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广东工业大学华立学院本科毕业设计（论文） 外文参考文献译文及原文论文题目 学 部 城建学部 专 业 工程管理 班 级 09工程管理1班 学 号学生姓名 廖丹丹 指导教师 杨力 目 录城市环境下的绿色屋顶1GREEN ROOFS IN THE CITY ENVIRONMENT6德国屋顶花园绿化13Roof Garden in Germany20城市环境下的绿色屋顶摘要本研究旨在呈现建在这个世纪的近代历史先例的屋顶草坪和花园，展现真实提供了目前水平的防水建筑和园艺技术来改善城市环境的可能性。在欧洲，尤其是在过去的十年中，可用数量的信息在“绿色屋顶”已经大幅增加了。国内最早领域的尝试“绿色屋顶”是最近几年，但建筑行业还没有很好的解决这个结构和生态的方案，这被认为是有点好奇。主要原因是这种态度、可用的国际信息（根据经验，讨论论文，研究、指导方针、手册等）没有达到那些专业人士、潜在投资者和建筑商，他们的决定是普遍接受“绿色屋顶”为前提的。1概念和历史屋顶花园的概念可以追溯到最早的实际上是为了人的建筑活动。在整个历史过程中我们可以看到一个需求是在屋顶种植植被，其中最著名的是古代文明巴比伦的空中花园。在罗马帝国时代和中世纪的绿色屋顶被统治阶级主要用于显示奢侈。在现代，特别是在二十世纪的建筑，绿色的花园被视为一种自然现象。一个特殊的实现可以观察到屋顶花园在北欧的本土建筑在其传统的斜屋顶上的草。如今，时代的人口稠密的城市地区缺乏绿色草皮引起关注，因为这个原因，生态建筑的支持者在欧洲已经集中解决几十年来与技术和绿化的有关问题，恢复绿色区域。长视为历史上罕见的特点之前，开发的技术方法论要求屋顶花园并未确立，因此几乎没有任何可能性的广泛传播。在欧洲的经验在过去的15年创建长满草的屋顶-屋顶花园，已经导致了这种信息的宝贵来源，利用目前可用的屋面保温材料，可以设计优秀的多层次的、运转良好的绿色屋顶。例如，绿色屋顶的解决方案涉及一个测序的层和使用合适的材料，介绍了在德国、奥地利、瑞士和可以适应的其他地方，选择植物和保健技术是依赖于气候和地理位置，因此不能直接采用。在匈牙利的绿色屋顶使用主要是国内植物或这些外来品种长期适应应该考虑。有一个好机会获得成功的屋顶如果这些植物适应国内的气温和干燥。到1970年底时，在欧洲，绿色屋顶的概念被理解为所谓的密集的绿色屋顶花园。在过去的十年，由于改变的观点，广泛的屋顶已经得到广泛应用。这些屋顶已经被一个更加生态城市规划的概念，特别是在设计广泛的工业建筑。观察密集型屋顶已经表明，直接利用屋顶花园是微不足道的。2施工成本削减需求以及更轻的屋顶结构一直激励力量走向后面使用薄层状、更经济可行的广泛的绿色屋顶的解决方案。更简单的建设和维护选项已经把广泛的解决方案在一个更有利的位置。密集的屋顶花园的发展，大量的水和肥料是可用的，但是相应的，他们并没有持续多久。与广泛的屋顶花园干草和草原类型植被得到地面以及自然发芽和持久的植物。可以观察到，自然植被能够再生发芽没有保健。绿色屋顶的解决方案在北欧共同利用一个厚层植被。然而，更多的是在这些地区降水特点然后在匈牙利，和有一个高的湿度以及整体水平。在中欧地区天气条件是不太有利的绿色屋顶。气候干燥和有一个更大的温度波动的气候。因此，对于广泛的绿色屋顶，水分平衡的屋顶必须仔细计划。在这些情况下不同的排水层扮演了一个重要的角色(见图1)以及边坡的程度和使用排水方法。图2.1 绿色屋顶品种的排水角度有一个很好的机会，在欧洲中部产生了所谓的简单的密集型绿色屋顶的解决方案，即使是一些护理，也可以是一个可行的解决方案。在这个范畴内护理绿色屋顶，我们指的是必要的水供应，定期添加营养物质，切割和修剪。基于国际绿色屋面做法，以及国内绿色屋面实验，它可以确定，目前绿色屋顶是现实的替代品替代发达前绿色区域。大数量的现有的平屋顶和在建可以转化为生态功能的表面。长满草的屋顶-屋顶花园提供一个优势绝缘屋顶和屋顶露台。一个重要的优势是愉快、宁静的视图。绿色表面尤其可取为减轻刚性，箱式效应的建筑物。在1920年的勒柯布西耶在他的著名论文在现代建筑，既指出了潜力扩大积极的生活地区屋顶花园。如今，发展的要求一个更健康的城市环境越来越迫切，因为空气污染是接近的公差范围。蒸发和氧气产生效应的种植植被屋顶的建筑物可以有助于改善小气候。蒸发控制空气温度和湿度，空气变得清洁而增加生产的氧气。除尘效果的植被也显著应用以确保更有利的和更清洁的生活环境。对保留的降水和径流的延迟，绿色屋顶降低了在地下排水网络的应用。绿色屋顶种植植被增加绝缘能力，提高建筑物的能源平衡，导致能源储蓄。毫无疑问，绿色屋顶使建筑物荷载越来越更重的屋顶结构是必要的。值得注意的是，尽管如此，屋顶隔热层压低的砾石负载不超过压力负载的广泛的绿色屋顶层。因此，我们可以问-砾石或草吗?-当谈到反沉淀绝缘负载在屋顶上。从生态观点毫无疑问关于正确的答案。通常绿色屋顶的分类按照功能、类型的植被来规划植被层的厚度。对于广泛的绿色屋顶我们正在谈论耐寒、耐旱的植物在一个绝缘层上方开发与薄膜的土壤混合物和挡水膜，不适合支持人类体重不断。厚度的广泛的绿色屋顶是不到20厘米，和典型的表面质量是低于150公斤/平方米。对于广泛的绿色屋顶，植被层是由耐旱的草、短岩石花园植物和草原植物群。通常这些不需要常规护理,除了在移植时期。对于简单的宽广的屋顶，经过一些防水处理、规划和安装，能够建立植被层和种植。密集的特征是，它们绿色屋顶有一个厚的植被层比空旷的屋顶更好的进行屋顶保温，因此它可以充分被利用作为一个屋顶花园。他们适用于不同类型和大小的植物常绿乔木和灌木。灌木，他们需要经常护理和营养添加剂。他们可以是功能的屋顶和花园地区，因此，一些元素可以应用的园林设计，利用藤蔓缠绕、筛选、走道、凳子、覆盖等厚度的屋顶结构是通常密集花园20多厘米，通常20至40厘米，必须提供空间发展中植物的根和一个更大的根系统。表面结构的质量超过150公斤/平方米。开发一个密集的屋顶花园总是需要团队合作，合作努力的建筑师、设计师、结构工程师、景观设计师是至关重要的。一般来说，在实践中，绿色屋顶的屋顶因为在上组合的情况下两个地壳通风屋顶，轻的上流社会不适合支持更多的负载。异常是那些广泛的绿色屋顶只有几厘米的厚度，可以建立在打火机上地壳。也适合绿色屋顶建筑屋顶的组合和绝缘屋顶薄膜应用太。在案件的屋顶改造，保持旧的隔热层和采用新的防水板层以及准备额外的绝缘，一个绿色屋顶的基础上层建筑可以建立。自然，添加额外的重量在旧屋顶只能如果负载能力的顶板支护结构已经正确检查。从理论上讲，一个绿色屋顶可以建立了表面上的任何平屋顶，如果它是防水和天花板结构可以负载。自然根电阻保护需要处理。基本上有两种类型的根保护。在分离类型的根保护系统薄膜不是根耐穿刺的，但简称“FLL”阻力试验的四年试验周期尚未完成日期，因为这个原因，它是暂时使用一个单独的根保护层。因此，对于分离系统的根，根护层保护是放置在一个不同的水平。对于一个集成的根保护系统，防水膜本身是被证明是根抗，所以额外的保护是不必要的。对于传统的屋顶平台解决方案，蒸汽负荷来自下方必须封锁，因为通常的通风的隔汽层几乎是不可能的，从审美的角度看，要避免通风管道。对于I.R.M.A的解决方案，防水膜是在绝缘和没有蒸汽屏障层。这种方式有少层和施工工艺简化。是众所周知的，只有关闭细胞挤压硬泡沫聚苯乙烯保温使用(Roofmate)，插图和桁架在一层。相比传统的建设屋顶组成，大约20%的厚保温应被使用，由于绝缘表面的润湿，这导致冷却效果。一个要求对于承载的屋顶结构是适当的保温能力，钢铁水泥结构屋面质量250公斤/平方米最低标准。以上的其他层的保温应安装材料适合通风和扩散的蒸汽。在选择绿色屋顶施工方案与绝缘屋顶薄膜应用，上升的趋势应该考虑绝缘的，因此可能会提出一个浅广泛屋顶障碍。双重绝缘平屋顶的防水是定位在底部的层，这是便宜的，质量差，然后，在可能需要根保护层，来前绝缘层，它必须具有相同的质量为I.R.M.A这里有更少的危险与绝缘的上升然后I.R.M.A这里也应该被考虑。如果双重绝缘屋顶是新的，那么蒸汽屏障层是省略(工程批准)。如果双重绝缘的屋顶是用在屋顶保温改造，那么自然,原始层可以包含一个蒸汽块和蒸汽压均衡器层太。在改造旧屋顶保温，轻的广泛的绿色解决方案是可取的，因为一般负载容量限制必须被考虑。考虑到欧洲中部的气候，在这些情况下使用薄草皮或植被将是合适的，定期护理。3总结对于那些未来的业主、建筑师和建筑商谁接受和维护生态建筑的观点，绿色屋顶系统提供机会为一个审美和健康环境的创建屋顶种植绿色植被。技术和景观要求可供建筑的屋顶，屋顶花园唯一需要的就是行动遵循的规范和规划，与人类的建设性的功能，这个地区是取自大自然来复活在我们的直接环境。GREEN ROOFS IN THE CITY ENVIRONMENTProf. Dr. Attila KoppanyAbstractThe purpose of this short study is to present the historical precedents of roof lawns and gardens built in this century, and to show the real possibilities offered by the present level of water-proof building and gardening techniques to improve the city environment. In Europe, particularly in the last decade, the available amount of information on green roofs has increased signicantly. The rst domestic attempts in the eld of green roofs were made in the recent years, but the building profession has not been friendly towards this structural, ecological solution, and it was considered somewhat curious. The main reason for such an attitude is that the available international information (based on experiences, debate papers, studies, guidelines, handbooks etc.) has not reached those professionals, potential investors, and builders whose decision is necessary for the widespread acceptance of green roofs.1 CONCEPT AND HISTORYThe concept of roof gardens can be traced back virtually to the earliest building activities of man. Throughout the course of history we can see a demand for planting vegetation on roofs, among the most famous being ancient civilizations hanging gardens of Babylon. During the Roman Empire and in the middle Ages green roofs were used by the ruling classes mainly for showing extravagance. In modern times and especially in twentieth century architecture, green gardens are treated as a natural phenomenon. A special implementation of roof gardens can be observed in Northern Europes native architecture in its tradition of slanted grassy rooftops. Nowadays and in the age of densely populated urban areas the lack of green turf causes concern, and for this reason the proponents of ecological architecture in Europe have been intensively dealt for several decades with the technical and landscaping issues relating to the restoration of green areas. Long considered as uncommon peculiarities earlier in history, the development of the technical-methodological requirements for roof gardens had not been established, and therefore there was hardly any possibility of their extensive spread.The experiences gained in Europe during the last 15 years in the creation of grassy rooftops and rooftop gardens, have led to such invaluable sources of information that, with the utilization of currently available roong insulation materials, it is possible to design excellent multi-layered, well-functioning green roofs. For example, the green roof solutions involving a sequencing of layers and use of suitable materials, introduced in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, can be adapted well elsewhere. The choice of employed plants and care techniques are dependent upon the climate and geographic location, and therefore cannot be directly adopted. In Hungarian green roofs the use of primarily domestic plants or those alien varieties that have long acclimatized should be considered. There is a good chance of achieving success of grassy rooftops if domestic, uncultivated, heat and dryness tolerant grasses are used.Up through the end of the 1970s, in Europe, the concept of green roof was understood to be the so called intensive green roof garden. During the last ten years, however, as a result of a change in point of view, the extensive roofs have become widespread. These roofs have given way to a more ecological city planning concept, especially in the design of extensive industrial buildings. Observation of intensive roofs has shown that the direct utilization of roof gardens is negligible.2 CONSTRUCTIONSCost cutting requirements as well as lighter roof structures have been motivating forces behind the move toward the use of the thin layered, more economically viable extensive green roof solution. The simpler construction and maintenance options have placed the extensive solution in a more favorable position.The intensive roof gardens developed well where plenty of water and fertilizer were available, but left alone, they didnt last long.With extensive roof gardens the dry grasses and steppe-type vegetation gained ground as well as the naturally sprouting and enduring plants. It has been observed that the naturally sprouting vegetation is able to regenerate annually without care.The green roof solutions common in Northern Europe utilized a thicker layer of vegetation. However, much more precipitation is characteristic in these areas then in Hungary, and there is a higher overall level of humidity as well. In Central Europe the weather conditions for green roofs are somewhat less favorable.The climate is drier and there is a greater uctuation in temperature. Therefore, in the case of extensive green roofs, the moisture-balance property of the roofs has to be carefully planned. In these cases the different drainage layers play a signicant role (see gure 1) as well as the degree of the slope and the usage of drainage method.Figure 1:Figure 1There is a good chance of the survival of the so called simpler intensive green roof solution, which, with some care, can be a viable solution even in Central Europe. In this category, under care, we mean the necessary water supply, periodical addition of nutrients, cutting and mowing.Based on international green roong practices, as well as domestic green roong experiments, it can be determined that currently green roofs are realistic alternatives for the replacement of developed former green areas. The great number of existing at roofs and those under construction can be converted into ecologically functioning surfaces.Grassy roofs and roof gardens provide an advantage over insulated roofs and roof terraces. One important advantage is the pleasant, tranquil view. Green surfaces are especially desirable for lessening the rigid, box-type effect of buildings. In the 1920s Le Corbusier, in his acclaimed thesis on modern architecture, already pointed out the potentials for expanding the active living areas with roof gardens.Nowadays, the demand for the development of a healthier urban environment is getting more and more urgent since air pollution is nearing the limits of tolerance. The evaporation and oxygen producing effect of the planted vegetation on the roofs of buildings can contribute to the improvement of the microclimate. Evaporation controls the air temperature and humidity, the air becoming cleaner with the increased production of oxygen.Dust removal effect of vegetation is also signicant ensuring more favourable and cleaner living conditions. With the retention of precipitation and the delay of run-off, the green roof decreases the strain on the gutter network. Green roofs planted with vegetation have an increased insulating capacity which improve the balance of energy of the buildings, leading to energy savings. There is no doubt that green roofs cost more and a stronger heavier roof structure is needed. It should be noted, however, that the roof insulation layers held down by the gravel load do not exceed the stress load of the extensive green roof layers.Therefore, we can ask - gravel or grass? - When speaking about the anti-precipitation insulation load on the roof. From an ecological viewpoint there is no doubt about the correct answer. Usually green roofs are classied according to function, type of vegetation, and the thickness of the vegetation layer.In the case of extensive green roofs we are talking about hardy, dryness tolerant ora above an insulation layer developed with a thin membrane of soil mixture and a water retaining membrane, not suitable for supporting human weight constantly. The thickness of the extensive green roofs is less than 20cm, and the typical surface mass is less than 150kg/m2.In the case of extensive green roofs, the vegetation layer is made up of dryness tolerant grasses, short rock garden plants, and steppe ora. Usually these do not require regular care, except during the transplanting period. In the case of simpler extensive roofs, the insulation installers, after some training, are able to build up the vegetation layer and do the planting.Characteristic of the intensive green roofs is that they have a thicker vegetation layer above the roof insulation than the one on the extensive roof, and therefore it can fully be utilized as a roof garden.They are suitable for different types and sizes of plants from evergreen trees and bushes to shrubs. They require regular care and nutrient additives. They can be functional roof and garden areas, and therefore, some of the elements of garden design can be applied, utilizing pergolas, screening, covered walkways, benches, etc. The thickness of intensive garden roof structures is generally more than 20cm, usually between 20 and 40cm. Space must be provided for the developing roots of plants with a larger root system. The mass of the surface structure is more than 150kg/m2. The development of an intensive roof garden always requires team work, the cooperative effort of architect, designer, structural engineer and landscape architect is essential. Generally, in practice, green roofs are on built-up roofs, since in the case of the two-crust ventilated roofs, the lighter upper crust is not suitable for the support of more load. Exceptions are those extensive green roofs which are only a few centimeters in thickness, which can be built on the lighter upper crust. Also suitable for green roof building are the built-up roof and the insulated roof membrane application too. In cases of roof renovation, keeping the old insulation layers and with the use of new waterproong plies as well as preparation additional insulation, the basis of a green roof superstructure can be built up. Naturally, the addition of extra weight on the old roof can only be done if the load capacity of the roof support structure has been properly checked.Theoretically, a green roof can be built up on the surface of any at roof, if it is waterproof and the ceiling structure can take the load. Naturally the root resistance protection needs to be dealt with. Basically there are two types of root protection. In the separated type of root protection system the membrane is not root resistant, but the FLL resistance tests four year test period has not been completed to date, and for this reason, it is temporarily used with a separate root protection layer. Therefore, in the case of a separated system of root protection, the root protecting layer is placed on a distinct level. In the case of an integrated root protection system, the waterproof membrane itself is proven to be root resistant, so additional protection is unnecessary. For conventional at roof solutions, the vapor load coming from beneath must be blocked, since the usual ventilation of vapor barrier is hardly possible, and from an aesthetic point of view, ventilation pipes are to be avoided.For I.R.M.A. type solutions, the waterproong membrane is underneath the insulation and there is no vapor barrier layer. This way there are less layers and the construction technology is simplied. As is generally known, only closed cell extruded hard polystyrene foam thermal insulation is to be used (Roommate), with inset and truss in one layer. Compared to the construction of the conventional built-up roof, about a 20% thicker thermal insulation should be used, due to the moistening of the insulation surface, and the cooling effect this causes. A requirement regarding the load carrying roof structure is the proper heat retaining capacity, with a steel-cement structure roof mass of 250kg/m2 minimum criterion. Above the thermal insulation the other layers should be installed with materials suitable for ventilation and diffusion of vapors. In choosing the green roof construction solution with insulated roof membrane application, the rising tendency of the insulation should be considered, and therefore a shallow extensive roof might present an obstacle.With dual insulated at roofs, the waterproong is positioned at the bottom layer which is cheaper and has a poorer quality, and then, after the possibly required root protection layer, comes the top insulation layer, which has to have the same quality as the I.R.M.A. Here there is less danger of rising then with the insulation of I.R.M.A., here too it should be considered. If the dual insulated roof is new, then the vapor barrier layer is omitted (with engineering approval). If the dual insulated roof is used in the renovation of roof insulation, then naturally, the original layers could contain a vapor-block and vapor-pressure equalizer layer too.In the renovation of old roof insulation; the lighter extensive green solutions are advisable, since generally the load capacity limits have to be considered. In these cases the use of thin sod or a precultivated vegetation cover would be suitable, with periodical care, considering the climate of Central Europe.3 SUMMARYFor those future home owners, architects, and builders who accept and assert the views of ecological architecture, the green roof system provides the chance to contribute to an aesthetic and healthy environment with the creation of roofs planted with green vegetation. The technical and landscaping requirements are available for the construction of grassy roofs and roof gardens; the only thing needed is that action follows the words and planning, so that with human constructive capabilities, the areas taken from nature are made to come alive again in our immediate environment.德国屋顶花园绿化（德）渥尔纳皮特库斯特摘要本文介绍了德国屋顶花园的类型、构造、工作原理、政府的政策支持。屋顶花园是必需品，而不是奢侈品。关键词：风景园林；屋顶花园；综述；开敞型1 屋顶花园的优势屋顶花园拥有很多优势，这是一个毋庸置疑也不可否认的事实。有些人还存有疑虑或持相反观点，其主要原因是这些人不了解屋顶花园的技术发展。在30年前或者仅仅15年前，这些疑问更多地与技术相关，如今疑问主要与成本相关。现在我们能否拥有屋顶花园已完全不成问题，因为屋顶花园是必需品，而不是奢侈品。1 高度水分保持根据屋顶花园的设计，直接的水分流失量将减少70%90（100）%。排水口的数量能够大大减少，管道的直径也可以更小，因此能够节省大量建筑费用。所收集的水资源也同样能够通过日常的蒸发和输送达到自然循环。2 空间的利用将普通的未被使用的屋顶区域设计为屋顶花园，尤其是作为公共娱乐和运动建筑的屋顶，不仅充分利用宝贵的空间