英语语法-词类(名,代,动形,副).doc

词类 Word class 1. noun (n.) 名词 Names of people, things and concepts. 表示事物的名称和抽象概念。万事万物都有名称，因此，名词的数量是最多的。 人、物： Tom，man, horse, book, etc. 事 情：game, match(比賽), etc. 抽象概念：news, friendship(友谊, 友好), etc. 2. Verb. (vt./vi.) 动词 Describes actions, states and processes. 表示动作或行为的一类词（少数动词表示心理状态）。 run, walk(wC:k), read(读, 阅读) 3. adjective (a. or adj.) 形容词 Tell us about nouns.描绘事物特征、性质、状态、类别等内容的一类词，主要用于修饰名词。 Eg. Tall(高的, 长的, 夸大的), fat(肥大的, 丰满的), roun(raund圓的), 4. adverb (ad. or adv.) 副词 Tell us about verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. 描绘动作的速度、方式、程度等内容的词类，主要用于修饰动词，其次修饰形容词、副词等。 Eg. slowly, successfully(成功地), greatly(很, 非常), etc. 5. pronoun (pron.) 代词 Stands for a noun or a noun phrase. 代替名词的词 Eg. he, she, her, mine, etc. 6. article (art.) 冠词 Show if a noun has or has not been mentioned before. 放在名词前起修饰、限定作用的一种虚词。冠词只有不定冠词a/an和定冠词the两种。 7. preposition (prep.) 介词 Links one word or phrase with a following noun phrase. 表示与名词、代词、数词、动词、形容词的关系的一种虚词。 Eg. in, on, about, of, etc. 8. conjunction (conj.) 连词 Links a single words, phrases or sentences together 连接单词与单词、词组与词组、句子与句子的一种虚词。连词不能独立做句子成分，只起连接作用。 Eg. and, or, but, before, etc. 9. number (num.) 数词 表示数量多少和顺序的词. Eg. one, two, first, second, etc. 10. interjection (interj.) 感叹词 抒发强烈感情的一类词。感叹词常用的只有20个左右，它们在句中一般位于句首，作一个独立成分，不影响其他句子成分。 Eg. oh, well, wow, etc. 1.个体名词： 表示某类人或物体中的个体。例如： 某类人、动物：boy, girl, cat, dog, pig,etc. 东西、物体：radio, computer, hill(小山, 丘陵), etc. 2. 集体名词： 是两个以上个体组成的集合体,表示一群人或一事物的总称。例如： family, people, staff工作人员,team，poultry家禽, etc. 3.物质名词： 表示无法分为个体的实物。例如： water(水, 雨水,), fire(火, 炉火), water, dust(灰尘), etc. 4. 抽象名词： 表示品质、特征、感情、状态等抽象概念。 quality(质量, 品质), love, friendship, life, happiness(幸福, 快乐),etc. 注意： A.专有名词的第一个字母必须大写：Henry, Shanghai, China. 由两个或两个以上的单词构成的专有名词 ，每个单词的第一个字母必须大写（当中的冠词、介词、连词是虚词，所以不用大写），如New York, Fudan University. B. 普通名词通常都用小写，只有出现在句子开头，标题或个别特殊情况下才大写第一个字母。 句首：Horses are very useful. 标题：Can Money Buy Everything? 特殊：He believed that God would help him可数与不可数名词 1.可数名词 可以直接用数字计算的名词. one boy, two girls 2.不可数名词 不可以用数字计数的名词,一般指物质名词和抽象名词. water , love, 要表达不可数名词的数量,要在名词前加上数词和量词.比如: a bowl of rice一碗米饭,a bottle of water 一瓶水可数名词变复数的规律 1.一般情况下直接加S 如：bookbooks, penpens, etc. 2.名词以s, x, sh, ch 结尾时， 加es. 如：kisskisses, busbuses,dishes,watches. 3.以o结尾的名词一般加s, 个别加es。 加es的单词有：黑人Negro英雄hero(喜欢)西红柿tomato土豆potato; 外加否决veto和回音echo. 4.以辅音字母y结尾时，把y变为ies. 如：city cities , county counties 5.以f或者fe结尾的名词，多数变f 或 fe为ves,少数直接加s. 如wifewives妻子 leafleaves树叶 加s的常用词有：海湾gulf，屋顶roof，农奴serf首领chief有信仰belief,证据proof, 马蹄hoof。不规则变化的形式: 1.改变单数名词中的元音字母: manmen woman women policeman policemen businessmanbusinessmen 注:以man和woman组成的合成词,一般都是将最后的man和woman变成men和women. 但是：GermanGermans humanhumans特殊 toothteeth footfeet goosegeese mousemice louselice虱子 2.在词尾加(r) en: oxoxen, child children 3.单复数形式相同: Three sheep, two fish, four deer鹿 4.表示民族的词,有几种变化: 1) 在词尾加s. Indian five Indians, Russianfive Russians 2) 变man 为men. Englishmantwo Englishmen 3) 单复数同形 Chinese two Chinese 5.复合名词变复数: 1) 在中心词上加s. Sons-in-law passers-by过路者 2) 在词尾加s或es. Grown-ups tooth-brushes 3) 以man或woman为首的复合名词,两个词都要变成复数. man workermen workers woman teacherwomen teachers 注意: 1) 由两部分构成的事物的名词常用复数形式 glasses，trousers,clothes, shorts 若要表达具体数目，要借助数量词 pair(对，双);suit(套)等。a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 2) 有些名词形式上为单数，但实际上为复数。 cattle, people, police, public 3) 有些名词以s结尾，意义却为单数 maths，politics，physics，news, the United States，the United Nations 4）数词+名词作定语时，如果中间使用连字符，这个名词一般保留单数形式。 a ten-mile walkan eight-year-old boy a five-year plan 5)有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思 goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼外来词的变化 basisbases crisiscrises analysisanalyses thesistheses 论文 datumdata stratumstrata 阶层 criterioncriteria 标准 phenomenonphenomena 现象名词的所有格 1. 构成方式 A. 当单词词尾无s时，加s，如：Toms pen, mothers present，childrens toys, etc. 当单词词尾有s时，直接加。如：boys basketball, doctors work, etc. 用法：v 1）表示有生命的名词。如：my mothers glasses(我妈妈的眼镜) ；camels leg (骆驼的腿)v 2）用于国家机关，社团及一些地方名称。如：the earths surface (地球表面)； Chinas future(中国的未来)v 3）用于表示时间，地点，距离，价值和重量的名词。如：five minutes walk (5分钟的行走路程)；a kilos water（1公斤的水）v 4）复合名词或短语在最后一个词的词尾加s。v my brother-in-laws , someone elses keys 5) 表示店铺、家、诊所、餐馆等，其后的所有格名词可省略 at my uncles, at the doctors, at the hairdressers 6).如果某人某物为两人所共有，只需在第二个名词后加 s。 如：Mary and Johns toys 玛丽和琼共有的玩具。 如果在两个名词后分别加 s，则表示两个人各自所有的东西。如：Marys and Johns toys 玛丽和琼各自的玩具。 7)前面已提到名词所有格所修饰的名词,后面可省略这一名词. This is not your book, its mine. B. of+名词 1)表示无生命的东西。如： the window of the room 2) 表示有生命的东西的名词，如果名词较长或名词的定语较长 the car of the man sitting in the chair 2. 双重所有格 1）由名词+s和of短语/名词性物主代词构成的N1 of+N2s/名词性物主代词结构叫做双重所有格。常表示全体中的一部分。如： a friend of my fathers, a book of my teachers, a pen of mine 2) 当被修饰的名词N1前有a(n), two, several, some, any, no, what, which, every, such, this, that, these, those等修饰时，常用这种结构。 two pictures of the girls, some friends of the doctors 練習題 1.In _ time, a new school will come into being. A.few year B. a few years C. few years D. a few years 2. The students went to the teacher for_on how to learn English. A. some advices B. an advice C. some advice D. advice 3. Whose is this new desk? Its _. A. Sue and Jims B. Sue and Jim C. Sues and Jims D.Sues and Jim 4. Would you like _ coffee? No, thanks. Ive drunk two _. A.any; bottles of orange B. little; bottle of oranges C. some; bottles of orange D. a few; bottle of orange 5. How many _ do you want? Two, please. A. kilos of egg B. kilo of eggs C. kilos of eggs D. kilo of bread 6. The computer cost me 3200 _, that is about 400 _. A.yuan; dollar B. yuans; dollars C. yuan; dollars D. yuans; dollars 7. The railway station is two _ from our house. A. hours drive B. hours drive C. hour-drive D. hours drive 8. Where are you going, Lucy? _. A. To my uncle B. To my uncles C. At my uncle D. At my uncles 9. Therere a lot of _ down there, but hardly any _. A. horse; people B. horses; peoples C. cow; people D. sheep; people 10. Lucy put a lot of _ in _ of tea. A. sugar; the two cup B. sugars; the two cups C. sugar; the two cups D. sugars; two cups 11. Mr. Lin often gives us _ by e-mail. A. some good information B. some good informations C. good informations D. a good information 12. Help yourself to some _. Thank you. I really like them. A. fish B. orange C. bread D. cakes 13. The little baby has two _ already. A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths 14. Yesterday a few _ came to visit some _ in Beijing. A. German; places of interest B. Germans; places of interests C. Germans; places of interest D. Germen; places of interest 15. Please keep quiet. If you make a lot of _, you may disturb others. A. voice B. noiseC. sound D. singing 16. There are _ stamp collectors in our school. A. a numberB. number C. the number of D. a number of 17. There were many _in middle schools. A. woman teachers B. women teachers C. women teacher D. womans teachers 18. I will give you _to finish it. A. two weeks time B. two weeks time C. two weeks time D. two-weeks time 19 They made _of $1,000 on the sale of their house. A. a benefit B. a value C. an advantage D. a profit 20. Its a long _ to Londonits two thousand kilometers. A. street B. road C. far D. way 参考答案 - BCACC6-10 CBBDC 11-15 ADCCB16-20 DBCDD(二)代词人称代词l 表示你，我， 他，它，她，我们，你们，他们的词叫人称代词。l 1)人称代词主格在句中主要作主语。如：l I am a teacher. l 我是老师。l 2)人称代词宾格在句中主要作宾语。如：l I saw her in the street. l 我在大街上看见了她。l 3)人称代词作表语时一般用宾格，如果跟有 who 或 that 引导的从句，常用主格。如：l Open the door, please. Its me. l 请开门，是我。l It is I who did it. l 是我做的。l 说明： l 1）复数代词we, you和they可泛指人们。l Eg. We must be careful when we cross the street.l You must turn off your mobile phone during the concert.l They say theres a rain today in Shenzhen. l 2）第三人称代词they 还可以指代有职权者、负责人。l Eg. Theyre raising the taxes again.l 3）人称代词的排序l 如果有几个不同的人称代词同时作主语，且用and, or 连接时，习惯上顺序是：l A. 单数：you, he and I l B. 复数：we, you and they. l 如果只有两个人称，则是把第一人称放在后面。l 但如果是承认错误，承担责任时，第一人称放前。l Eg. I and he made the mistake. l 如果长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，往往把第一人称放在前面。l Eg. I and Tom went swimming yesterday. l 4) he 和she 可指代动物。l Eg. Give the cat something to eat. He is hungry. l 5)she 可用来代替雌性动物，国家，船只和车辆。l Eg. Its the farmers best cow; she gives lots of milk.l Our country has done what she said.l This ship is leaving for Shanghai, isnt she?l 6)复数glasses, trousers, shoes, clothes, socks等的指代词是they (them, their)l Eg. His shoes were so dirty that he must brush them.l Dont put your socks here, put them away.l 7）在口语中，常用宾格代替主格做主语或者表语。l Eg. Me, too.l Mary is more careful than me物主代词l 表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词。l 具体用法：l 1）形容词性物主代词只作定语，不作表语，即形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟名词。l Eg. Is this your/her/his coat?l This is my friends.l 形容词性物主代词+名词=名词性物主代词l 2）名词性物主代词可作主语，表语和宾语。 l Eg. It isnt my book. Mine(=My book) is over there.l Is this football yours (=your football)?l I have finished my homework. Have you finished yours ?l 3) a, an, the 和this, that, some 等词后不能加物主代词。l Eg. a my pen(), this a book ()l 4）a (an, the, this, that, some, no)+名词+of +名词性物主代词，译为 “之一”l Eg. I saw a friend of mine in the street yesterday.l A friend of my fathers (his) is a lawyer. l 5)在信末，常说Best wishes for you and yours. 为你和你的家人带去最美好的祝愿。也常说Yours Sincerely/ Sincerely yours. 反身代词l 表示“自己”的代词叫反身代词。l 1.构成l 第一人称及第二人称由形容词性物主代词加上self or selves构成。第三人称由宾格+self or selves构成。l 2.用法l 1)用来加强语气，作同位语 。强调主语时，可置于句末或主语后。l Eg. I can do it myself. l 强调宾语时，置于宾语后。l I saw the film star herself at the party last night.l 2)作宾语，与主语指代同一人。l She didnt hurt herself.l 比较：She didnt hurt her. (指另外一个人)l 后面常用反身代词作宾语的动词有：l ask, dress, enjoy, excuse, express, feed, hide, kill, introduce, praise, seat, see, support, trouble, blame, control.l 3)作表语。l Eg. He is not quite himself today.l 4) 介词+反身代词l Eg. Did she learn all by herself?l 注意：by oneself 独自地，独立，l for oneself 为自己l of oneself 自动地l say to oneself 心里想着，自言自语hurt oneself 伤着自己 enjoy oneself 玩得高兴 help oneself 随便吃l dress oneself 自己穿上 teach oneself 自学指示代词 l 指示代词有this这个, that那个, these这些, those那些, such这样, same同样的人或事l 1) this / these 一般用来指时间或空间上较近的人或物。l that / those 则指时间或空间上较远的人或物。l 2) 在指后面将要谈及的事物时，常用this或these, l 在指上文提及的事物，汉语中常用“这”表示，而英语中却常用that或those表示。l I have got flu. Thats why I didnt come yesterday. l 3）它们在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语。l Eg. This is an English book. 主语l That car is Toms. 定语l Do you want this? 宾语l My car is this. 表语l 4）this, these常指下面即将要讲或要做的事，that, those 常指前面已经讲过或已做过的事。l Eg. They play it like this: six students stand in a row in front of the class. l Im sorry to hear that. l 有时，this, that也可以指前面提到的名词。l This is what he did. l 5)that 和 those可指代前面的名词。l Eg. The population of China is larger than that of Japan.l 6) 在打电话时，常用this指代我，而用that 指代你。l Eg. This is Mary speaking.l Whos that?l Was that Helen on the phone?l 7) this和that作程度副词时，意思相当于so。l I can only lend you this much.l Come on, things are not that bad.l 8) such指这样的人或事,在句中作表语、主语和宾语。l Such is Jim, a clever and handsome man. l Such were his words. 他就是这样说的。l I cant do such a thing.l 9) same指同样的人或事, 常与定冠词连用，如：the samel We worked in the same city. She went to swim and Ill do the same. l 她去游泳了，我也要去。（宾语） l Its all the same to me. 对我都一样。（表语）相互代词l 只有两个：one another , each otherl 一般都作宾语l Eg. We have known each other since we were children.l We love one another.l 一般，两者可以通用，只是each other多用于两者之间，而one another多用于三者之间。 疑问代词l 疑问代词有who, whom, whose, which, what等。主要构成特殊疑问句。l Eg. What are you doing?l Which subject do you like best?连接代词l who, whom, whose, what, which还可以用作连词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句等），在句子中充当一定成分（主语、宾语、定语、表语），因此叫做连接词。l Eg. Could you tell me which class are you in?l 宾语从句中作定语l I hate what she hates. l 宾语从句中作宾语关系代词l who, whom, whose, what, which, that可以用来引导定语从句， 叫关系代词。具体在定语从句中讲解。l Eg. I bought a present which cost me 1000 yuan.l 定语从句中作主语l This is the man who killed the pig. l 定语从句中作主语 不定代词(需插入簡報打印的)l 注意：形容词修饰以上不定代词，一定要放在后面。l Eg. I have something important to tell you .l 第二类有 ：l all, another, any ,both, each, either, few, little, many ,much, neither, none, other, somel 具体用法参见第五单元。第二类不定代词l 不定代词还包括all，each，both，much，many，few，little，either，neither，other，another，none，some，anyl 1.some，any l Some 用于肯定句，l any 用于疑问句、否定句及条件句。如：l I dont like any of these records. l 我不喜欢这些唱片中的任何一张。l I know some of them, but not all. l 我认识他们其中一些人，但不是全部。l If you have any time, please call me.l 如果你有时间,请打电话给我.2.both/all; either/any; neither/nonel 1)表示“全部”：两者用 both，三者以上用 all。如：l I know both of the two girls. l 两个女孩我都认识。l I know all of the three girls. l 三个女孩我都认识。l 2)表示“全无”：两者用 neither，三者以上用 none。如：l I know neither of the two girls. l 两个女孩我都不认识。l I know none of the three girls. l 三个女孩我都不认识。l 3)表示“任一”：两者用 either，三者以上用 any。如：l You may take either of the two books. l 两本书中你可以任取一本。l You may take any of the three books. l 三本书中你可以任取一本。3.few/little; a few/a little; many/muchl Many, few 和a few 一般只能指代可数名词，l much, little 和 a little 一般只能指代不可数名词。l A few 和 a little 表示“有一些”，l 而 few 和 little 则表示“几乎没有”。如： l Many/Few/A few of the people are watching the World Cup on TV. 许多/几乎没有/一些人在通过电视看世界杯。l We were offered tea, and we drank a little. l 他们请我们喝茶，我们喝了一点。l There is little to be done about it. l 关于这件事没有什么可做的了。l 4) other, another, others, the others, the other和else的用法l other可作形容词或代词，做形容词时，意思是“别的，其他”，泛指“其他的（人或物）”。Ask some other people. l another = an+ other, 表示三者（以上）的“另一个”, 只能代替或修饰单数可数名词。还可以在后面加上一个数次再加名词复数,表示另外的几个l I dont like this one. Please show me another. l I have another three pens.l 我还有三支笔.l the other指两者中的另一个,或者三个以上的其他一部分l He has two daughters. One is a nurse, the other is a worker.l He lives on the other side of the river. l I have 3 sons. One is a nurse, another is a teacher and the other is a workerl others表示“别人，另外几个”。l Some of us like singing and dancing, others go in for sports. l the others表示剩下的全部，特指某一范围内的“其他的（人或物）”。l the others = the other +复数名词l Two boys will go to the zoo, and the others will stay at home. l else表示“另外的”常与疑问词和不定代词连用l What else can I say? I have nothing else to say.l 5）one, ones, that, those, it的用法l one用来代替前面提到的可数名词单数或a/an + adj +可数名词单数。l I lost my pen yesterday. I will buy one.l ones用来代替前面提到的可数名词复数。l I do not like green apples. I like red ones. l that代替前面不可数名词或可数名词单数，可用作主语代前面整个句子内容。l The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shenzhen.l those代替可数名词复数。l These books are not so interesting as those I bought last week.l it 特指上文提到的“那个人”或“那个物”，指同一个人/物。l Is this your pen? I found it on the table. l 6) each 和every的用法l each “各个”, 指两个或两个以上的人或事物, 侧重个体, 在句中作主、宾、定和同位语。l every “每个”，指三个或三个以上的人或事物，侧重整体，在句中只能作定语。every 后常和 “other + 数词”连用，表示“每.”。l Every student has a seat.l Each of them has been to Hong Kong.l We each has got a ticket.l He went shopping every four days/ every fourth day.他每四天或每隔三天去购物。l 【专项训练】l 1. The teacher gave the books to all the students except _who had already taken them. l A. ones B. some C. those D. the others l 2. Our manager allowed _to take a holiday next week. l A. you and I B. yourself and me l C. I and you D. you and mel 3. I feel a bit thirsty. l Why dont you have _ water? l A. some B. a C. any D. little l 4. I have two cats and I like_. l A. all of them B. them both l C. every one of them D. them each l 5. _ is waiting for us, so we must hurry.l A. No one B. The one l C. Anyone D. Someonel 6. Please dont tell anybody about it. This is only between _.l A. you and I B. you and me l C. I and you D. me and youl 7. Some of my students study very hard. _just dont care. l A. Another B. The others l C. Others D. Some other l 8.Did you feed the child? l No, he _. l A. eat for himself B. fed himself l C. feed by himself D. eat for himself l 9. My brother is a man of _ words. l A. little B. few C. less D. fewer l 10. There is _hope for the work to be finished in such short time. l A. much B. small l C. few D. little l 11. Which of the two French films do you like better? l _, because they are meaningless. l A. Both B. Either C. None D. Neither l 12. After everyone took _ place, the meeting began. l A. his B. their C. there D. the l 13. Although the city is small, its library is as good _. l A. as a large city B. like a large city l C. as that of a large city D. like in a large city l 14. Of all the problems, _is so difficult as this one. l A. not one B. either C. neither D. none l 15. What does John do in China? l I hear _ teaches English.