形容词与副词[1].doc

形容词与副词一、形容词 形容词用来修饰，说明名词或不定代词，表示人或物的性质、特征和状态。形容词的用法：1 作定语The birds are flying in the blue sky. That is a long and wide road.l 大部分形容词既可作表语也可作定语，但有的形容词只能作表语或定语。常见的只能作定语的形容词有：golden sun, former president, a little boy, the only way, the upper teeth, spare time, daily necessities, live fish, the outer space, elder sister, etc.l 注意形容词在句中作定语时的位置：形容词作定语，一般防在所修饰名词的前面。但在下列情况下，形容词要放在所修饰词的后面作后置定语：1） 形容词修饰由some-, any-, no-, every-, 与one, body, thing (where) 等构成的复合不定代词（副词）时e.g. Is there anything interesting? Do you know somewhere quiet where we might spend the weekend?2） 少数以a开头的形容词如：awake, alive, asleep作定语时：e.g. He was the only boy awake at the time of earthquake.3） 形容词短语作定语时：e.g. He carried a basket full of stones on his back. 2 作表语 The fish is still alive. He has been ill / sick for a week. Cf. The mother is holding her sick child in her arms. l 常见的只能作表语的形容词有：afraid, ahead, alike, alone, ashamed, aware, glad, ill, unable, unwell (不健康的), well (健康的), etc.3 作补足语 We should keep our classroom clean. The news made her sad. 4 名词化的形容词可以作主语和宾语 The unemployed have to make a living by themselves. Respect the old and love the young. l 常见的名词化的形容词有：the old, the sick, the rich, the poor, the young, the wounded, the (un)employed, etc.二、副词副词通常用来修饰动词、形容词，其他副词、介词短语或整个句子，表示时间、地点、方式、程度、动作特征等，有时也可作定语或宾语。A. 副词的种类：根据词汇意义，副词可分为五种时间副词 now, then, already, ago, tonight, usually, soon, etc.地点副词 here, there, nowhere, above, below, back, outside, etc.方式副词 slowly, fast, well, carefully, alone, patiently, suddenly, etc.频度副词 often, always, once, hardly, sometimes, frequently, seldom, etc.程度副词 very, quite, completely, almost, much, still, enough, mainly, etc.根据句法功能，副词可分为三种疑问副词 when, how, where, why 位于句首，后接一般疑问句连接副词 when, where, how, why, whether 引导主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句关系副词 when, where, why 引导定语从句B. 副词的用法：1 作状语修饰动词 I have already seen the movie. 2 作状语修饰形容词 We have been very busy these days.3 作状语修饰副词 You did the job quite well. 4 作状语修饰介词短语 My seat is exactly in the middle of the room.5 作状语修饰整个句子 Actually, he is right. 6 作定语修饰名词等 The teachers here are all very kind to me. 7 作表语 Class is over.C. 副词在句中的位置：副词在句中的位置比较灵活，一般遵循以下原则：1 多数副词位于谓语动词之后，如有宾语则位于宾语之后，但如宾语太长时也可置于宾语之前。e.g. She runs fast. He went to school early. They discussed carefully the proposals which were raised as the meeting. 2 程度副词通常位于所修饰的词之前或之后，不能出现在句首。e.g. He runs fast.The boy seems quite happy. I forgot it completely. 3 频度副词通常位于行为动词之前，系动词、助动词和情态动词之后。e.g. They often come to see us. He is never late for class. We have always lived in this house. 4 几个副词同时出现在一个句子里时，通常顺序是：程度-方式-地点-时间We study very hard at school every day. 三、形容词、副词的比较等级原级 bright, hot, happy, carefully, many (much), little, good (well), far比较级 brighter, hotter, happier, more carefully, more, less, better, farther / further最高级 brightest, hottest, happiest, most carefully, most, least, best, farthest / furthestA. 形容词、副词的原级比较l as+原级+as not +as / so+原级+ ase.g. This book is not as /so interesting as that one. She got up as early as I (did)/me. Cf. He did not get up as early as I/me. This park is five times as big as that park. B. 形容词、副词比较级的比较l 比较级+than+ e.g. She is cleverer than her sister. They now live more happily than (they did) in the past. l the +比较级, the +比较级e.g. The bigger the bottle is, the more water it will hold. The more clearly you speak, the better we shall understand you.l 比较级+and+比较级e.g. The weather is getting warmer and warmer. He ran faster and faster. l the taller of the two结构形容词比较级前面一般不加定冠词the，但是如果比较级后面没有than，而是紧跟of the two结构，则要加the。e.g. Which is the better of the two?l much +比较级+ than形容词比较级前可以用表示数量或程度的词修饰，这些词常用的有even, much, far, a little, a bit, no, twice, three times, etc.e.g. Her brother is six years older than she / her. This car is far cheaper than that one. He speaks much louder than others. This park is four times bigger than that park. = This park is five times as big as that park. C. 形容词、副词最高级的比较l 一般采用“the +最高级+表示范围的短语或从句”的比较结构，但如是副词，最高级前的不定冠词the也可省略。e.g. Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth? Cf. Which is bigger, the earth or the moon? She is the most careful student of all the girls in her class. He studies (the) hardest in the class. l 形容词最高级作表语，不同他物作比较，后面又没有表示范围的词时，前面一般不加the, 但可加不定冠词a。e.g. Please read your book where light is best. Cf. This book is most (=very) interesting. This is a most (=very) interesting book. This is the most interesting book I have ever read. l 最高级也可以用by far等词以及序数词来修饰。e.g. This dictionary is by far the most useful. Tianjin is the third largest city in China. l 在比较结构中，从句中的名词或动词如与主句中的名词，动词完全一样，经常用one, ones, that, those, do, did来代替这一重复的名词或动词。e.g. No dictionary is as useful as the one (=that) I bought last year. The children from the United States are different from the ones (=those) from China. Exercise 2. Adjectives & Adverbs1. In Britain, the best season of the year is probably _ spring. A. late B. last C. latter D. later2. As a _ president, his views are treated with respect when he is interviewed. A. previous B. former C. late D. lonely 3. For _ he lived in the south of Europe for the sake of his health. A. some time B. sometime C. some times D. sometimes4. When they met again a few years later, they said they were _ young. A. not more B. any young C. no longerD. no sooner5. _ the male are more beautiful than the female in the world of animal. A. Almost B. Properly C. Usually D. Actually6. One point is that if the assignment is worked out _, the worker will gain a power that would not be possible otherwise. A. fully B. thoroughC. hardestD. thoroughly7. After the fight, a looker-on found that a young man _ so he telephoned for an ambulance immediately. A. was injured seriously B. was serious injured C. seriously injuredD. was seriously injured8. All too _ it was time to go back to school after the winter vacation. A. often B. soonC. fastD. soon9. How can I go there very fast? You will get there _ if you go by taxi. A. faster B. more fasterC. more fastD. much fast10. My computer hasnt worked _ since I dropped it on the floor. A. easilyB. regularlyC. quicklyD. properly11. I think the Red Team will win the final game; its _ that they win. A. almost surely B. rather possiblyC. very likelyD. quite certainly12. I like Betty and Maud, but I think Betty is _ of the two. A. nicerB. the nicerC. niceD. the nicest13. He is _ than diligent. A. wiseB. more wiserC. more wiseD. much wise14. Thunderstorms are _ in Ireland than in England. A. very less common B. much less commonC. more less commonD. too less common15. Prices for bikes at that store can run _ $250. A. so high as B. so high to C. as high asD. as high to16. One of the _ parts of the trip was meeting some wonderful people. A. goodB. betterC. well D. best17. There are _ custom tailors and dressmakers in the US than in European countries. A. so fewerB. far fewerC. very fewerD. too fewer18. What he said sounds _. A. nicely B. pleasantlyC. friendlyD. wonderfully19. Soon the boy and the girl fell _. A. asleepB. sleepingC. sleptD. sleep20. There were a lot _ books in the reading room than I expected. A. ofB. more ofC. moreD. more than Keys:1 5 ABACC 6 10 DDBAD 11 15 CBCBC 16 20 DBCACTests about Adjectives & Adverbs from NMET1. The students are _ young people between the age of sixteen and twenty. A. mostB. almostC. mostlyD. at most2. She told us _ story that we all forgot about the time. A. such an interestingB. such interesting a C. so an interestingD. a so interesting3. If we had followed his plan we could have done the job better with _ money and _ people. A. less, lessB. fewer, fewerC. less, fewerD. fewer, less4. The horse is old and cant run _ it did. A. as faster asB. as fast thanC. so faster asD. so fast as5. After the new technique was introduced, the factory produced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. twice as many C. as many twice D. twice many as6. Can I help you? Well, Im afraid the box is _ heavy for you, but thank you all the same. A. so B. muchC. very D. too7. Oh, John, _ you gave me. A. how a pleasant surprise B. how pleasant surprise C. what a pleasant surpriseD. what pleasant surprise8. Canada is larger than _ country in Asia. A. any B. any other C. otherD. another9. These oranges taste _. A. goodB. well C. to be goodD. to be well10. _ food youve cooked! A. How a niceB. What a niceC. How niceD. What nice11. Go and get your coat. Its _ you left it. A. thereB. whereC. there where D. were there12. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _. A. openB. to be openedC. to open D. opening13. Are you feeling _? Yes, Im fine now. A. any well B. any betterC. quite good D. quite better14. Which is _ country, Canada or Australia? A. a large B. largerC. a largerD. the larger15. Will you give this message to Mr. White, please? Sorry, I cant. He _. A. doesnt any more work here B. doesnt any longer here work C. doesnt work any more here D. doesnt work here any longer16. Mum, I think Im _ to get back to school. Not really, my dear. Youd better stay at home for another day or two. A. so well B. so goodC. well enough D. good enough17. If you dont like the red coat, take the blue one. OK, but do you have _ size in blue? This ones a bit tight for me. A. a big B. a biggerC. the bigD. the bigger18. John plays football