗糙度 1.6划线 ,找正油标凸台中心 ,放油孔中心以大孔 ,大孔端面定位,粗精铣三斜面,保证图纸要求,粗糙度3.2以顶面定位上钻夹具 ,钻底脚孔保证图纸要求以底脚定位 ,粗 ,精铣大孔端面 ,两平面 ,留余量 2-3mm,保证粗糙度 3.2更改文件号签字签字日期会签（日期）审核（日期）日期编制（日期）清砂处理1.喷丸至外表面无砂粒2.浸涂铁红防锈漆nts1 1 备注准终单件90 钳金工100 钳金工110 钳金工120 钳金工130 辅助金工140 检质检标记处数标记处数材料牌号 HT200 毛坯种类铸件毛坯外形尺寸共 2 页第 2 页产品型号产品名称W-1.0/7 零 (部 )件图号零 (部)件名称工序号工序名称工序内容车间每毛坯件数W1.0-10-01曲轴箱空气压缩机无锡太湖学院机械加工工艺过程卡片1.钻放油孔2.刮平放油孔平面3.放油孔攻丝工段设备工艺装备工时每台件数更改文件号入库检验 (按图纸要求 )要求 ,保证粗糙度 6.3通用夹具W1.0-732-02W1.0-732-031.划线 ,找正加油孔中心以大孔及平面定位 ,上钻模 ,钻 ,攻两平面螺纹孔 ,孔的分布按图纸去毛刺 ,清洗 ,干燥3.钻 ,攻 ,加油孔 ,保证图纸要求 ,保证粗糙度 6.32.以底脚平面定位 ,上钻模 ,钻 ,攻顶面螺纹孔 .更改文件号签字签字日期会签（日期）审核（日期）日期编制（日期）4.钻油标定位孔5.上油标夹具 ,钻 ,攻 ,油标孔以底脚定位 ,上斜角铁夹具 ,上钻模 ,钻 ,攻两斜面螺纹孔nts编号无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）相关资料题目：空气压缩机机身铣三斜面专用机床夹紧系统、液压系统设计信机系机械工程及其自动化专业学号： 0923803 学生姓名：沈靖雯指导教师：张大骏（职称：高级工程师）（职称：） 2013年 5月 25日 nts nts目录一、毕业设计（论文）开题报告二、毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文三、学生 “毕业论文（论文）计划、进度、检查及落实表 ” 四、实习鉴定表 nts nts无锡太湖学院毕业设计（论文）开题报告题目：空气压缩机机身铣三斜面专用机床夹紧系统、液压系统设计信机系机械工程及其自动化专业学号： 0923803 学生姓名：沈靖雯指导教师：张大骏（职称：高级工程师）（职称：） 2012年 11月 25日 nts nts课题来源本课题是由无锡市力源压缩机有限公司提供的系统课题科学依据（包括课题的科学意义；国内外研究概况、水平和发展趋势；应用前景等）力源压缩机有限公司（原无锡市第二压缩机厂）是一家具有多年制造小型空气压缩机的生产公司，生产经验十分丰富，但多年来生产的品种繁多，型号变换快，一直来形成相当的规模。近期参加了上海压缩机集团，因而在若干品种上有较大批量的生产任务，这样就需要由原来单件小批量的规模扩展为成批生产，对此就需要有符合生产纲领的机械加工工艺及与之适应的加工专用机床。本课题是应该公司要求提供该公司的设计方案。研究内容 1、适合的生产加工工艺 2、机加工工艺相配的专用机床夹具和液压系统（包括总体方案、部件及控制系统设计方案）要求其经济性好，并能为该生产厂家适用。拟采取的研究方法、技术路线、实验方案及可行性分析力源压缩机有限公司是生产小型空气压缩机的专业厂家，有多年生产经历（三十余年）积累了丰富的经验。现在面临扩大规模和转型。厂方可提供一定的技术资料。并可以接受学生的参观实习，所以先组织学生下厂参观，接受任务，熟悉原有的单件、小批量生产工艺情况及所使用的设备。在此基础上提出新的加工工艺和符合新工艺的加工专用机床方案，供厂方讨论，提出改进意见。然后设计完整的的机械加工工艺方案及相应的机械加工专用机床。 nts研究计划及预期成果研究计划： 2012 年 11 月布置任务。熟悉工厂情况，下厂参观 2013 年 1 月下厂参观实习，熟悉工厂的生产情况 2013 年 2 月 3 月拟定工艺方案，提出专机夹具方案，供讨论 2013 年 4 月 5 日 10 日确定机械加工工艺方案，夹具总体布置 11 日 20 日夹具设计、液压设计 21 日 30 日改进并完成设计 2013 年 5 月 1 日 10 日撰写设计说明书 11 日 15 日总结预期成果：图纸、设计说明书特色或创新之处该专用机床既可以适用于二斜面的空气压缩机机身的斜面加工，也可以使用与机身的三斜面加工。有相当的柔性，且精度提高，生产效率提高。劳动强度减轻。已具备的条件和尚需解决的问题力源压缩机有限公司可提供一部分技术资料及生产经验，并可容纳学生参观实习，但设计资料缺乏，需自行收集。指导教师意见同意作为本专业学生毕业设计课题，其难度和工作量均合适。指导教师签名：年月日 nts教研室（学科组、研究所）意见教研室主任签名：年月日系意见主管领导签名：年月日 nts nts英文原文 Machine design theory The machine design is through designs the new product or improves the old product to meet the human need the application technical science. It involves the project technology each domain, mainly studies the product the size, the shape and the detailed structure basic idea, but also must study the product the personnel which in aspect the and so on manufacture, sale and use question. Carries on each kind of machine design work to be usually called designs the personnel or machine design engineer. The machine design is a creative work. Project engineer not only must have the creativity in the work, but also must in aspect and so on mechanical drawing, kinematics, engineerig material, materials mechanics and machine manufacture technology has the deep elementary knowledge. If front sues, the machine design goal is the production can meet the human need the product. The invention, the discovery and technical knowledge itself certainly not necessarily can bring the advantage to the humanity, only has when they are applied can produce on the product the benefit. Thus, should realize to carries on before the design in a specific product, must first determine whether the people do need this kind of product Must regard as the machine design is the machine design personnel carries on using creative ability the product design, the system analysis and a formulation product manufacture technology good opportunity. Grasps the project elementary knowledge to have to memorize some data and the formula is more important than. The merely service data and the formula is insufficient to the completely decision which makes in a good design needs. On the other hand, should be earnest precisely carries on all operations. For example, even if places wrong a decimal point position, also can cause the correct design to turn wrongly. A good design personnel should dare to propose the new idea, moreover is willing to undertake the certain risk, when the new method is not suitable, use original method. Therefore, designs the personnel to have to have to have the patience, because spends the time and the endeavor certainly cannot guarantee brings successfully. A brand-new design, the request screen abandons obsoletely many, knows very well the method for the people. Because many person of conservativeness, does this certainly is not an easy matter. A mechanical designer should unceasingly explore the improvement existing product the method, should earnestly choose originally, the process confirmation principle of design in this process, with has not unified it after the confirmation new idea. Newly designs itself can have the question occurrence which many flaws and has not been able to expect, only has after these flaws and the question are solved, can manifest new goods come into the market the product superiority. Therefore, a performance superior product is born at the same time, also is following a higher risk. Should emphasize, if designs itself does not request to use the brand-new method, is not unnecessary merely for the goal which transform to use the new method. In the design preliminary stage, should allow to design the personnel fully to display the creativity, not each kind of restraint. Even if has had many impractical ideas, also can in the design early time, namely in front of the plan blueprint is corrected. Only then, only then does not send to stops up the innovation the mentality. Usually, must propose several sets of design proposals, then perform the comparison. Has the possibility very much in the plan which finally designated, has used certain not in plan some ideas which accepts. How does the psychologist frequently discuss causes the machine which the people adapts ntsthem to operate. Designs personnels basic responsibility is diligently causes the machine to adapt the people. This certainly is not an easy work, because certainly does not have to all people to say in fact all is the most superior operating area and the operating process. Another important question, project engineer must be able to carry on the exchange and the consultation with other concerned personnel. In the initial stage, designs the personnel to have to carry on the exchange and the consultation on the preliminary design with the administrative personnel, and is approved. This generally is through the oral discussion, the schematic diagram and the writing material carries on. In order to carry on the effective exchange, needs to solve the following problem: (1) designs whether this product truly does need for the people? Whether there is competitive ability (2) does this product compare with other companies existing similar products? (3) produces this kind of product is whether economical? (4) product service is whether convenient? (5) product whether there is sale? Whether may gain? Only has the time to be able to produce the correct answer to above question. But, the product design, the manufacture and the sale only can in carry on to the above question preliminary affirmation answer foundation in. Project engineer also should through the detail drawing and the assembly drawing, carries on the consultation together with the branch of manufacture to the finally design proposal. Usually, can have some problem in the manufacture process. Possibly can request to some components size or the common difference makes some changes, causes the components the production to change easily. But, in the project change must have to pass through designs the personnel to authorize, guaranteed cannot damage the product the function. Sometimes, when in front of product assembly or in the packing foreign shipment experiment only then discovers in the design some kind of flaw. These instances exactly showed the design is a dynamic process. Always has a better method to complete the design work, designs the personnel to be supposed unceasingly diligently, seeks these better method. Recent year, the engineerig material choice already appeared importantly. In addition, the choice process should be to the material continuously the unceasing again appraisal process. The new material unceasingly appears, but some original materials can obtain the quantity possibly can reduce. The environmental pollution, material recycling aspect and so on use, workers health and security frequently can attach the new limiting condition to the choice of material. In order to reduce the weight or saves the energy, possibly can request the use different material. Comes from domestic and international competition, to product service maintenance convenience request enhancement and customers aspect the and so on feedback pressure, can urge the people to carry on to the material reappraises. Because the material does not select when created the product responsibility lawsuit, has already had the profound influence. In addition, the material and between the material processing interdependence is already known by the people clearly. Therefore, in order to can and guarantees the quality in the reasonable cost under the premise to obtain satisfaction the result, project engineer makes engineers all to have earnestly carefully to choose, the determination and the use material. Makes any product the first step of work all is designs. Designs usually may divide into several explicit stages: (a) preliminary design; (b) functional design; (c) production design. In the preliminary design stage, the designer emphatically considered the product should have function. Usually must conceive and consider several plans, then decided this kind of thought is whether feasible; If is feasible, then should makes the further improvement to or several plans. In this stage, the question which only must consider about the choice of material is: Whether has the ntsperformance to conform to the request material to be possible to supply the choice; If no, whether has a bigger assurance all permits in the cost and the time in the limit develops one kind of new material. In the functional design and the engineering design stage, needs to make a practical feasible design. Must draw up the quite complete blueprint in this stage, chooses and determines each kind of components the material. Usually must make the prototype or the working model, and carries on the experiment to it, the appraisal product function, the reliability, the outward appearance and the service maintenance and so on. Although this kind of experiment possibly can indicate, enters in the product to the production base in front of, should replace certain materials, but, absolutely cannot this point take not earnestly chooses the material the excuse. Should unify the product the function, earnestly carefully considers the product the outward appearance, the cost and the reliability. Has the achievement very much the company when manufacture all prototypes, selects the material should the material which uses with its production in be same, and uses the similar manufacture technology as far as possible. Like this has the advantage very much to the company. The function complete prototype if cannot act according to the anticipated sales volume economically to make, or is prototypical and the official production installment has in the quality and the reliable aspect is very greatly different, then this kind of prototype does not have the great value. Project engineer is best can completely complete the material in this stage the analysis, the choice and the determination work, but is not remains it to the production design stage does. Because, is carries on in the production design stage material replacement by other people, these people are inferior to project engineer to the product all functions understanding. I n the production design stage, is should completely determine with the material related main question the material, causes them to adapt with the existing equipment, can use the existing equipment economically to carry on the processing, moreover the material quantity can quite be easy to guarantee the supply. In the manufacture process, inevitably can appear to uses the material to make some changes the situation. The experience indicated that, may use certain cheap materials to take the substitute. However, in the majority situation, in will carry on the production later to change the material to have in to start before the production to change the price which the material will spend to have to be higher than. Completes the choice of material work in the design stage, may avoid the most such situations. Started after the production manufacture to appear has been possible to supply the use the new material is replaces the material the most common reason. Certainly, these new materials possibly reduce the cost, the improvement product performance. But, must carry on the earnest appraisal to the new material, guarantees its all performance all to answer the purpose. Must remember that, the new material performance and the reliable very few pictures materials on hand such understood for the people. The majority of products expiration and the product accident caused by negligence case is because in selects the new material to take in front of substitution material, not truly understood their long-term operational performance causes. The product responsibility lawsuit forces designs the personnel and the company when the choice material, uses the best procedure. In the material process, five most common questions are: (a) did not understand or cannot use about the material application aspect most newly the best information paper; (b) has not been able to foresee and to consider the dusk year possible reasonable use (for example to have the possibility, designs the personnel also to be supposed further to forecast and the consideration because product application method not when creates consequence. ecent years many products responsibilities lawsuit case, because wrongly uses the plaintiff which the product receives the injury to accuse produces the factory, and wins the decision); (c) uses the material data not entire perhaps some data are indefinite, works as its long-term performance data is the like this time in particular; (d) the quality control method is not ntssuitable and not after the confirmation; (e) the personnel which completely is not competent for the post by some chooses the material. Through to the above five questions analysis, may obtain these questions is does not have the sufficient reason existence the conclusion. May for avoid these questions to these questions research analyses the appearance indicating the direction. Although uses the best choice of material method not to be able to avoid having the product responsibility lawsuit, designs the personnel and the industry carries on the choice of material according to the suitable procedure, may greatly reduce the lawsuit the quantity. May see from the above discussion, the choice material people should to the material nature, the characteristic and the processing method have comprehensive and the basic understanding. nts中文译文机械设计理论机械设计是一门通过设计新产品或者改进老产品来满足人类需求的应用技术科学。它涉及工程技术的各个领域，主要研究产品的尺寸、形状和详细结构的基本构思，还要研究产品在制造、销售和使用等方面的问题。进行各种机械设计工作的人员通常被称为设计人员或者机械设计工程师。机械设计是一项创造性的工作。设计工程师不仅在工作上要有创造性，还必须在机械制图、运动学、工程材料、材料力学和机械制造工艺学等方面具有深厚的基础知识。如前所诉，机械设计的目的是生产能够满足人类需求的产品。发明、发现和科技知识本身并不一定能给人类带来好处，只有当它们被应用在产品上才能产生效益。因而，应该认识到在一个特定的产品进行设计之前，必须先确定人们是否需要这种产品。应当把机械设计看成是机械设计人员运用创造性的才能进行产品设计、系统分析和制定产品的制造工艺学的一个良机。掌握工程基础知识要比熟记一些数据和公式更为重要。仅仅使用数据和公式是不足以在一个好的设计中做出所需的全部决定的。另一方面，应该认真精确的进行所有运算。例如，即使将一个小数点的位置放错，也会使正确的设计变成错误的。一个好的设计人员应该勇于提出新的想法，而且愿意承担一定的风险，当新的方法不适用时，就使用原来的方法。因此，设计人员必须要有耐心，因为所花费的时间和努力并不能保证带来成功。一个全新的设计，要求屏弃许多陈旧的，为人们所熟知的方法。由于许多人墨守成规，这样做并不是一件容易的事。一位机械设计师应该不断地探索改进现有的产品的方法，在此过程中应该认真选择原有的、经过验证的设计原理，将其与未经过验证的新观念结合起来。新设计本身会有许多缺陷和未能预料的问题发生，只有当这些缺陷和问题被解决之后，才能体现出新产品的优越性。因此，一个性能优越的产品诞生的同时，也伴随着较高的风险。应该强调的是，如果设计本身不要求采用全新的方法，就没有必要仅仅为了变革的目的而采用新方法。在设计的初始阶段，应该允许设计人员充分发挥创造性，不受各种约束。即使产生了许多不切实际的想法，也会在设计的早期，即绘制图纸之前被改正掉。只有这样，才不致于堵塞创新的思路。通常，要提出几套设计方案，然后加以比较。很有可能在最后选定的方案中，采用了某些未被接受的方案中的一些想法。心理学家经常谈论如何使人们适应他们所操作的机器。设计人员的基本职责是努力使机器来适应人们。这并不是一项容易的工作，因为实际上并不存在着一个对所有人来说都是最优的操作范围和操作过程。另一个重要问题，设计工程师必须能够同其他有关人员进行交流和磋商。在开始阶段，设计人员必须就初步设计同

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