《西游记》与《天路历程》主题的比较.docx

中 南 大 学CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY高等教育自学考试英语专业毕业论文题 目 西游记与天路历程主题之比较研究 题目类别 文学类 学生姓名 梁 艳 考 籍 号 070816200131 单位或学校 中南大学继续教育学院 联系电话完成时间 2017年 8月 THE COMPARISON BETWEEN THE THEMES OF PILGRIMAGE TO THE WEST AND PILGRIMS PROGRESSby Liang Yan （070816200131）August 2017 Further Education College of Central South UniversityAcknowledgementsFirst of all, I would like to show my deepest gratitude to my tutor , who has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her illuminating instruction and patience, this thesis could not have reached its present form. Secondly, my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years, who have supported me morally and financially. Thirdly, I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis. Last but not least, I appreciate my school which gives me a comfortable learning atmosphere. ContentsAbustract i摘要iiIntroduction 1Chapter 1 The Introduction of Two Novels 3 1.1 Brief Introduction of Wu Chengen and Pilgrimage to the West3 1.2 Brief Introduction of John Bunyan and Pilgrimages Progress.5Chapter 2 Comparison of the Themes of the Two Novels.9 2.1 Theme of Pilgrimage to the West.9 2.1.1 Journey to the West in the Religious Culture.92.1.2 Journey to the West Reflected in Religious Thought.112.2 Theme of Pilgrims Progress.13Chapter 3 Reasons of the Difference BAbstractAs a mid-Ming Dynasty novel, to a certain extent, Pilgrimage to the West reflects the prevailing religious Culture and religious thought. In this novel, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, three cultures blending together, reflect the social thought of confluence of three religions. According to its root, it must be influenced by the political, economic and cultural implications. The novels playful mockery of religion is reflected in the unique religious beliefs and enlightenment of personal liberation in society at that time. Pilgrims progress by John Bunyan is a landmark work in both Christian theology and English literature. It demonstrates that knowledge is gained through travel by portraying Christian and his companions who learnt from their mistakes on their journey. Since its publication in 1678, it has encouraged countless Christians on their journey from this world to the next, and its impact on the literary tradition of England has been profound. The two books are different in this way or that way. This paper is concerned a comparison between the themes of Pilgrimage to the West and Pilgrims Progress and the analysis of the reasons of the difference of the two themes.Key words: Pilgrimage to the West, Pilgrims Progress, theme摘 要西游记作为明朝中叶的小说，在一定程度上反映出当时的宗教文化和宗教思想。这部小说中佛教、道教、儒教三种文化融合在一起，反映出当时三教合流的社会思想。究其根源，应是受当时的政治、经济、文化等方面的影响，而小说对宗教的戏谑嘲讽则反映出中国人独特的宗教信仰和当时社会个性解放的启蒙思想影响。讲述了一个基督徒踏上救赎的道路，通过基督徒途中所犯的错误和经历的事情向我们展示了基督徒所具备的品格和知识。班扬的是英国文学史和基督教作品的一个里程碑。从它们1678年出版至今，已经鼓舞了无数的基督徒踏上救赎的道路，并且它对后世的文学作品产生了深远的影响。虽然两部作品有各方面差异，本文着重从两者的主题进行比较，并试图论述其原因。关键词：，主题iiIntroductionAs one of the most significant works in the respective histories of English and Chinese literature, though produced in different times with different national identities and linguistic qualities, Pilgrims Progress and Pilgrimage to the West each shows uncontroverted similarities in forms of themes, the structure of plots as well as the purpose of religious moralization.Pilgrimage to the West is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. It was written by Wu Chengen in the 16th century during the Ming Dynasty. In English-speaking countries, the tale is also often known simply as Monkey. This was one title used for a popular, abridged translation by Arthur Waley. The novel is a fictionalized account of the legendary pilgrimage to India of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang. The bodhisattva Guanyin, according to the instruction from the Buddha, gives this task to monk and his three protectors in the form of disciplesnamely Sun Wukong, Zhu Bajie and Sha Wujingtogether with a dragon prince who acts as Xuanzangs steed, a white horse. Pilgrims Progress is a great work of Christian literature. Originally composed in the 17th century, this spiritual allegory has entertained and delighted innumerous readers for over 300 years. Part I tells Christian and his journey to “Celestial City”. Part II tells the journey of Christians wife Christiana and their children to Celestial City. The two parts work together as a unified whole, which describes and depicts the believers life and struggles. Indeed, given the easy style of the book, readers of all ages can understand the significance of the spiritual depictions in the story. However, Pilgrims Progress does not only simply instruct readers with spiritual allegories, but it entertains them as well through Bunyans creative story telling. Being Enjoyable and spiritually instructive, Pilgrims Progress is highly recommended.Chapter 1The Introduction of Two Novels1.1 Brief Introduction of Wu Chengen and Pilgrimage to the WestWu was born in Lianshui, in Jiangsu province, and later moved to nearby Huaian. Wus father, Wu Rui, had a good primary education and shown an aptitude for study, so he continued to devote himself to literary pursuits. As a child, Wu acquired the same enthusiasm for literatureincluding classical literature, popular stories, and anecdotes. He took the imperial examinations several times in attempt to become a mandarin, or imperial official, but never passed, and did not gain entry into the imperial university in Nanjing until middle age. After that he did become an official and had been appointed to both Beijing and Changxing County, but he did not enjoy his work, and eventually resigned, probably spending the rest of his life in writing stories and poems in his hometown. During this time he became an accomplished writer, producing both poetry and prose, and becoming friends with several prominent contemporary writers. Wu remained poor throughout his life, and did not have any children. Being dissatisfied with the political climate of the time and the corruption of the world, he spent much of his life as a hermit.Wu is best known for writing Journey to the West, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. Journey to the West has been enjoyed by many generations of Chinese and is one of the most popular Chinese classic folk novels. It is also the earliest Chinese novel whose authorship is officially known. Monkey King (or Sun Wukong) was born from a stone. He wanted to be like the immortals and be free from death. He was extremely smart and capable, and learned all the magic tricks from a master Taoist. He could transform himself into seventy-two different images such as a tree, a bird, a beast of prey, or a bug as small as a mosquito so as to sneak into an enemys belly to fight him or her inside out. Using clouds as a vehicle, he can travel 180,000 miles a single somersault. He claimed to be king in defiance of the Great Emperor of Jadethe only authority over heaven, the seas, the earth, and the subterranean world. That act of high treason invited the relentless scourge of the Heavenly army. After many showdowns, the dove faction of the heavenly court persuaded the emperor to offer the monkey an official title to appease him. The monkey accepted this offer on a trial basis. However, he learned a few days later that he was cheated and being jeered by all over the heavenly court: the position he held was nothing but a stable keeper. Enraged, he revolted, fighting his way back to earth to resume his own claim as a king. Eventually, he heavenly army subdued him, only after many battlea, with the help of all the god warriors. However, all methods of execution failed. One attempt to kill him actually gave him a pair of fiery golden crystal eyes that can see through what people normally cannot.At last, the emperor asked Buddha for help. The Buddha moved a great mountain known as the Mount of Five Fingers to fall upon him. Still, the tenacious monkey survived under the enormous weight and pressure, except he could not move! Five hundred years later, there came to his rescuer the monk Tripitaka. To insure that Tripitaka could take the journey to the west to get the Buddhist scriptures, Buddha has arranged for the Monkey King to become his disciple and escort him, along with two other disciples they later came across. Then the four started their stormy journey to the west which was packed with actions and adventures. In addition to Journey to the West, Wu wrote numerous poems and stories although most have been lost. Both his poetry and his prose have been described as stubborn and critical of societys corruption. Wu describes himself as having a defiant spirit. Wus poetry focused on the expression of emotions, and for this reason his works have been compared to those of Li Bai. In addition to using his writing to critique society, Wu also took pride in the worldly nature of his work, as he opposed to the more fantastic writings of some contemporaries.1.2 Brief Introduction of John Bunyan and Pilgrims ProgressJohn Bunyan (1628-1688), English author, after a brief period at the village free school, he learned the tinkers trade, which he followed intermittently throughout his life. Joining the parliamentary army in 1644, he served until 1647. The reading of several pious books and a constant study of the Bible intensified Bunyans religious beliefs, and in 1653, he began to act as lay preacher for a congregation of Baptists in Bedford. Being of this capacity he came into conflict with the Quakers led by George Fox and turned to write in defense of his beliefs. In 1660 agents of the restored monarchy arrested him for unlicensed preaching, and he remained in prison for the next 12 years. During this period Bunyan wrote nine books, the most famous of which is Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners (1666), a fervent spiritual autobiography. Soon after his release in 1672 he was re-imprisoned briefly and wrote the first part of his masterpiece The Pilgrims Progress from This World to That Which Is to Come, published in 1678. A second part appeared in 1684. By time Bunyan was released from his second imprisonment, and he had become a hero to the members of his sect, and he continued preaching and writing until his death. Pilgrims Progress takes the form of a dream by the author. In this novel, he sees Christian, with a burden on his back and reading in a book, from which he learns that the city in which he and his family dwell will be burned with fire. On the advice of Evangelist, Christian flees from the City of Destruction. Part I describes his pilgrimage through the Slough of Despond, the Valley of humiliation, the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the Delectable Mountains, and the country of Beulah, to the Celestial City. On the way he encounters various allegorical personages, among them Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Faithful, Hopeful, Giant Despair, Apollyon, and many others. Part II relates how Christians wife, Christiana, moved by a vision, sets out with her children on the same pilgrimage, accompanied by her neighbor Mercy. The work is a development of the Puritan conversion narrative (see Grace Abounding), drawing on popular literature such as emblem books and chapbooks, as well as Foxes Book of Martyrs and the Bible. It is remarkable for the beauty and simplicity of its language, the vividness and reality of the characterization, and the authors sense of humor and feeling for the world of nature. Remarkable for its simple, biblical style and its vivid presentation of character and incident, Pilgrims Progress is considered one of the worlds great works of literature.There are two characteristics of Bunyans style that even the most cursory reader cannot fail to noticehis constant use of the phraseology and the imagery of the Bible and the frequent occurrence of provincial and colloquial expressions. Bunyan wrote the language as he heard it, and there is surprisingly little that is unfamiliar to a modern ear. Many of his expressions still survive in colloquial and illiterate usage; “drowned”, “would a done it”, “there is no turnings” have not yet disappeared from the language of daily life.But a racy and colloquial diction alone would not have made Bunyan a great writer. His real achievement is that he makes the reader see the thing that he describes. The vividness of the descriptive passages (they are usually sentences or merely phrases) in Pilgrims Progress has often been pointed out. It is the vividness that absolute sincerity combined with imagination is sure to effect. A study of these passages will show that they reproduce scenes from the Bible, as Bunyan understood them, or scenes from provincial and rural England. It was not necessary for him to go outside with his own experience for the Slough of Despond, the Palace Beautiful, and Vanity Fair. None of them was far away from Bedford. In many respects Christians journey just such as any Bedfordshire countryman might has taken. The characters, too, are drawn from the life. Worldly Wiseman, By-Ends, Lord Hate-good, and Christian himself would be recognized as faithful portraits. This does not mean, of course, that definite places and actual persons are represented in the book. Probably they are not. But both persons and places are typical case of what Bunyans readers were familiar with. This realism, this closeness to everyday life, undoubtedly has much to do with the immense vitality of the book.Chapter 2Comparison of the Themes of the Two Novels2.1 Theme of Pilgrimage to the WestAs the mid-Ming Dynasty novel, to a certain extent, it reflects the prevailing religious Culture and religious thought. In this novel, Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, three cultures blending together, reflect the social thought of confluence of the three religions. According to its root, it must be influenced by the political, economic and cultural implications. The novels playful mockery of religion is reflected in the unique religious beliefs and the Chinese society at that time Enlightenment of personal liberation.2.1.1 Journey to the West in the Religious CultureBuddhist culture. Buddhist culture is the most visible part of the novel. The novels theme is the monk in this story of mentoring four Buddhist sutras, Buddhist culture in which the entire novel will be everywhere. Novels with Monkey, the Goddess of Mercy, the mouth of a large number of promotional characters such as Buddhism, monk mentoring who often help meet the catastrophe are the Buddhist gods. Mentoring Monkey daily life and do not eat meat reflects Buddhism, no killing, no lust and other taboos. For example, the Monkey King of the few times killing behavior (in fact, sometimes innocent) are severely punished by the master. The face of the opposite sex courtship, Tang Seng more than once expressed his firm belief, Pigs lust and shake also have been punished. The book describes many environments which have declared the Buddhist culture, and Buddhisms term is much abound, many back from the head alone can be readily extracted. As for the specific Zen Buddhist chanting and the description of furnishings and other aspects of temple architecture text, the whole book, the contents of Buddhist culture can be seen everywhere.Taoist culture. The novel has a lot of Taoist cultural content. In the book, Men of gods and Buddhist gods work with Lord Lao Zi, the Jade Emperor, Taibaijinxing other Taoist figures. Taoist magic, like alchemy, the room surgery, etc. are also reflected in the novel. Monkey had eaten a lot of elixir Shaolian in alchemy, after that the furnace was a great magic to help Mentoring through the catastrophe of the September monk resurrection pills turn which will reflect the wind Dan Dengjun the Taoist culture. The original Monkey King “parameter visit mystical” Experience of the first Zen master, though called Subhuti, Taoist cultivation is done, the skills taught to Goku is starting from Taoism. Gyrus in section 2, wrote: So when you sleep more than the founder, Shu On two feet, the mouth from the yin said: “Difficult! Hard! Hard! Road, the most mysterious, Mo to be taken lightly saver. Perfect Human Communication Miaojue has not met, the tongue of dry air trapped each mouth!” The Zen Master is a typical passage Taoist culture. Taoist terminology in the book appeared in large numbers, single heads from the back can be found. Confucian culture. The content of Confucian culture in novels is concealed, but also can be seen through analysis. If Chapter 1: boulder sitting side: “The Order of ah, people without faith, I do not know it can be” This sentence is a quote from the core of Confucianism with The Analects of Confucius. The first 27 Chapters, monk of the White-Boned Demon, said: “the Bible goes parents do not travel to distant lands, the son, “the Bible does not refer to the so-called Buddhist, but the Analects of Confucius. In the novels story, we can see the concept of Confucian virtue and faithfulness in the Monkey King who laid a deep scar. He was dead monk and that he did not hesitate to come back is extended, so even the white Ma said: “He is a Jen who is defined as Monkey.” Confucianism advocates benevolence and justice