2012全国研究生英语试卷真题解析.ppt

2012研究生英语真题解析 SectionIUseofEnglishDirections Readthefollowingtext Choosethebestword s foreachnumberedblankandmarkA B CorDonANSWERSHEET1 10points TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshavebecomeanimportantissuerecently Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians Yet inseveralinstances justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial JusticeAntoninScalia forexample appearedatpoliticalevents Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode Attheveryleast thecourtshouldmakeitself6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederaljudiciary Thisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbefreeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14 Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty Whenthecourtdealswithsocialpolicydecisions thelawit16isinescapablypolitical whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct Thatwouldmakerulingsmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand 20 convincingaslaw 1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize2 A when B lest C before D unless3 A restored B weakened C established D eliminated 4 A challenged B compromised C suspected D accepted5 A advanced B caught C bound D founded6 A resistant B subject C immune D prone7 A resorts B sticks C loads D applies8 A evade B raise C deny D settle9 A line B barrier C similarity D conflict 10 A by B as C though D towards11 A so B since C provided D though12 A serve B satisfy C upset D replace13 A confirm B express C cultivate D offer14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied15 A concepts B theories C divisions D conceptions 16 A excludes B questions C shapes D controls17 A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18 A suppress B exploit C address D ignore19 A accessible B amiable C agreeable D accountable20 A byallmesns B atallcosts C inaword D asaresult SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections Readthefollowingfourtexts AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA B CorD MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1 40points Text1Comeon Everybody sdoingit Thatwhisperedmessage halfinvitationandhalfforcing iswhatmostofusthinkofwhenwehearthewordspeerpressure Itusuallyleadstonogood drinking drugsandcasualsex ButinhernewbookJointheClub TinaRosenbergcontendsthatpeerpressurecanalsobeapositiveforcethroughwhatshecallsthesocialcure inwhichorganizationsandofficialsusethepowerofgroupdynamicstohelpindividualsimprovetheirlivesandpossiblytheword Rosenberg therecipientofaPulitzerPrize offersahostofexampleofthesocialcureinaction InSouthCarolina astate sponsoredantismokingprogramcalledRageAgainsttheHazesetsouttomakecigarettesuncool InSouthAfrica anHIV preventioninitiativeknownasLoveLiferecruitsyoungpeopletopromotesafesexamongtheirpeers Theideaseemspromising andRosenbergisaperceptiveobserver Hercritiqueofthelamenessofmanypubic healthcampaignsisspot on theyfailtomobilizepeerpressureforhealthyhabits andtheydemonstrateaseriouslyflawedunderstandingofpsychology Daretobedifferent pleasedon tsmoke pleadsonebillboardcampaignaimedatreducingsmokingamongteenagers teenagers whodesirenothingmorethanfittingin Rosenbergarguesconvincinglythatpublic healthadvocatesoughttotakeapagefromadvertisers soskilledatapplyingpeerpressure Butonthegeneraleffectivenessofthesocialcure Rosenbergislesspersuasive JointheClubisfilledwithtoomuchirrelevantdetailandnotenoughexplorationofthesocialandbiologicalfactorsthatmakepeerpressuresopowerful Themostglaringflawofthesocialcureasit spresentedhereisthatitdoesn tworkverywellforverylong RageAgainsttheHazefailedoncestatefundingwascut EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangesislimitedandmixed There snodoubtthatourpeergroupsexertenormousinfluenceonourbehavior Anemergingbodyofresearchshowsthatpositivehealthhabits aswellasnegativeones spreadthroughnetworksoffriendsviasocialcommunication Thisisasubtleformofpeerpressure weunconsciouslyimitatethebehaviorweseeeveryday Farlesscertain however ishowsuccessfullyexpertsandbureaucratscanselectourpeergroupsandsteertheiractivitiesinvirtuousdirections It sliketheteacherwhobreaksupthetroublemakersinthebackrowbypairingthemwithbetter behavedclassmates Thetacticneverreallyworks Andthat stheproblemwithasocialcureengineeredfromtheoutside intherealworld asinschool weinsistonchoosingourownfriends 21 Accordingtothefirstparagraph peerpressureoftenemergesas A asupplementtothesocialcure B astimulustogroupdynamics C anobstacletoschoolprogress D acauseofundesirablebehaviors22 Rosenbergholdsthatpublicadvocatesshould A recruitprofessionaladvertisers B learnfromadvertisers experience C stayawayfromcommercialadvertisers D recognizethelimitationsofadvertisements 23 Intheauthor sview Rosenberg sbookfailsto A adequatelyprobesocialandbiologicalfactors B effectivelyevadetheflawsofthesocialcure C illustratethefunctionsofstatefunding D producealong lastingsocialeffect24 Paragraph5showsthatourimitationofbehaviors A isharmfultoournetworksoffriends B willmisleadbehavioralstudies C occurswithoutourrealizingit D canproducenegativehealthhabits 25 Theauthorsuggestsinthelastparagraphthattheeffectofpeerpressureis A harmful B desirable C profound D questionable PartBDirections Inthefollowingtext somesentenceshavebeenremoved ForQuestions41 45 choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks Therearetwoextrachoices whichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1 10points Thinkofthosefleetingmomentswhenyoulookoutofanaeroplanewindowandrealisethatyouareflying higherthanabird Nowthinkofyourlaptop thinnerthanabrown paperenvelope oryourcellphoneinthepalmofyourhand Takeamomentortwotowonderatthosemarvels Youaretheluckyinheritorofadreamcometrue Thesecondhalfofthe20thcenturysawacollectionofgeniuses warriors entrepreneursandvisionarieslabourtocreateafabulousmachinethatcouldfunctionasatypewriterandprintingpress studioandtheatre paintbrushandgallery pianoandradio themailaswellasthemailcarrier 41 Thenetworkedcomputerisanamazingdevice thefirstmediamachinethatservesasthemodeofproduction meansofdistribution siteofreception andplaceofpraiseandcritique Thecomputeristhe21stcentury sculturemachine Butforallthereasonstherearetocelebratethecomputer wemustalsotreadwithcaution 42 Icallitasecretwarfortworeasons First mostpeopledonotrealisethattherearestrongcommercialagendasatworktokeeptheminpassiveconsumptionmode Second themajorityofpeoplewhousenetworkedcomputerstouploadarenotevenawareofthesignificanceofwhattheyaredoing Allanimalsdownload butonlyafewupload Beaversbuilddamsandbirdsmakenests Yetforthemostpart theanimalkingdommovesthroughtheworlddownloading Humansare uniqueintheircapacitytonotonlymaketoolsbutthenturnaroundandusethemtocreatesuperfluousmaterialgoods paintings sculptureandarchitecture andsuperfluousexperiences music literature religionandphilosophy 43 Forallthepossibilitiesofournewculturemachines mostpeoplearestillstuckindownloadmode Evenaftertheadventofwidespreadsocialmedia apyramidofproductionremains withasmallnumberofpeopleuploadingmaterial aslightlylargergroupcommentingonormodifyingthatcontent andahugepercentageremainingcontenttojustconsume 44 Televisionisaone waytapflowingintoourhomes Thehardesttaskthattelevisionasksofanyoneistoturnthepoweroffafterhehasturnediton 45 Whatcountsasmeaningfuluploading Mydefinitionrevolvesaroundtheconceptof stickiness creationsandexperiencestowhichothersadhere A Ofcourse itispreciselythesesuperfluousthingsthatdefinehumancultureandultimatelywhatitistobehuman Downloadingandconsumingculturerequiresgreatskills butfailingtomovebeyonddownloadingistostriponeselfofadefiningconstituentofhumanity B A whichallowuserstocombinepictures wordsandothermediaincreativewaysandthensharethem havethepotentialtoaddstickinessbyamusing entertainingandenlighteningothers C Notonlydidtheydevelopsuchadevicebutbytheturnofthemillenniumtheyhadalsomanagedtoembeditinaworldwidesystemaccessedbybillionsofpeopleeveryday D Thisisbecausethenetworkedcomputerhassparkedasecretwarbetweendownloadinganduploading betweenpassiveconsumptionandactivecreation whoseoutcomewillshapeourcollectivefutureinwayswecanonlybegintoimagine E ThechallengethecomputermountstotelevisionthusbearslittlesimilaritytooneformatbeingreplacedbyanotherinthemannerofrecordplayersbeingreplacedbyCDplayers F Onereasonforthepersistenceofthispyramidofproductionisthatforthepasthalf century muchoftheworld smediaculturehasbeendefinedbyasinglemedium television andtelevisionisdefinedbydownloading G Thenetworkedcomputeroffersthefirstchancein50yearstoreversetheflow toencouragethoughtfuldownloadingand evenmoreimportantly meaningfuluploading PartCDirections ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2 10points SincethedaysofAristotle asearchforuniversalprincipleshascharacterizedthescientificenterprise Insomeways thisquestforcommonalitiesdefinesscience Newton slawsofmotionandDarwinianevolutioneachbindahostofdifferentphenomenaintoasingleexplicatoryframework 46 Inphysics oneapproachtakesthisimpulseforunificationtoitsextreme andseeksatheoryofeverything asinglegenerativeequationforallwesee Itisbecominglessclear however thatsuchatheorywouldbeasimplification giventhedimensionsanduniversesthatitmightentail nonetheless unificationofsortsremainsamajorgoal Thistendencyinthenaturalscienceshaslongbeenevidentinthesocialsciencestoo 47 Here Darwinismseemstoofferjustificationforitallhumanssharecommonoriginsitseemsreasonabletosupposethatculturaldiversity couldalsobetracedtomoreconstrainedbeginnings Justasthebewilderingvarietyofhumancourtshipritualsmightallbeconsideredformsofsexualselection perhapstheworld slanguages music socialandreligiouscustomsandevenhistoryaregovernedbyuniversalfeatures 48 Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalbehavioraroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms That atleast isthehope Butacomparativestudyof linguistictraitspublishedonlinetodaysuppliesarealitycheck RussellGrayattheUniversityofAucklandandhiscolleaguesconsidertheevolutionofgrammarsinthelightoftwopreviousattemptstofinduniversalityinlanguage ThemostfamousoftheseeffortswasinitiatedbyNoamChomsky whosuggestedthathumansarebornwithaninnatelanguage acquisitioncapacitythatdictatesauniversalgrammar Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureofalanguage whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly 49 Thesecond byJoshuaGreenberg takesamoreempiricalapproachtouniversalityidentifyingtraits particularlyinwordorder sharedbymanylanguagewhichareconsideredtorepresentbiasesthatresultfromcognitiveconstraints Grayandhiscolleagueshaveputthemtothetestbyexaminingfourfamilytreesthatbetweenthemrepresentmorethan2 000languages 50 Chomsky sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit whereasGreenbergian universalitypredictsstrongco dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword orderrelations Neitherofthesepatternsisborneoutbytheanalysis suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelireage specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals SectionIIIWritingPartA51 Directions Someinternationalsstudentsarecomingtoyouruniversity WritethemanemailinthenameoftheStudents Unionto1 extendyourwelcomeand2 providesomesuggestionsfortheircampuslifehere Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2 Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter Use LiMing instead Donotwritetheaddress 10points PartB52 Directions writeanessayof160 200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing Inyouressayyoushould1 describethedrawingbriefly2 explainitsintendedmeaning and3 giveyourcommentsYoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2 20points 46 在物理学上 一种方法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论 一条我们都可以看的见 明白的普遍公式 47 在这里 达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则 如果所有的人类都有共同的起源 那么文化差异能够追寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的 48 从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认知方面指导我们人类 49 其实 由约书亚格林伯说 将更多的经验主义用在了普遍性上 验证许多语言所共有的特点 这些特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见 50 乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语言更改的模式 是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径 而通过性预测的特定类型间的合作关系 Dearmyfriends Iamwritingthislettertowelcomeyoutoouruniversity Iexpectyoutoarriveherewithincreasingjoyaswellasexcitement Itisofgreatpleasuretoanticipateyourcomingsoon Asforeignstudents youwillfindeverythingonourcampusquitedifferent freshandalien Therefore afterarriving youcantakefulladvantageofeveryopportunitytocommunicatewithusdirectlytobridgethegap Tobemorespecific theclimateinBeijingisconsiderablydifferentfromyourhometown butyouwillsoon getaccustomedtolivinghere Finally Ihopetoaccompanyy