词汇学复习资料.doc

A2013年词汇学复习资料1. Define the following terms (30%):1)Lexicology(词汇学)is the study of the vocabulary(词汇)or lexicon(辞典)of a given language.It deals not only with simple words,but also with complex and compound words(复合词).2)Morphology(形态学)is the study of the forms of words and their components(成分).The major purpose of morphological(形态学的)study is to look at morphemes(词素)and their arrangements in word formation.3)Semantics(语义学)is the study of meaning.It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural language.4)Etymology(语源学)is the study of the whole history of words. 5)Lexicography(词典编纂)involves the writing and compilation(编辑)of dictionaries,especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling(编译）and editing（编辑）dictionaries.6)The word is an uninterruptible（不间断的）meaningful unit of linguistic（语言学的）structure consisting of one or more morphemes（词素）. 7)English words can be classified into lexical words(content words)(实词)and grammatical words (function words)（虚词）. 8)The semantic（语义学的）field theory（语义场理论)takes the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items(条款),but is organized into areas or fields,the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component(成分),such as the concept(概念）of color or kinship（亲属/亲密关系）. 9)Morpheme（词素)is the smallest meaningful unit which may constitute(构成)words or parts of words,an arbitrary(任意的)union(联合)of a sound and a meaning and a linguistic unit(语言单位)that cannot be further analyzed.10)Lexeme(词位)is an abstract(抽象的)linguistic unit with different variants变体,a unit of lexical词汇的meaning, and it takes no account of(不注意)the inflectional(曲折变化的)endings it may have or the number of words it may contain(含有).11)Morph(词态)refers to any concrete(具体的)realization of a morpheme(词素)in a given utterance（已给的表达）.12)Allomorphs(词素变体）refer to morphs（词态）which are different representations of the same morpheme, the alternate(替换物)phonetic(语音学的)and/or spelling forms of the same morpheme. 13)Bound morphemes(粘着词素)are those that must be joined to other morphemes.Free morphemes(自由词素)are those that need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.14)Denotation(意义/符号)is defined as the relationship that holds between the lexeme(词位/语义)and a whole class of extra-linguistic(非语言)objects,including persons,things,places,properties(性能),processes and activities.15)The relationship of reference(引用的关系)holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular(特别的)occasions(场合)of its utterance(表达). 16)Sense is defined as a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language, independently of the relationship which holds between those words or expressions and their referents(参照物）.17)Stem(词干)refers to the word to which inflectional affixes(词缀)are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word. 18)A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled(把.称为)as root(词根).A root can be bound(有约束的)or free.The bound roots are generally(普遍的)derived from the Greek(希腊)and the Latin(拉丁)language.19)A base is a lexical item(词典条款)to which affixes(词素)of any kind can be added.It is a morpheme(词素)that gives a word its meaning.20)Polysemy(一词多义)refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.It is an invaluable(无价的)factor of economy and flexibility(灵活性)in language.21)Homonymy(同音/同行异义)refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape. polysemy指一个单词有多种意思(不管读音与词性)homonymy指一个单词在读音相同的情况下有不同意思(不管词性但读音要完全一样)或者不同单词但是读音相同25)Root creation(词根创词)refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship whatsoever(无论什么)with any previously(预先)existing word.26)Onomatopoeic(拟声)words are originated(起源)from the specific(特殊的)sounds occurring in the real world.27)Ejaculations are words that attempt to imitate(模仿)instinctive(本能的)vocal(元音)responses to emotional situations.28)Inflection(词行变化-ed,-ing,-s名词复数、所有关系；动词时态；形容词比较急最高级)refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative(可供选择的)grammatical forms of words.29)Affixation(词缀法)(derivation)(派生法)is the process whereby(通过)an affix is attached to a base (root or stem). 30)Compounding(合成词)refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.31) A change in word class without the addition(添加)of an affix is known as conversion(变换).It is also called zero-derivation(零位派生).32)Blending(混合词)refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.33)Clipping(缩写多音节单词)is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables(音节)is shortened without a change in meaning or function.34)Initialisms(缩写)are the results of putting together the initial letters(首字母),or occasionally(偶尔)the first two letters, of the orthographic(拼写正确的)words in a phrase and using them as words.35)Backformation(逆序造词)is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed(假定)to be its derivative(派生词).36)Synonymy(同义词)refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words. The two types of synonymy are strict synonymy(严格的同义)and loose synonymy(宽松的同义).38) Antonymy(反义词)is the semantic relation(语义关系)that holds between two words that can(in a given context)express opposite meanings. 39) Hyponymy(上下位关系)refers to the notion(概念)of inclusion(包含物)whereby(凭借)we can say that“an X is a kind of Y”.A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word and serves as specific examples of a general concept(观念).The more general term is called the superordinate(上义词的)term;Hyponyms(下义词)上义词是一个总的概念，下义词是一个具体概念，如:animal(superordinate) and dog/cat(hyponyms).40) Meronymy(部分-整体关系)is the part-whole relation in any pair of items(条款). 41) Collocation(搭配)is the meaning relations that a word contrasts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.42) Idioms(习语)are conventionalized(俗化)multiword expressions.43) In English,multiword verbs(多词动词)are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles.44) The headword(中心词)is the base form from which the word is entered and assigned its place.45) A thesaurus categorizes words(一本同义辞典分类词汇)only according to their semantic similarities(语义相似之处),without regard to shared form or ancestry.46) A dialect(方言）is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group of the languages speakers.47) Social dialects or sociolects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class,education,age,sex and a number of other social parameters.48) Register(语域)is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation.Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming(appropriate)than it really is.49) Slang(俚语)is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speakers dialect or language.50) Jargon（术语)is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group.3. Give the related word(s) according to the requirement given: (20%)1) antonymlong/short wide/narrow new/old rough/smooth light/dark straight/crooked deep/shallow fast/slow bring/take death/life noisily/quietly above/below after/beforeGradable antonyms(可分级的反义词，及有比较级或者可加比较性修饰词等)long/short hot/cold beautiful/ugly big/small happy/sad expensive/cheap increase/decrease love/hate rich/poor heavr/light wet/dry smart/stupid Complementary antonyms(互补反义词)dead/alive boy/girl single/married asleep/awake increase/decrease male/female open/shut remember/forget win/lose true/false hit/miss singular/pluralConverse antonyms(相反的反义词)parent/child pritive/public buy/sell borrow/lend give/receive before/after husband/wife speak/listen precede(领先)/follow learn/teach2) synonymi) British English vs. American English Ground floor-first floor;biscuit(饼干)-cracker;flat-apartment(公寓);lift-elevator(电梯);lorry-truck(卡车);luggage-baggage(行李);motorway-highway/freeway;pavement-sidewalk(人行道);petrol-gasoline(汽油)autumn-fall；foot-path or pavement-sidewalk;tube-subway;tart-pie;draughts-checkerii) slang vs. standard Cop-policeman;croak-die;chow-food(十五);bullshit-nonsense(胡说);can-prison(监狱);clueless-stupidPuke-vomit(呕吐)；dame-womaniii) colloquial(口语informal) vs. Literal(书面用语formal)Ask-interrogate;begin-commerce;buy-purchase;cross-traverse;praise-eulogy(悼词);tangle-fight;turn down-refuse(拒绝)iv) Latin(拉丁) vs. English Ascend-rise;praepositio-preposition;conjunctio-joining;unicornis-unicorn;ancora-anchor;Butyrum-butter;kalco-chalk;coquina-cheese;discus-dish;milia-mile;vallum-wall Etc-so on;Status quo-the existing state of affairs;Vice versa-the other way around3) hyponym(下义/位词)Animal(superordinate):(hyponym)dog,lion,mouse. color(superordinate):(hyponym)red,yellow,green,black,purple,blue-turquoise,aquamarine,royal blue4) homonym(同音异义词)Tender:adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使变嫩；使变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软bear:vi. 承受；结果实vt. 忍受；具有；支撑n. 熊firm:adj. 坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的vt. 使坚定；使牢固vi. 变坚实；变稳固adv. 稳固地n. 公司；商号grave:adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡vt. 雕刻；铭记hail:n. 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵vt. 致敬；招呼；向.欢呼；猛发；使象下雹样落下（过去式hailed，过去分词hailed，现在分词hailing，第三人称单数hails）vi. 招呼；下雹int. 万岁；欢迎fond:adj. 喜欢的；温柔的；宠爱的n. (Fond)人名；(法)丰；(瑞典)丰德route:vt. 按某路线发送n. 路线；航线；通道-root:n. 根；根源；词根；祖先vi. 生根；根除vt. 生根，固定；根源在于bat:n. 蝙蝠；球棒；球拍；批处理文件的扩展名vt. 用球棒击球；击球率达vi. 轮到击球；用球棒击球stick:vt. 刺，戳；伸出；粘贴vi. 坚持；伸出；粘住n. 棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人knows:v.知道，确信-nose：n. 鼻子；嗅觉；突出的部分；探问vt. 嗅；用鼻子触vi. 小心探索着前进；探问;rights:权利-writes:写5) blend(混合词)两个单词通过删减变成一个新词situation+comedy=sitcom smoke+fog=smog fruit+jiuce=fruice motor+botel=motel modulator+demodulator=modem urine+analysis=urinalysis sky+bijack=skyjack glitter+ritzy=glitzy(闪光的) intel+television+visionary=intelevisionary American+Indian=Amerindaquatic+hotel=aquatel breakfast+lunch=brunch boat+hotel=boatel camera+recorder=camcorderchannel+tunnel=chunnel communication+satellite=comsat helicopter+airport=heliportInternational+police=interpol magnetic+levitation=maglev medical+care=medicare motor+hotel=motelnet+citizen=netizen situation+comedy=sitcom slang+language=slanguage war+orphan=warphanAutomobile:Auto-: autobiography, autodidact, autograph, autocar, autobus -mobile: bookmobile, bloodmobileFour common types:1) Full word followed by a splinter or vice versa Wintertainment(winter+entertainment) cbatire(chat+satire) Cinemenace(cinema+menace)2) Two splinters Psychergy(psychic+energy)Sitcom(situation+comedy)3) Complete overlap Sexploitation(sex+exploitation) Palimony(pal+alimony)(非婚同居者分居后经法院判定由一方付给另一方的)同居津贴 4) Embedding of one word in another Entreporner(entrepreneur+porn)6) derivative(派生词derivation（词源）指词缀affixation: prefixation, suffixation改变词性) full-fullness, resign-resignation, depart-departure, free-freedom, hope-hopeful,Commit-commitment pain-repaint,7) back-formation(逆构法、逆构词)P74Typewriter,Typewrite-Type*;Televise-televise;Housekeep-housekeeper;Daydream-daydreamingFast-freeze from fast-frozen;8）动物的叫声Dog, cat, pigeon, duckBark/ bow-vow, meow, coo, quack4. Analyze the formation of the following words (20%): (Mainly taken from the exercises in Chapter 4 but not limited to them)1）.Derivation（词源）指词缀(affixation: prefixation, suffixation) derivativeReadiness ：Derivation ： ready + -ness2).Conversion（词性转换） (zero-derivation：零词源)To book the tickets :Conversion：From noun to verb3).Compouding-compound（合成词）指两个词无删减合成的一个词Kind-hearted：Compound:Kind + heart +-ed4).Blending-blend（混合词）指两个词通过删减合成的一个词Motel:Blending：Motor + hotel5).Back-formationtypewrite ：Back-formation：From typewriter6).Shortening（缩略词）(abbreviation：缩写)shortened wordsClipping(三个或以上音节的单词的缩写)/Initialisms(多个单词首字母缩写或者用前两个字母代替一个单词不管音节的多少):alphabetisms, acronymsVCR：shortening/abbreviation：Initialisms Video cassette recorder Chapter 4 exercises1-101.Divide the following words into their constituent morphemes.Readiness:read+-i+-ness Discouraging:dis-+courage+-ing kind-hearted:kind+heart+-ed undoubtedly:un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stockrooms:stock+room+-s prepackaged:pre-+pack+-age+-ed2.Give all the possible inflections for the following words.Book:books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget:forgets, forgot, forgottenshort:shorter, shortest snap:snaps, snapping, snappedtake:takes, taking, took, taken goose:geese heavy:heavier, heaviest 3.Identify the derivational affixes in the following words.Give a meaning or function for each one.Childish:ish: meaning having the nature of , like;Declassify:de-: meaning the opposite of;-ify: meaning make, becomeFreedom:-dom: means the state of Illimitable/immovable/insufferable:(im-/in-): meaningthe opposite of, not;-able: meaning that can or must beMisapprehension:mis-: meaning wrongly or badly;-sion(-tion):meaning the state/process ofPrejudgment:pre-: meaning prior to;-ment: meaning the action ofReconnection:re-: meaning againUnderdeveloped:under-: meaning not enoughWithdrawal:-al: meaning the process or state of4.Tell how the parts in each of the following groups are related to the meaning of the compound.A).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“Adj + N”structure,in which adjectives are used to modify nounsline,line,neck,room.Hotline meansa telephone number that people can call for information.Mainline meansan important railway line between two cities.Redneck meansa person from the southern US.Darkroom meansa room with very little in it,used for developing photographs. B).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + Nstructure.Bookshelf meansa shelf for keeping books.Breadbasket meansa container for serving bread.Mailbox meansa box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house.Wineglass meansa glass for drinking wine. C).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + N structure.Letterhead meansthe head of a letter(i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter).Roadside meansthe area at the side of a road.Keyhole meansthe hole in a lock for putting the key in.Hilltop meansthe top of a hill. D).They are exocentric compounds.V+P” Dropout means a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means a person who takes messages between people. Turnout means the number of people who come to an event. Standby means a person or thing that can always be used if needed. E).bad-tempered,clear-headed,long-sighted,heavy-hearted:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed” structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed. F).grass-green,sky-blue,snow-blue,snow-white,milk-white:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj” structure, meaning As Adj As N.5.What is the meaning of the prefixes in the following words? Indirect:in-:not, the opposite of endanger:en-:to put into the condition of Dissimilar,disallow:dis-: not, the opposite of Unwind,untie:un-: not, the opposite of Interconnect:inter-: between, among misconduct:mis-: wrongly or badly oversleep:over-: too much Rewrite,redraw:re-: again postgraduate:post-: after6.The following words are nonexistent but could become English words.Guess their meaning and give an example of a real word. A).a doglet:a young dog;piglet B).an editoress：a female editor;hostess C).bookery:a place for booking tickets;refinery D).kickee:one who is kicked;trainee E).upput:the state of being put up;output7.Identify the affixes used in the words unbelievable,inexhaustible,multinational and teleshopping,and then decide whether they are prefixes or suffixes. unbelievable:un- (prefix), -able(suffix); inexhaustible:in- (prefix),-ible(suffix) multinational:multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix); teleshopping:tele- (prefix),-ing (suffix) 8.Identify the word-formation processes involved in the creation of the underlined forms in the following sentences.A).You can record images from a VCR connected through the s-terminal. initialismB).You can also record images from digital camcorders onto the memory card. blendingC).The committee has greenlighted the project. compounding/conversionD).Richard subsequently chaired the board for three yeas. Conversion 9.More than one process of formation was involved in the creation of each of the underlined forms in the following sentences.please identify them.A) The carjacking took place last night. blending, affixationB) Jack used to be a moviegoer when he was young. compoundingC) They have just bought a new car-phone. compounding, shorteningD) The council has blueprinted a reconstruction plan. compounding, affixation, conversion10.Fill in the blanks with appropriate suffixes. A)-able,-ible Consumable,comprehensible,exchangeable,permissible B)-ant.-ent Absorbent,assistant,different,participant C)-ar,-er,-or Constructor,liar,beggar,editor,developer D）-ary,ery Elementary,stationary,brewery mockery5.State the relationship obtained between the two words in each of the following groups (10%): (Mainly taken from Exercises 1-9 in Chapter 5 and Exercise 8 in Chapter 2 but not limited to them)1.Polysemy Court-noun(entourage),verb(woo); dart- noun(missile),verb(move quickly); Stuff-verb(fill),noun(material); Watch-verb(observer),noun(timepiece)2. Homonymy Fleet-n